Russian Braille: Difference between revisions
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! '''Print''' || [[ө]]|| [[ү]] |
! '''Print''' || [[ө]] ''ö'' || [[ү]] ''ü'' |
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| '''Braille''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|v}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|th}} |
| '''Braille''' || {{Braille cell|type=image|v}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|th}} |
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These are two of the obsolete Russian Braille letters. The Mongolian vowel ''ө (ö)'' is coincidentally similar in print to the old Russian consonant ''ѳ (th)'', and takes the latter's braille assignment; the Mongolian vowel ''ү (ü)'' takes the assignment of the old Russian vowel ''[[yat]]''. |
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See [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet]] for the whole alphabet aligned with Cyrillic. |
See [[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet]] for the whole alphabet aligned with Cyrillic. |
Revision as of 09:03, 21 November 2013
Russian Braille | |
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Script type | alphabet
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Print basis | Russian alphabet |
Languages | Russian |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Braille
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Russian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Russian Language. With suitable extensions, it is used for languages of neighboring countries that are written in Cyrillic in print, such as Ukrainian and Mongolian. It is based on the Latin transliteration of Cyrillic, with additional letters assigned idiosyncratically. In Russian, it is known as Шрифт Брайля Shrift Braylya 'Braille Script'.[1]
Alphabet
The Russian Braille alphabet is as follows:[2][3][4]
а a | б b | в v | г g | д d | е e | ё jo | ж zh | з z | и i | й[5] j | |
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к k | л l | м m | н n | о o | п p | р r | с s | т t | у u | ф f | |
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х kh | ц ts | ч ch | ш sh | щ shch | ъ ” | ы y | ь ‘ | э è | ю ju | я ja | |
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Contractions are not used.[2]
Obsolete letters
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b59_474-2.jpg/300px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b59_474-2.jpg)
The pre-Revolutionary alphabet, reproduced at right from an old encyclopedia, includes several letters which have since been dropped. In addition, the letter э is slightly different in form (⠣), though that may be a copy error.
ѳ th | і i | ѣ ě | |
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Punctuation
Single punctuation:[4]
, | .[6] | ? | ! | ; | : | - | — | |
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Paired punctuation:[citation needed][The inner quotes and brackets are from Unesco (1990) and have not been confirmed.]
« ...... » (outer quote) |
„ ...... “ (inner quote) |
( ...... ) | [ ...... ] | |
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Formatting
italics | capital | number | column |
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Columns marked with ⠿ are shown in the braille-chart image in the box, above right.
Numbers and arithmetic
Numbers are the letters a–j introduced with ⠼, as in other alphabets. Arithmetical symbols are as follows. The lowered g used for parentheses in prose becomes an equal sign in arithmetic, where a symmetrical pair of parentheses is used instead:[4]
+ | − | × | · | : | = | |
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< | > | ( | ) | √ | % | |
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Arithmetical symbols are preceded but not followed by a space, with the exception of the multiplication dot. For example:
- ⠼⠋⠀⠦⠼⠛⠀⠲⠼⠁⠙⠀⠶⠼⠉
- 6 × 7 : 14 = 3
- ⠼⠉⠄⠣⠼⠊⠀⠤⠼⠛⠜⠀⠶⠼⠋
- 3 · (9 − 7) = 6
- ⠩⠱⠼⠁⠚⠚⠚⠚⠀⠪⠀⠼⠁⠚⠁
- √10 000 < 101
Extensions for other languages
In print, many languages of the ex–Soviet Union are written in Cyrillic alphabets derived from the Russian alphabet by adding new letters. The braille assignments for the letters found in Russian are the same as in Russian Braille. However, there is no international consistency among the additional letters, apart from ⠽ і, which is used in Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Kazakh – and even then, Kyrgyz uses ⠽ for ң (ŋ), and it might be that Tajik uses it for қ (q). Generally not all of the Russian letters are used, except perhaps in Russian loans. Punctuation and formatting, as far as they are attested, agree with Russian Braille, though Kazakh Braille is reported to use the Russian arithmetical parentheses ⠣⠀⠜.
Ukrainian Braille
Ukrainian has the additional letters і, ї, є, ґ. The є is the mirror image of old Russian э, while і is the old Russian і (that is, it is the mirror image of й, making it the same as French/English y), and ї is old Russian ѣ.[7][unreliable source?]
є | ґ | і | ї | |
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Unesco (2013) was unable to verify these values.[8]
Belarusian Braille
Belarusian has the additional letters і and ў. They are the mirror images of й and у.[unreliable source?]
і | ў | |
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Unesco (2013) was unable to verify these values.[8]
Kazakh Braille
Kazakh has the additional letters ә, ғ, қ, ң, һ, ө, ү, ұ, і.[8]
ә | ғ | қ | ң | ө | ү | ұ | һ | і | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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See Kazakh alphabets#Correspondence chart for the whole braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic.
Kyrgyz Braille
Kyrgyz has a subset of the Kazakh letters, ң, ө, ү, but with completely different braille values from the languages above:[8][9]
ң | ө | ү | |
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See Kyrgyz alphabets#Correspondence chart for the whole braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic.
Mongolian Braille
Mongolian has ө, ү, but with different braille assignments again:[8]
ө ö | ү ü | |
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Braille | ![]() |
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These are two of the obsolete Russian Braille letters. The Mongolian vowel ө (ö) is coincidentally similar in print to the old Russian consonant ѳ (th), and takes the latter's braille assignment; the Mongolian vowel ү (ü) takes the assignment of the old Russian vowel yat.
See Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet for the whole alphabet aligned with Cyrillic.
Additional alphabets
Unesco reported additional braille adaptations of Cyrillic in 1990, for Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek, but was not able to confirm them by 2013.[8] The additional letters the report are shown here, but like those of Ukrainian and Belarusian, they are unverified and should be treated with caution.
- Tajik[unreliable source?]
- ⠻ ғ, ⠌ ӣ, ⠽ қ, ⠬ ӯ, ⠹ ҳ, ⠧ ҷ
- Turkmen[unreliable source?]
- ⠣ ә (ä), ⠹ җ (j), ⠜ ң (ň), ⠧ ө (ö), ⠽ ү (ü)
- Uzbek[unreliable source?]
- ⠻ ғ (gʻ), [miscopied] қ (q), ⠧ ў (oʻ), ⠹ ҳ (h)
References
- ^ "Шрифт Брайля". Russian Wikipedia. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
- ^ a b [1]
- ^ 萬明美, 2001, 「視障教育」, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, p. 108
- ^ a b c РЕЛЬЕФНО-ТОЧЕЧНЫЙ ШРИФТ БРАЙЛЯ
- ^ note this is the mirror image of Braille y
- ^ And thus ⠲⠲⠲ for ellipsis
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b c d e f World Braille Usage, UNESCO, 2013
- ^ Unesco (2013) has a typographic error for ⠊ и.