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List of historical states of Italy

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History of Italy
Old map of Italian peninsula
Early
Ancient Rome
Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
Odoacer's 476–493
Ostrogothic 493–553
Vandal 435–534
Lombard (independence) 565–774
Lombard (under the Frankish rule) 774–885
Frankish (as part of the Carolingian Empire) 885–961
Germanic (as part of the Holy Roman Empire) 961–1801
Medieval
Early modern
Modern
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After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and the successive barbarian invasions, Italy was not a politically unified Country, being instead divided in several smaller states. The following is a list of the various Italian states until the Italian unification in 1860.

Early Middle Ages (476-774)

The Lombard Kingdom at its greatest extent after Aistulf's conquests (751)
Lombard territories in blue, Byzantine territories in orange at Alboin's death (527)

High Middle Ages (774-1156)

De jure indipendent States

The Kingdom of Sicily as it existed at the death of its founder, Roger II of Sicily, in 1154

The Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy

Spanish-language map of the Kingdom of Italy under Lothar II of Italy

Other States of the Holy Roman Empire which lay, wholly or partially, in modern-day Italy are:

Comuni and Maritime republics[1]

States of the Langobardia Minor

The boundaries of the Principality of Salerno (green dots) overlapping the Duchy of Benevento.

Norman States

These were personal dominions carved off the local states by the various Norman warlords during their conquest of the Mezzogiorno. All these polities were later unified as the indipendent Kingdom of Sicily; its first king was Roger II of Sicily, crowned in 1130.

Byzantine domains

The three remaining themata around 1000.

Sardinian Giudicati

The Giudicati of Sardinia.

Islamic Emirates

Late Middle Ages (1156-1454)

After the Italian Wars (1494–1559)

Dominions of the Habsburg Spain following the Italian Wars.

The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis was signed between Elizabeth I of England and Henry II of France on 2 April and between Henry II and Philip II of Spain on 3 April 1559, at Le Cateau-Cambrésis. Under its terms, France restored Piedmont and Savoy to the Duke of Savoy, and Corsica to the Republic of Genoa. More importantly, the treaty confirmed Spanish direct control of Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the State of Presidi, and indirectly (through dominance of the rulers of Tuscany, Genoa, and other minor states) of northern Italy. The Pope was also their natural ally. The only truly independent entities on Italian soil were the Duchy of Savoy and the Republic of Venice.

After the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714)

Political map of Italy in the year 1796.

By the Treaty of Utrecht's provisions, the European empire of Spain was divided. In Italy, the Duchy of Savoy received Sicily and parts of the Duchy of Milan, while Charles VI (the Archduke of Austria) received the Kingdom of Naples, Sardinia, and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan along with other minor states.

During Napoleonic times (1792–1815)

Political map of Italy in the year 1810.

Sister republics of Revolutionary France

Client states of the First French Empire

Other states

From the Restoration to the Unification

Political map of Italy in the year 1843.

Following the defeat of Napoleonic France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. The Congress also determined the end of two millenary republics: Genoa was annexed by Sardinia, and Venice was incorporated with Milan into a new kingdom of the Austrian Empire. At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was perceived to be waged primarily against the Habsburgs, since they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of present-day Italy and were, together, the most powerful force against unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains.

See also

References

  1. ^ Started to emerge during the 11th century in territories which were formally part of the Kingdom of Italy and, through it, of the Empire.
  2. ^ Criteria for a self-governing city being considered a proper State can vary greatly.
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