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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh:小品（艺术表演形式）; see its history for attribution.
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[[File:Sketch Opera.jpg|thumb|167x167px|Sketch Opera]]
[[File:Sketch Opera.jpg|thumb|167x167px|Sketch Opera]]


# Short and to the point, and the plot is simple. This is the most basic difference between the sketch and other works of art and forms of artistic expression.
# Short and to the point, and the plot is simple. This is the most basic difference between the sketch and other works of art and forms of artistic expression.
# Humorous and funny. The sketch is the art of laughter. Most of the good sketches have enough laughters, so that people can be inspired and taught from the comedy sketches.
# Humorous and funny. The sketch is the art of laughter. Most of the good sketches have enough laughters, so that people can be inspired and taught from the comedy sketches.
# A wide range of themes. Sketches reflect small themes and small events from the grassroots and common people. Through the performance of the comedy sketches on the stage, the details of the world can be reflected.
# A wide range of themes. Sketches reflect small themes and small events from the grassroots and common people. Through the performance of the comedy sketches on the stage, the details of the world can be reflected.

Revision as of 00:03, 27 April 2022

Northeastern Mandarin
東北話 / 东北话
Dōngběihuà
Native toJilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces of China; (Overseas, United States-New York City, Russia-primarily in Primorsky Krai)
RegionNortheast China, Russian Far East (Taz)
Native speakers
(82 million cited 1987)[1]
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
ISO 639-6dbiu
cmn-nem
Glottolognort3283
Linguasphere79-AAA-bc

Northeastern Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 东北话; traditional Chinese: 東北話; pinyin: Dōngběihuà; lit. 'Northeast Speech' or 东北官话/東北官話 Dōngběiguānhuà "Northeast Mandarin") is the subgroup of Mandarin varieties spoken in Northeast China with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula and few enclaves along Amur and Ussuri rivers. The classification of Northeastern Mandarin as a separate dialect group from Beijing Mandarin was first proposed by Li Rong, author of the Language Atlas of China, in 1989. However, many researchers do not accept the distinction.[2]

Geographical distribution

Northeastern Mandarin varieties are spoken in the northeastern part of China, in the provinces of Liaoning (except its southern part from Dalian to Dandong where Jiaoliao Mandarin is spoken), Jilin and Heilongjiang, and in some northern parts of Inner Mongolia.[3] The number of speakers was estimated in 1987 as 82 million.[1] The Language Atlas of China divided Northeastern Mandarin into three subgroups, following a classification be Hè Wēi based on the occurrence of nasal initials in words having a zero initial in Beijing:[3][4][5]

  • Jí–Shěn (吉沈) in the east, including Jilin dialect and Shenyang dialect, has a zero initial in these words, as in Beijing.
  • Hā–Fù (哈阜) in the west, including Harbin dialect and Changchun dialect, have nasal initials in these words.
  • Hēi–Sōng (黑松) in the north, including Qiqihar dialect, have zero or nasal initials in random variation.

More distant varieties tend to be more similar to the Beijing dialect than closer ones, so that the speech of Harbin is closer to that of Beijing than that of Jilin and Changchun, which in turn are closer than that of Shenyang.[6]

A form of Northeastern Mandarin (with some words from Udege and Nanai) has been spoken since approximately 1800 by the Taz people nearby in the Russian Far East, primarily in Primorsky Krai.[7]

Overseas, Northeastern Mandarin is spoken in increasingly larger communities in New York City Chinatowns/Flushing in the United States.

Phonology

Northeastern Mandarin shares similarities with the Beijing dialect, such as a similar development of the entering tone and the preservation of initial [w], where the dialects of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing, have [v].[6] However, in northeastern Chinese, final -ian or -üan is pronounced with an [æ] rather than with [ɛ] or [e] as in the standard.[8] The [ʐ] initial of Beijing (spelled r- in pinyin) is generally omitted in northeastern varieties.[9][10]

Cultural and regional identity

Mandarin variants like Northeastern Mandarin often contribute to a strong regional identity. Because of its informal usage of words and tones, comedians often use Northeast dialects when performing. Comedian Zhao Benshan is recognized nationwide for his performances which make humorous use of Northeastern dialect and Northeastern Errenzhuan folk dance and song traditions.[11]

Traditional Performances using Northeastern Mandarin

Dance Opera: Song-and-Dance Duet

Northeastern Song-and-Dance Duet
  • Dance Opera, which is also known as Song-and-Dance Duet, is a traditional performance using Northeastern Mandarin. It is a walking and singing folk art widely spread in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang Province.
  • "Song-and-Dance Duet" itself is usually performed by a male and a female actor. When performing a play with multiple roles, the two will not play a fixed role. Props will only have handkerchiefs and hand-made fans.
  • When not performing dramas, the costumes of the actors and actresses are usually humorous and pretty. For example, they wear red trousers and flowery shoes, which are some typical clothing Northeastern people used to wear.

