Hyanggyo: Difference between revisions
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
In the Joseon Dynasty, hyanggyo were established in every ''bu'', ''mok'', ''daedohobu'', ''dohobu'', ''gun'', and ''hyeon'' (the last corresponding roughly to the size of modern-day cities and counties). They served primarily the children of the [[yangban]], or ruling elite upper-class. Education was oriented toward the [[gwageo]], or national civil service examinations. Although such education was in high demand, the hyanggyo were ultimately unable to compete with the privately run [[seowon]] and [[seodang]]. |
In the Joseon Dynasty, hyanggyo were established in every ''bu'', ''mok'', ''daedohobu'', ''dohobu'', ''gun'', and ''hyeon'' (the last corresponding roughly to the size of modern-day cities and counties). They served primarily the children of the [[yangban]], or ruling elite upper-class. Education was oriented toward the [[gwageo]], or national civil service examinations. Although such education was in high demand, the hyanggyo were ultimately unable to compete with the privately run [[seowon]] and [[seodang]]. |
||
==Daegu Hyanggyo== |
|||
[[File:Daegu hyanggyo myeongnyundang context.jpg|thumb|left|Myeongnyundang lecture hall at the Daegu Hyanggyo]] |
|||
{{Coord|35.859444|128.596111}} |
|||
The hyanggyo at Daegu was founded in 1398 during the reign Joseon Dynasty King [[Taejo]]. During the Second Japanese Invasion in 1592 it was completely burned down. In 1599 the Daegu Hyanggyo was rebuilt near Dalseong Park but was relocated to the original 1398 site of Dalseong Park in 1605<ref name="AR">http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/south-korea/daegu/sightseeing-in-daegu/daegu-hyanggyo-confucian-academy-daegu.html</ref> and then back to the Gyodong area again. 1932 saw the hyanggyo again relocated to its present location in Namsandong, just south of downtown Daegu.<ref name="english.daegu.go.kr">http://english.daegu.go.kr/Tourism/Tour/view.asp?table=dg_Tour&item_no=175&tour_cat_id=1&tour_subcat_id=6</ref> In 1973 Hyanggyo at Daegu underwent a full restoration.<ref name="AHA">http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreasouth/daegu/daeguhyanggyo.php</ref> |
|||
There are two main buildings in the hyanggyo, Myeongyundang, the lecture hall and Daeseongjeon, the Confucian shrine hall.<ref>http://www.knutimes.com/news/article.html?no=675</ref> The original traditional layout of a hyanggyo has the Daeseongjeon located in front of Myeongnyundang as it was when first built. Today the layout finds the Daeseongjeon centered in the north, facing the wide courtyard, with the Myeongnyundang found to the right of Daeseongjeon when entering.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} |
|||
Daeseongjeon houses memorial tablets where every year in the 2nd and 8th lunar month a ritual called Seokjeon is conducted honoring Confucius and famous Confucian scholars of Daegu. Myeongnyundang now serves as a classroom where lectures and lesson on old Chinese characters and traditional Korean etiquette is taught. On weekends and holidays traditional Korean weddings are held at garden on the complex grounds.<ref name="AR"/> |
|||
Daeseongjeon is designated as City of Daegu Local Cultural Material #1.<ref name="english.daegu.go.kr"/> |
|||
===Gallery=== |
|||
<center><gallery> |
|||
File:Daegu Hyanggyo 2851-06.JPG|Daeseongjeon (shrine hall) City of Daegu Local Cultural Material #1 |
|||
File:Daegu Hyanggyo 2852a-06.jpg|One of the auxiliary halls on the hyanggyo grounds |
|||
File:Daegu Hyanggyo 2847-06.JPG|Statue of [[Confucius]] on complex grounds |
|||
File:Daegu Hyanggyo 2849-06.JPG|Classes in Myeongryeondang |
|||
</gallery></center>{{Commons category|Daegu hyanggyo}} |
|||
==Goheung Hyanggyo== |
==Goheung Hyanggyo== |
||
Revision as of 00:14, 7 January 2012
| Hyanggyo | |
 Daeseongjeon Hall of Jeonju Hyanggyo in Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do. | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 향교 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Hyanggyo |
| McCune–Reischauer | Hyanggyo |
The Hyanggyo were government-run provincial schools established separately during the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392) and Joseon Dynasty (July 1392 - August 1910), but did not meet with widespread success in either dynasty. They were officially closed near the end of the Joseon Dynasty, in 1894, but many were reopened as public elementary schools in 1900.
