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=== Tetanurae === |
=== Tetanurae (Apesteguía ''et al''., 2016) === |
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|1=''Piatnitzkysaurus'' |
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|1=''Asfaltovenator'' |
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|label2=Coelurosauria s.l. |
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|1=''Neovenator'' |
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|1=''Chilantaisaurus'' |
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|2=''Gualicho''}} |
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=== Maniraptora (Paul, 2016) === |
=== Maniraptora (Paul, 2016) === |
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Revision as of 19:22, 19 March 2021
Size lists
List of largest theropod dinosaurs (10+ meters)
Animal | Length |
Mass |
Image |
---|---|---|---|
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (MSNM v 4047) | 14 m (Paul, 2016) 16 m (Holtz, 2012[1]; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016[2]; Henderson, 2018[3]) |
6.5 t (Henderson[3])
7.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-95) | 13.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016[2]) 13 - 14 m (Paul) |
7 - 8 t (Paul) 8.2 t (Hartman, 2013[4]) 8.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1157) | 12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 12.2 m (Holtz) 13 m (Paul) |
5.7 t (Persons et al.) 7 t (Paul; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (SGM-Din 1) | 12 m (Paul; Holtz)
12.8 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016) |
6 t (Paul)
7.8 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081 - "Sue") | 12 m (Paul) | 6 t (Paul) 8.4 t (Hartman; Persons et al., 2020[5]) 9.75 t (Henderson) |
|
Siats meekerorum | 11.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) | 3.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) | |
Mapusaurus roseae (MCF-PVPH-108-145) | 11.5 m (Paul) 12.6 m (Holtz) 12.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
5 t (Paul)
7.6 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Deinocheirus mirificus | 11.5 m (Paul) 12 m (Holtz) |
5 t (Paul)
6.2 t (Persons et al.) |
|
Oxalaia quilombensis | 11 m (Holtz)
13.3 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) | |
Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis | 11 m (Paul)
11.9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
3.7 t (Persons et al.)
4 t (Paul) 4.1 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Acrocanthosaurus atokensis | 11 m (Paul) 12 m (Holtz) |
3.59 t (Persons et al.)
4.4 t (Paul) |
|
Torvosaurus tanneri (CPS 1010) | 11 m (Holtz) | - | |
Allosaurus (Saurophaganax) maximus | 10.5 m (Paul) 13 m (Holtz) |
3 t (Paul)
3.8 (Persons et al.) 4.5 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis (CV00216) | 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
11 m (Paul) |
2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
3 t (Paul) |
|
Allosaurus amplexus (=A. fragilis?) (AMNH 5767) | - | - | |
Suchomimus tenerensis | 9.5 m (Paul)
9.78 m (Henderson) |
2.14 t (Henderson)
2.5 t (Paul) 3.2 t (Persons et al.) |
|
Tarbosaurus bataar | 9.5 m (Paul) 10 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
4 t (Paul)
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Therizinosaurus cheloniformis | 9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
9.6 m (Holtz) |
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
5+ t (Paul) |
|
Ichthyovenator laosensis | 8 m (Paul)
10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
2 t (Paul)
2.4 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) |
|
Sinotyrannus kazuouensis | 7.5 m (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
9 m (Paul) |
1.2 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
2.5 t (Paul) |
List of largest land mammals (6+ tonnes)
Rank | Animal | Mass |
Height |
Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
20 | Forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) | 2.5 - 6 t | 2.5 m | |
19 | Gomphotherium steinheimense | 6.7 t | 3.17 m | |
18 | Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) | 2.7 - 7 t | 2.4 - 3.43 (average male: 2.7 m) | |
17 | Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) | 3 - 8.2 t (average: 6 t) | 2.6 - 3.5 m | |
16 | South African mammoth (Mammuthus subplanifrons) | 9 t | 3.68 m | |
15 | Bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) | 3 - 10.4 t (average male: 6 t) | 2.6 - 3.96 m (average male: 3.2 m) | |
