Third Protectorate Parliament: Difference between revisions
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{{No footnotes|article|date=April 2009}}The '''Third Protectorate Parliament''' sat for one session, from |
{{No footnotes|article|date=April 2009}}The '''Third Protectorate Parliament''' sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with [[Chaloner Chute]] and [[Thomas Bampfylde]] as the [[Speaker of the British House of Commons|Speakers of the House of the Commons]]. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an [[Cromwell's Upper House|Upper House]] having a power of veto over the Commons. |
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==Composition of the House of Commons== |
==Composition of the House of Commons== |
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==Events of the Parliament== |
==Events of the Parliament== |
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After the death of [[Oliver Cromwell]] his son [[Richard Cromwell]] succeeded him as [[Lord Protector]] of [[the Protectorate]] on |
After the death of [[Oliver Cromwell]] his son [[Richard Cromwell]] succeeded him as [[Lord Protector]] of [[the Protectorate]] on 3 September 1658. As a civilian, Richard did not have the full confidence of the [[New Model Army|Army]], particularly as the administration had a perennial budget deficit of half a million pounds and the Army was owed nearly nine hundred thousand pounds in back pay. His only option was to call a Parliament in the hope that it would cement his position by general recognition of the ruling class and by raising new taxes to pay the arrears owed to the Army. |
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The Third Protectorate Parliament was summoned on |
The Third Protectorate Parliament was summoned on 9 December 1658 on the basis of the old franchise, and assembled on 27 January 1659. Richard was recognised as Lord Protector by the Parliament by 223 votes to 134, but over the next month the old divisions re-surfaced. The "Commonwealthsmen" and members of the [[Rump Parliament]] (such as [[Henry Vane the Younger|Sir Henry Vane]], [[Edmund Ludlow]] and Sir [[Arthur Haselrig]]) wanted to dismantle the Protectorate and return to the [[English Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] which had existed between the [[regicide]] of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in January [[1649]] and the dismissal of the Rump Parliament by Oliver Cromwell in [[1653]]. |
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The Protectorate faction was led by the Secretary of State [[John Thurloe]], General [[John Lambert (General)|John Lambert]] and Major-Generals [[Charles Fleetwood]] and Sir [[John Desborough]]. These members wished to keep the Protectorate but were divided over who should command the Army and be Lord Protector. |
The Protectorate faction was led by the Secretary of State [[John Thurloe]], General [[John Lambert (General)|John Lambert]] and Major-Generals [[Charles Fleetwood]] and Sir [[John Desborough]]. These members wished to keep the Protectorate but were divided over who should command the Army and be Lord Protector. |
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The issues came to a head when Parliament attempted to impeach Major-General [[William Boteler]] for actions he had carried out during the [[Rule of the Major-Generals]] in [[1656]]. In response to the attempted impeachment, on |
The issues came to a head when Parliament attempted to impeach Major-General [[William Boteler]] for actions he had carried out during the [[Rule of the Major-Generals]] in [[1656]]. In response to the attempted impeachment, on 6 April 1659 the [[Grandee (New Model Army)|Grandee]]s in the Army presented Parliament with a declaration calling for soldiers to be granted immunity from prosecution for all actions carried out during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. But accepting that the Commonwealthsmen were in the ascendency in Parliament, Desborough and Fleetwood forced a reluctant Richard Cromwell to use his powers as Lord Protector to dissolve Parliament on 22 April 1659. |
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The Grandees intended to keep Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector under Army control, without calling another parliament. Their position was undermined, however, when it became clear that the Army's rank and file still harboured support for the "Good Old Cause" of the Commonwealth, and still wanted to have their arrears of pay settled. This swell of ground support forced the Grandees to allow Richard Cromwell to re-call the [[Rump Parliament]] less than a month after the dissolution of the Third Protectorate Parliament. |
The Grandees intended to keep Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector under Army control, without calling another parliament. Their position was undermined, however, when it became clear that the Army's rank and file still harboured support for the "Good Old Cause" of the Commonwealth, and still wanted to have their arrears of pay settled. This swell of ground support forced the Grandees to allow Richard Cromwell to re-call the [[Rump Parliament]] less than a month after the dissolution of the Third Protectorate Parliament. |
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There were two Speakers during the Third Protectorate Parliament and two Deputy Speakers. Chaloner Chute served as Speaker from |
There were two Speakers during the Third Protectorate Parliament and two Deputy Speakers. Chaloner Chute served as Speaker from 27 January 1659 until 14 April 1659, with two deputy speakers: Sir [[Lislebone Long]] from 9 March 1659 until 14 March 1659, and Thomas Bampfield from 16 March 1659 until 14 April 1659. Thomas Bampfield was Speaker from 15 April 1659 until 22 April 1659. |
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The '''Third Protectorate Parliament''' was preceded by the [[Second Protectorate Parliament]] and followed by the [[Rump Parliament]]. |
The '''Third Protectorate Parliament''' was preceded by the [[Second Protectorate Parliament]] and followed by the [[Rump Parliament]]. |
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Revision as of 19:02, 30 November 2009
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2009) |
The Third Protectorate Parliament sat for one session, from 27 January 1659 until 22 April 1659, with Chaloner Chute and Thomas Bampfylde as the Speakers of the House of the Commons. It was a bicameral Parliament, with an Upper House having a power of veto over the Commons.