In the Joseon Dynasty, hyanggyo were established in every bu, mok, daedohobu, dohobu, gun, and hyeon (the last corresponding roughly to the size of modern-day cities and counties). They served primarily the children of the yangban, or ruling elite upper-class. Education was oriented toward the gwageo, or national civil service examinations. Although such education was in high demand, the hyanggyo were ultimately unable to compete with the privately run seowon and seodang.
Goheung Hyanggyo
34°36′50″N 127°16′50″E / 34.613889°N 127.280556°E
The Hyanggyo at Goheung was founded in 1441, during the reign of Joseon Dynasty King Sejong. In 1597 the school was heavily damaged during the Second Japanese Invasion.
Subsequently in 1695 it was moved to the present site and restored with the help of Confucian students from Seongdong town.
This Hyanggyo consists of two parts: the first being the lecture hall, Oesam outer gate, Myeongnyundang (lecture hall), east and west dormitories. The second part is the ritual area that includes Naesam inner gate, Daeseongjeon (Confucian shrine hall), east and west Mu.
This style of structure forms a Jeonhakhumyo, which means that lecture hall is placed in the front and the ritual hall in the rear. Jeonhakhumyo type Hyanggyos are situated on gently sloping sites to emphasize the sacredness of the Confucian shrine.[1] Sujik house, next to the Hyanggyo houses Confucian students.
According to the current curator, the Goheung Hyanggyo was the wealthiest of the Confucian schools during the period just prior to the occupation. During the second occupation the funds of the Goheung Hyanggyo were confiscated and used to build schools in the area. The occupying Japanese government took credit for building the schools when the funds used to build the schools were actually those confiscated from the Goheung Hyanggyo.
Rituals are held regularly here every month at dawn so participants gather in the afternoons and evenings prior, staying over night in the east dormitory, preparing for the next morning's ceremony. Many additional activities occur at the Goheung Hyanggyo throughout the year as well.
Gallery
-
Myeongnyundang - Goheung Hyanggyo Lecture Hall inside the outer courtyard -
Daeseongjeon - Goheung Hyanggyo Shrine Hall inside the inner courtyard -
Goheung Hyanggyo outer courtyard showing one of two ginkgo trees in the outer courtyard believed to be 780 years old, and the outer gate from the inside -
Inside Goheung Hyanggyo Daeseongjeon (shrine hall), showing two of the ancestor tablets uncovered in the foreground (light colored - dark cover placed right behind tablet), with covered (dark colored) tablets in the background
Jeonju Hyanggyo
35°48′46″N 127°09′26″E / 35.812725°N 127.157175°E
The Jeonju Hyanggyo was originally established at the Gyeonggijeon Shrine site in Jeonju, sometime early in the 15th century, during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910).[2] Gyeonggijeon Shrine was erected in 1410 [3] so construction of the Jeonju Hyanggyo had to follow sometime later.
At the time of the Second Japanese Invasion in 1592 the Gyeonggijeon Shrine and the Jeonju Hyanggyo were completely destroyed. In 1603 the hyanggyo was moved to and rebuilt at its present Jeonju location.[4]
Unlike the more typical hyanggyo Jeonhakhumyo style described above at the Goheung Hyanggyo, The Jeonju Hyanggyo employees the less conventional style of being placed on level ground. The memorial enshrinement area centers around the Daeseongjeon (Confucian shrine hall) in the front, while the educational area centers around the Myeongyundang (lecture hall) that is located the rear. This is an unusual configuration for a hyanggyo. In all, there are a total of 99 rooms at the Jeonju Hyanggyo.[5]
The Jeonju Hyanggyo is designated historical treasure #379.[2]
Gallery
-
Jeonju Hyanggyo hall -
Myungryundang (lecture hall) -
Outer Gate -
Ancestor tablet inside Daeseongjeon (shrine hall)
See also
References
- ^ http://www.ocp.go.kr/jsp/vr/cybertour_text.jsp?codeid=130203010000&eflag=E
- ^ a b http://www.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=264422
- ^ http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/south-korea/south-korea-tourist-attractions/major-historic-sites-in-south-korea/gyeonggijeon-shrine-in-south-korea.html
- ^ http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/koreasouth/jeonju/jeonjuhyanggyo.php
- ^ http://www.ocp.go.kr/jsp/vr/cybertour_main.jsp?codeid=13020401&eflag=E
- "향교 鄕校" (in Korean). Nate / Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)