User:Clayoquot/CCUS Terminology
Terminology
The terms carbon capture and storage (CCS), carbon capture and utilization (CCU), and carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) are closely related. For these terms, "carbon capture" refers to a process in which carbon dioxide (CO2) is separated from the other components of industrial or power plant flue gas.[1]: 2221
Once a relatively pure stream of CO2 has been captured and compressed, it can be transported and put to use ("utilized") and/or sequestered ("stored"). As of 202, around 73% of the CO2 captured annually is used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a process in which the gas is injected into partially-depleted oil reservoirs in order to extract more oil and then left in place underground.[2] EOR is often considered to be both "utilization" and "storage", as the CO2 left underground is intended to be trapped indefinitely. The terms CCS, CCU, and CCUS are all used to refer to the practice of capturing CO2 and using it for EOR.[3][4] Prior to 2013, this practice was only called CCS; since then the more valuable-sounding CCUS has gained popularity.[5]
CO2 can be injected into underground formations such as saline aquifiers with the intention of having it be trapped indefinitely. When this is done without attempting to extract oil or gas, it is called dedicated geological storage. The overall process is referred to as CCS or CCUS but not CCU, and accounts for 27% of captured CO2.[2]
Around 1% of captured CO2 is used as a feedstock for making products such fertilizer, synthetic fuels, and plastics.[6] These uses are referred to as CCU or CCUS.[3] In some cases, the product durably stores the carbon from the CO2 and thus is also considered to be a form of CCS. However, if the product is fertilizer or fuel, CO2 will be released to the atmosphere when the product is burned or consumed.
Terminology in this area is often inconsistent and confusing.[3] Some institutions use these terms more broadly or more narrowly than others.[3]
References
- ^ IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.
- ^ a b Robertson, Bruce; Mousavian, Milad (September 1, 2022). "The carbon capture crux: Lessons learned" (PDF). Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
- ^ a b c d Olfe-Kräutlein, Barbara; Armstrong, Katy; Mutchek, Michele; Cremonese, Lorenzo; Sick, Volker (2022-05-30). "Why Terminology Matters for Successful Rollout of Carbon Dioxide Utilization Technologies". Frontiers in Climate. 4. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.830660. ISSN 2624-9553.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Baena-Moreno, Francisco M.; Rodríguez-Galán, Mónica; Vega, Fernando; Alonso-Fariñas, Bernabé; Vilches Arenas, Luis F.; Navarrete, Benito (2019-06-18). "Carbon capture and utilization technologies: a literature review and recent advances". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 41 (12): 1403–1433. doi:10.1080/15567036.2018.1548518. ISSN 1556-7036.
- ^ Sekera, June; Lichtenberger, Andreas (6 October 2020). "Assessing Carbon Capture: Public Policy, Science, and Societal Need: A Review of the Literature on Industrial Carbon Removal". Biophysical Economics and Sustainability. 5 (3): 14. doi:10.1007/s41247-020-00080-5. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ^ Martin-Roberts, Emma; Scott, Vivian; Flude, Stephanie; Johnson, Gareth; Haszeldine, R. Stuart; Gilfillan, Stuart (November 2021). "Carbon capture and storage at the end of a lost decade". One Earth. 4 (11): 1645–1646. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2021.10.023. ISSN 2590-3322. Retrieved 2024-06-21.