Muda language

Muda
Muda
Native to	China
Native speakers	2,000 (2007)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) Lolo–Burmese Loloish Southern Akha? Muda; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ymd
Glottolog	muda1235
ELP	Muda

Muda (木达 or 母打) is a Loloish language of China.

There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会^[2] (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).^[3]

Classification

Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see Hani languages).

Hsiu (2018)^[4] classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid substratum, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various Bisoid languages, Siloid languages, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

Phonology

Muda has the complex consonant onsets /pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/ (Xu 1991:34).

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).

English gloss	Chinese gloss	Muda	Page
White	白	pʰlu˥	35
Full	满	blaŋ˧	35
Pus	脓	blaŋ˥	36
Arrow	箭	mla˧˩	36
Broom	扫帚	pʰjɔ˥	36
Bee	蜜蜂	bja˧˩	36
Lose, to	遗失	bjo̠˧	36
Fly, to	飞	jɔ˧	36
Monkey	猴子	mjo̠˧˩	36
Many	多	mja˧˩	36
Foot	脚	kʰɯ˥	37
Six	六	ko̠˧˩	37
Gallbladder	胆	kʰɯ˥	37
Star	星星	gɯ˥	37
Copper	铜	gɯ˧˩	37
Tendon	筋	gu˧˩	37
Manure	粪	cçʰe˧˩	38
Root (classifier)	根（量词）	cçʰaŋ˧˩	38
Wide	宽	ɟje˥	38
Drop, to	掉	ɟja˧	38
Day (time)	天（日子）	naŋ˧	38
Soft	软	nø̠˧˩	38
Cook, to	煮	tɕa̠˧˩	38
Sour	酸	tɕʰɛ˥	38
Narrow	窄	tɕu̠˧˩	38
Lick, to	舔	tɕʰy˥	38
Stick (classifier)	条	tɕa̠˧	38
Cry, weep	哭	ɴo˥	39
Steal, to	偷	qʰø˧˩	39
Bitter	苦	qʰa˧˩	39
Smoke (fog)	烟（雾）	qʰø˧˩	39
Nine	九	ɢø˧˩	39
Curved	弯	ɢaŋ˧˩	39
Play, to	玩耍	ɢa˧	39
Enter, to	进	aŋ˥	40
Horse	马	maŋ˧˩	40
Open (door)	开（门）	pʰaŋ˧	40
Sell, to	卖	aŋ˧˩	40
Throat	喉咙	kʰaŋ˧˩-	40
Dark	暗	jaŋ˥	40
Pus	脓	blaŋ˥	40
Full	满	blaŋ˧	40
Money	钱	kʰaŋ˥	40
Bear	狗熊	xum˥	40
Otter	水獭	ɕum˥	40
Iron	铁	ɕʰum˥	41
Pile (of soil)	堆（土）	blum˥	41
House	房屋	ʑum˥	41
Roast, to	烤	lum˥	41
Round	圆	laŋ˧	41
Surround, to	包围	laŋ˥	41
Pond	池塘	laŋ˧-	41
Axe	斧子	dzɨ˧	41
Woman	女人	mi˧˩	41
Louse	虱子	ɕɛ˥-	41
Goose	鹅	gɛ̠˧-	41
Push, to	推	dɛ˧˩	41
Edge	边上	dzɛ˥-	41
Eagle	老鹰	dzɛ˥	41
Saddle	鞍子	qɔ̠˧	41
Shallow	浅	tɛ̠˧	41
Change, to	改	pʰa˧	41
Winnow (rice), to	簸（米）	ja˥	41
See, to	看见	mɔ˥	41
Mosquito	蚊子	gɔ˧˩	41
Change, to	变	pʰa˥	41
Stick (classifier)	条	tɕa̠˧	41
Leg	腿	bɔ˥-	41
Store, to	铺	qʰɔ˧˩	41

References

^ Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会
^ Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.
^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.

Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). "Several types of sound changes in Lolo-Burmese languages [缅彝语几种音类的演变]." In Minzu Yuwen 1991(3), 34-41.
http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Muda.pdf

[e18-1] Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会

[3] Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.

[Hsiu2018-4] Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.

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