Northeastern Sketch Comedy

  • A sketch is a short piece of art about speaking and acting. Its basic requirements are clear language, natural form, can fully understand and show the character characteristics and language characteristics of each role, the most representative is comedy sketch.
History of Northeastern Sketch Comedy
  • Northeastern sketch comedy originated in the early 1980s. It inherited and developed the advantages of drama, Song-and-Dance Duet, small drama and other forms of drama. The title of the sketch is derived from art schools and performing art groups. In the entertainment industry, through language and body performance of a performance, known as sketch.
  • In the earlier time, sketch was the examination for students of performing arts. However, the humorous style attract audiences, experts, and scholars, and it gradually moved to a larger stage and reached a higher level. Nowadays, Northeastern Sketch has become one of the essential performances on the Spring Festival Gala, which is broadcast annually on the eve of Chinese New Year on its flagship CCTV.
Characteristics
Sketch Opera
  1. Short and to the point, and the plot is simple. This is the most basic difference between the sketch and other works of art and forms of artistic expression.
  2. Humorous and funny. The sketch is the art of laughter. Most of the good sketches have enough laughters, so that people can be inspired and taught from the comedy sketches.
  3. A wide range of themes. Sketches reflect small themes and small events from the grassroots and common people. Through the performance of the comedy sketches on the stage, the details of the world can be reflected.
  4. Close to life, novel perspectives, concise language, strong appeal. These are the basic requirements of sketch creation. Only works close to life can be welcomed and accepted by the masses. From life, above life, and moderate exaggeration are the essentials of a successful sketch.
  5. Through the superficial phenomenon, comedy sketches usually satirize some unreasonable things, revealing a certain philosophy, edutainment. This is the original intention of the sketch is also the people's further requirements for it.

Popularity

Northeastern Mandarin is considered as one of the most contagious dialects. The Northeastern mandarin quickly spread to the whole country after the reform and opening up. People from the northeast are willing to go out, and therefore, they are scattered all over the world, and due to its understandability, northeastern mandarin has become more and more popular among people.

As a popular Chinese dialect, linguistic comedy shows are introduced to the CCTV Spring Festival Gala. Gradually, the comedy shows are widely accepted and welcomed by the audience, and the northeastern comedy has occupied the comedy market. With the popularity of the comedy and different kinds of Northeastern shows and dramas, many famous comedy stars such as Xiao Shenyang, Zhao Benshan, and Song Xiaobao have appeared.

Nowadays, in the entertainment and film industries, there are more and more stars from the Northeast of China. Some famous ones are Wei Daxun, Lin Gengxin, and Deng Lun, whose northeastern mandarin adds a lot of humor in shows and dramas. They even recomposed a famous song named Everyone in the World is Speaking Northeastern MandarinI, which has gained huge reputation and laughters.

Later, with the rise of short videos and live broadcasts, Northeastern mandarin began to dominate the screen due to its comedic talents. Some famous cyberwords are "double-click 666" and "Come on Bro". Those are some very common Northeastern mandarin adopted by teenagers.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Yan (2006), p. 62.
  2. ^ Zhang, Shifang 张世方 (2010). Běijīng Guānhuà yǔyīn yánjiū 北京官话语音研究 (in Chinese). Beijing yuyan daxue chubanshe. p. 45. ISBN 9787561927755.
  3. ^ a b Wurm et al. (1987), Map B1.
  4. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 64.
  5. ^ Simmons (2016), p. 70.
  6. ^ a b Li (2004), p. 101.
  7. ^ "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Gosudarstvennyi komitet po statistike. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  8. ^ Li (2004), p. 115.
  9. ^ Wurm et al. (1987), B1.
  10. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 90.
  11. ^ Liu (2011), p. 74.
  12. ^ "Let everyone speak two sentences in the Northeast dialect, which is the greatest respect the Northeast Lao Tie has for their hometown". iNEWS. Apr 26, 2022.

Works cited

  • Kurpaska, Maria (2010), Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects", Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  • Li, Chris Wen-Chao (2004), "Conflicting Notions of Language Purity: The Interplay of Archaising, Ethnographic, Reformist, Elitist and Xenophobic Purism in the Perception of Standard Chinese", Language & Communication, 24 (2): 97–133, doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2003.09.002.
  • Liu, Jin (2011), "Deviant Writing and Youth Identity: Representation of Dialects with Chinese Characters on the Internet", Chinese Language and Discourse, 2 (1): 58–79, doi:10.1075/cld.2.1.03liu.
  • Simmons, Richard VanNess (2016), "The Dōngbĕi Varieties of Mandarin", Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 26 (1): 56–80, doi:10.1075/japc.26.1.03van.
  • Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Hong Kong: Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
  • Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, Munich: LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.
Northeastern Song-and-Dance Duet
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