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Union for Democracy and Social Progress (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

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Union for Democracy and Social Progress
Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social
AbbreviationUDPS
PresidentFélix Tshisekedi
Founded15 February 1982
(42 years ago) (1982-02-15)
Split fromPopular Movement of the Revolution
Headquarters546 avenue Zinnias, Limete, Kinshasa
IdeologySocial democracy
Political positionCentre-left
International affiliation
Slogan"Le peuple d'abord"
("The people first")
National Assembly
69 / 484
Website
www.udps.net

The Union for Democracy and Social Progress (French: Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social, UDPS) is a major political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Founded in 1982, amid the one-party rule of Mobutu Sese Seko and his Popular Movement of the Revolution, it is the country's oldest existing party. During the presidency of Joseph Kabila, it was the largest opposition party in the country.[1][2][3] The party identifies as social democratic.[4]

The party is led by Félix Tshisekedi, who has served as President of the DRC since his election in 2018. Tshisekedi's assumption of the presidency was the first peaceful transition of power in the country since it became independent from Belgium in 1960.[5] He was reelected in 2023.[6] His father Étienne Tshisekedi previously led the party.[1]

History[edit]

Mobutu dictatorship[edit]

The party can trace its origins to a group of dissenting parliamentarians during the dictatorship of Mobutu Sese Seko and his Popular Movement of the Revolution. In December 1980, Mobutu received a 52-page open letter calling for the democratization of the political system in Zaire (as the DRC was then known) and the permittance of opposition parties.[7] It was signed by 13 parliamentarians and dated 1 November 1980.[8] Although the letter has been cited as the first non-violent challenge to Mobutu and his one-party rule, the letter attempted to justify its proposals by citing the 1967 constitution and Manifesto of N'sele, which were authored by Mobutu and his party.[7] Mobutu quickly had the letter's authors arrested but granted them amnesty shortly afterwards in January 1981. However, the authors were stripped of their mandates and exiled to their respective home provinces. Nonetheless, despite the efforts of the Zairean interior ministry, many of the authors would return to the capital Kinshasa later that same year to speak with other opposition figures.[7]

On 15 February 1982, the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (French abbreviation: UDPS) was founded in Kinshasa with a declared commitment to the 1967 constitution. The party's founding members asserted that the 1967 constitution permitted the creation of the party; Mobutu, however, disagreed. The party's leaders were arrested the next month and collectively sentenced to 15 years in prison.[7][9]

Following the 1991 Sovereign National Conference [fr], UDPS leader Étienne Tshisekedi emerged as the main rival to Mobutu. Bowing to international pressure, Mobutu appointed Tshisekedi to the office of Prime Minister of Zaire on three separate occasions in the 1990s, but Mobutu allegedly interfered and prevented Tshisekedi from carrying out his mandate each time.[10]

Kabila presidency[edit]

The UDPS was a major opposition party during the presidency of Joseph Kabila from 2001 to 2019. The party called for a boycott of the 2005 constitutional referendum and the 2006 general election. Prior to the latter, the Commission Electorale Indépendante (CEI) – the DRC's electoral body – had refused a request by the UDPS for seats in the CEI, seats in the High Authority for the Media (Haute Autorité des medias), and the reopening of the electoral lists so that UDPS members could register as candidates for the election.[11]

The party won 42 seats in the 2011 parliamentary election. Tshisekedi finished runner-up in the concurrent presidential election with just under a third of the national vote.[12] The election was marred by violence and delays; voting was extended to a second day due to the failed deliveries of ballot boxes to some parts of the country.[13]

Etienne Tshisekedi died of pulmonary embolism on 1 February 2017. He was succeeded as president of the UDPS by his son, Félix Tshisekedi.[1][14]

Five months before the 2018 general election, the UDPS and three other opposition parties made a joint statement calling for the return of key opposition figures from exile, the release of political prisoners, and the de-escalation of tensions between supporters of the government and the opposition. The opposition had been in open conflict with the Commission Electorale Nationale Indépendante (formerly the Commission Electorale Indépendante or CEI), which they charged with being pro-Kabila.[15]

Tshisekedi presidency[edit]

Tshisekedi contested and won the 2018 presidential election. He was confirmed as the winner by the Constitutional Court of the DRC on 20 January 2019, after a failed challenge from the runner-up Martin Fayulu.[16][17] Tshisekedi was sworn in as president shortly after on 24 January. It was the first peaceful transition of power in the country since it became independent from Belgium in 1960.[5] Tshisekedi's critics at the time described him as unproven, inexperienced, and lacking the charisma of his father.[3] For example, Valentin Mubake, the UDPS' former secretary-general, commented: "His father was a man of the country. The son is very limited."[3] Tshisekedi had never held a high office or managerial role, in contrast to his father's long career as a prominent figure of the country's opposition.[18]

Analysts described Tshisekedi's victory as a victory for Kabila as well, due to the UDPS' alleged coordination with pro-Kabila parties in the lead up to the election.[3] Pro-Kabila parties won a majority of seats in the concurrent parliamentary election.[19]

The UDPS won a plurality of seats in the 2023 parliamentary election. Parties allied with the UDPS also won a significant number of seats.[20] However, Tshisekedi, who was reelected in the concurrent presidential election, was unable to form a government immediately due to disagreements between member parties of the ruling coalition.[6] An attempted coup on 19 May 2024 further delayed the formation of a government. A new government was finally announced on 29 May 2024.[21]