Composition of the House of Commons
The constituencies and distribution of seats, in England and Wales, for this Parliament reverted to being the same as in the Long Parliament. However the Scottish and Irish constituencies (see list in the First Protectorate Parliament article) were left unchanged.
Summary of Constituencies and Members of Parliament
Key to categories: BC - Borough/Burgh constituencies, CC - County/Shire constituencies, UC - University constituencies, Total C - Total constituencies, BMP - Borough/Burgh Members of Parliament, CMP - County/Shire Members of Parliament, UMP - University Members of Parliament, Total MPs - Total Members of Parliament.
Table 1: Constituencies and MPs, by type and country
| Country | BC | CC | UC | Total C | BMP | CMP | UMP | Total MPs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| England | 200 | 38 | 2 | 240 | 400 | 76 | 4 | 480 |
| Wales | 13 | 13 | 0 | 26 | 13 | 14 | 0 | 27 |
| Scotland | 9 | 20 | 0 | 29 | 10 | 20 | 0 | 30 |
| Ireland | 6 | 13 | 0 | 19 | 6 | 24 | 0 | 30 |
| Total | 228 | 84 | 2 | 314 | 429 | 134 | 4 | 567 |
Table 2: Number of seats per constituency, by type and country
| Country | BCx1 | BCx2 | BCx4 | CCx1 | CCx2 | UCx2 | Total C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| England | 4 | 194 | 2 | 0 | 38 | 2 | 240 |
| Wales | 13 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 26 |
| Scotland | 8 | 1 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 29 |
| Ireland | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 19 |
| Total | 31 | 195 | 2 | 34 | 50 | 2 | 314 |
Notes: (1) Monmouthshire (1 borough and 2 county seats) included in England, not Wales. (2) Dublin City and County treated as a county constituency (2 seats).
Events of the Parliament
After the death of Oliver Cromwell his son Richard Cromwell succeeded him as Lord Protector of the Protectorate on 3 September 1658. As a civilian, Richard did not have the full confidence of the Army, particularly as the administration had a perennial budget deficit of half a million pounds and the Army was owed nearly nine hundred thousand pounds in back pay. His only option was to call a Parliament in the hope that it would cement his position by general recognition of the ruling class and by raising new taxes to pay the arrears owed to the Army.
The Third Protectorate Parliament was summoned on 9 December 1658 on the basis of the old franchise, and assembled on 27 January 1659. Richard was recognised as Lord Protector by the Parliament by 223 votes to 134, but over the next month the old divisions re-surfaced. The "Commonwealthsmen" and members of the Rump Parliament (such as Sir Henry Vane, Edmund Ludlow and Sir Arthur Haselrig) wanted to dismantle the Protectorate and return to the Commonwealth which had existed between the regicide of Charles I in January 1649 and the dismissal of the Rump Parliament by Oliver Cromwell in 1653.
The Protectorate faction was led by the Secretary of State John Thurloe, General John Lambert and Major-Generals Charles Fleetwood and Sir John Desborough. These members wished to keep the Protectorate but were divided over who should command the Army and be Lord Protector.
The issues came to a head when Parliament attempted to impeach Major-General William Boteler for actions he had carried out during the Rule of the Major-Generals in 1656. In response to the attempted impeachment, on 6 April 1659 the Grandees in the Army presented Parliament with a declaration calling for soldiers to be granted immunity from prosecution for all actions carried out during Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate. But accepting that the Commonwealthsmen were in the ascendency in Parliament, Desborough and Fleetwood forced a reluctant Richard Cromwell to use his powers as Lord Protector to dissolve Parliament on 22 April 1659.
The Grandees intended to keep Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector under Army control, without calling another parliament. Their position was undermined, however, when it became clear that the Army's rank and file still harboured support for the "Good Old Cause" of the Commonwealth, and still wanted to have their arrears of pay settled. This swell of ground support forced the Grandees to allow Richard Cromwell to re-call the Rump Parliament less than a month after the dissolution of the Third Protectorate Parliament.
There were two Speakers during the Third Protectorate Parliament and two Deputy Speakers. Chaloner Chute served as Speaker from 27 January 1659 until 14 April 1659, with two deputy speakers: Sir Lislebone Long from 9 March 1659 until 14 March 1659, and Thomas Bampfield from 16 March 1659 until 14 April 1659. Thomas Bampfield was Speaker from 15 April 1659 until 22 April 1659.
The Third Protectorate Parliament was preceded by the Second Protectorate Parliament and followed by the Rump Parliament.