The 2023 election was marred by threats and attacks by UDPS supporters against opposition party leaders and journalists. Supporters of the opposition were also implicated in acts of political violence. A major incident occurred on 7 November, when UDPS supporters clashed with supporters of Moïse Katumbi's opposition party, Together for the Republic (French abbreviation: Ensemble), at a rally in Kasumbalesa, in southeastern Haut-Katanga Province. Witnesses charged Ensemble supporters with ransacking a local UDPS office and UDPS supporters with attacking and injuring six people, raping at least two women, and sexually assaulting three others.[22] Logistical delays also arose once again, leading to accusations of fraud levied against the UDPS.[23]

Ideology[edit]

The UDPS identifies as a social democratic party. Its slogan is le peuple d'abord, meaning "the people first".[4]

International affiliations[edit]

The UDPS is a full member of the Progressive Alliance and the Socialist International.[24][25]

Membership cards[edit]

Membership cards can be purchased by party members. They are issued by the UDPS general secretariat in Kinshasa, sent to members' respective federations (either by region or abroad), and distributed among local party sections or cells in their respective jurisdictions. Members who lose their card may be issued a "'proof of membership' after making inquiries with the former federation, section or cell where the applicant claims to have been a member to confirm whether or not they were a member of the UDPS."[26]

Election results[edit]

Presidential[edit]

Year Candidate Votes % Rank Outcome
2011 Étienne Tshisekedi 5,864,775 32.33% 2nd Lost
2018 Félix Tshisekedi 7,051,013 38.57% Increase 1st Won
2023 13,058,962 73.47% Steady 1st Won

National Assembly[edit]

Year Leader Seats +/− Votes % Rank Outcome
2011 Étienne Tshisekedi
42 / 500
 Increase 42 [data missing] [data missing] 2nd Opposition
2018 Félix Tshisekedi
32 / 500
 Decrease 10 [data missing] [data missing] Decrease 3rd Coalition government
2023
69 / 484
 Increase 37 1,664,049 9.26% Increase 1st Coalition government

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Felix Tshisekedi steps out of his father's shadow to lead DR Congo". BBC News. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Who is Felix Tshisekedi, DR Congo's president-elect?". Al Jazeera. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Burke, Jason (11 January 2019). "Why Kabila may be real victor of DRC's contested election". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Projet de société" [Social project] (in French). Union for Democracy and Social Progress. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as DR Congo president". Al Jazeera. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b Rukanga, Basillioh (15 December 2023). "Félix Tshisekedi: DR Congo's re-elected president". BBC News.
  7. ^ a b c d "Etienne Tshisekedi, la naissance de l'opposition à Mobutu" [Etienne Tshisekedi, the birth of the opposition to Mobutu]. Radio Okapi (in French). 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Lettre ouverte au citoyen président-fondateur du mouvement populaire de la révolution, président de la république par un groupe de parlementaires" [Open letter to the Citizen President-Founder of the Popular Movement of the Revolution, President of the Republic by a group of parliamentarians] (PDF) (in French).
  9. ^ Vofo Kana, Lauriane Noelle (15 February 2022). "DRC: President's party celebrates 40th anniversary looking ahead to challenges". Africanews. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  10. ^ Rosenblum, Peter (May 1998). "Kabila's Congo". Current History. 97 (619). Oakland: 193–199. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  11. ^ "Responses to Information Requests: COD102455.FE". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Elections in Congo-Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)". African Elections Database. 10 October 2012.
  13. ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (29 November 2011). "Congo Elections 2011: Vote Extended To Second Day". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  14. ^ Huon, Patricia (1 June 2019). "'Father of democracy': DRC's Etienne Tshisekedi laid to rest". Al Jazeera.
  15. ^ "Distrust Still Weighs on Democratic Republic of Congo Electoral Process, Special Representative Says in Briefing to Security Council". United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.
  16. ^ "African support grows for Tshisekedi as DR Congo president". Agence France-Presse. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2024 – via New Zimbabwe.
  17. ^ Boussion, Mathilde (10 January 2019). "Congo's presidential election results could face court challenge". Associated Press. Retrieved 20 June 2024 – via PBS News.
  18. ^ "Etienne Tshisekedi: DR Congo mourns opposition leader". BBC News. 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  19. ^ Tounsi, Samir (12 January 2019). "Pro-Kabila camp wins DRC legislative poll, recount sought for presidency". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  20. ^ Tasamba, James (15 January 2024). "DR Congo's ruling party wins majority of seats in legislative elections". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  21. ^ "DR Congo ends impasse to appoint new government". Al Jazeera. 29 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  22. ^ "DR Congo: Electoral Violence Threatens Vote". Human Rights Watch. 16 December 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
  23. ^ Mednick, Sam (18 December 2023). "Congo's elections face enormous logistical problems sparking concerns about the vote's credibility". AP News. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  24. ^ "Parties & Organisations" (in European Spanish). Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  25. ^ "Full list of member parties and organisations". Socialist International. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  26. ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo: Membership cards for the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), including the content of these cards; who can issue UDPS membership cards and whether any new cards have been issued since 2010 (2010 – July 2013)". UNHCR Online Archives. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Retrieved 21 June 2024.

External links[edit]

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