14 | Deinotherium proavum | 10.3 - 10.5 t | 3.6 m | |
13 | American Mastodon (Mammut americanum) | 6.5 - 11 t (average: 8 t) | 2.3 - 3.25 m | |
12 | Mammuthus meridionalis | 10.7 - 11 t | 3.97 m | |
11 | Deinotherium giganteum | 8.8 - 12 t | 3.6 - 4 m | |
10 | Stegotetrabelodon syrticus | 11 - 12 t | 4 m | |
9 | Palaeoloxodon recki | 12.3 t | 4.3 m | |
8 | Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) | 9.2 - 12.5 t (average: 9.5 t) | 3.72 - 4.2 m | |
7 | Stegodon zdansky | 12.7 t | 3.87 m | |
6 | Deinotherium "thraceiensis" | 13.2 t | 4 m | |
5 | Steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) | 9 - 14.3 t (average: 11 t) | 3.89 - 4.5 m | |
4 | Straight-tusked elephant (Palaeloxodon antiquus) | 11 - 15 t (average: 13 t) | 3.8 - 4.2 m | |
3 | Zygolophodon borsoni (=Mammut borsoni) | 14 - 16 t | 3.9 - 4.1 m | |
2 | Indricotherium transouralicum (=Baluchitherium grangeri) - comparable to Paraceratherium and Dzungariotherium | 7.7 - 20 t | 4.8 - 5.3 m | |
1 | Asian straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon namadicus) | 13 - 22 t | 4.35 - 5.2 m |
List of largest sauropods
Animal | Paul (2019)[6] | Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2020)[7] | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Maraapunisaurus fragillimus | 35-40 m
80-120 t |
35 m
70 t |
|
Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi? | 30-55 t | 37 m
95 t |
|
Argentinosaurus huinculensis | 35+ m
65-75 t |
35-36 m
75-80 t |
|
"Mamenchisaurus" sinocanadorum | 35 m
60-80 t |
25 m
24 t |
|
Barosaurus lentus (BYU 9024) | - | 45 m
60 t |
|
Puertasaurus reuili | ~45-55 t | 27-28 m
50-56 t |
|
Patagotitan mayorum (MPEF-PV 3400) | 31 m
50-55 t |
31 m
55 t |
|
Brachiosaurus | - | 26.5 m
50 t |
|
"Antarctosaurus" giganteus | ~45-55 t | 30.5 m
45 t |
|
Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi | ~45-55 t | 28 m
40 t |
|
Paralititan stromeri | ~30-55 t? | 27 m
30 t |
|
Huanghetitan ruyangensis | ~45-55 t | 24 m
30 t |
|
Giraffatitan brancai (HMN XV2) | - | 25 m
48 t |
|
Mamenchisaurus jingyanensis | - | 31 m
45 t |
|
Mamenchisaurus sinojapanorum | - | 30.5 m
44 t |
|
Dreadnoughtus schrani (MPM-PV 1156) | 28-31 t | 24 m
35 t |
|
Giraffatitan brancai (HMN MB.R.2181) | 25-32 t | - | |
Futalognkosaurus dukei | 29 t | 24 m
30-36 t |
|
Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (SMP VP-1625) | 27 t | ||
Brontosaurus louisae (CM 3018) | 18 t |
List of largest cetaceans (10+ tonnes)
*=estimate
Rank | Animal | Length | Average mass |
Record mass |
Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 | Antarctic minke whale (Pterobalaena bonaerensis) | 08 - 11.9 m | 8 t | 10.4 t | |
12 | Giant beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) | 10 - 13 m | 12 t | 14 t | File:The Canadian field-naturalist (1993) (20525816381).jpg |
11 | Bryde's whale (Rorqualus brydei) | 11.9 - 16.5 m | 17 t | 40 t | |
10 | Sei whale (Rorqualus borealis) | 13.6 - 19.5 (22?) m | 22.5 t | 45 t | |
9 | Grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) | 13 - 15 m | 24 t | 45 t | |
8 | Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) | 12 - 19 | 27.5 t | 48 t | |
7 | Cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) | 11 - 20.5 (24?) m | 30.7 t
female: 15.5 tmale: 46 t |
57 t | |
6 | Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) | 13 - 17 m | 60 t | 90 (110?) t | |
5 | North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) | 13 - 18.5 | 60 t | 106 (110?) t | |
4 | Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticeti) | 14 - 20 (24.5?) m | 60 t | 100 (120?) t | |
3 | Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) | 18.5 - 25.9 (27.3?) m | 60 t | 74 t 114 t* |
|
2 | Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) | 13 - 19.8 (21.3?) | 70 t | 100 (135?) t? | |
1 | Blue whale (Rorqualus musculus) | 20 - 29.9 (33? 33.6?) m | 100 t | 173 t 211.5 t* |
List of biological kingdoms
Domain Bacteria[8]
- Kingdom Terrabacteria
- Kingdom Hydrobacteria
- Kingdom Aquificae
- Kingdom Fusobacteria
- Kingdom Thermotogae
Domain Archaea
- Kingdom "DPANN"
- Kingdom Euryarchaeota
- Kingdom "TACK"
- Kingdom Asgard
- Kingdom Heimdallarchaeota
Domain Eukaryota[9]
Subdomain Excavata
- Kingdom Euglenozoa
- Kingdom Heterolobosa (=Percolozoa?)
- Kingdom Jakobida
- Kingdom Tsukubamonada (=Tsukubamonas globosa)
- Kingdom Malawimonada
- [Superkingdom?] Metamonada
- Kingdom Oxymonada (=Anaeromonada/Preaxostyla?)
- Kingdom Fornicata
- Kingdom Parabasalia
Subdomain Archaeplastida
- Kingdom Glaucocystoplantae (=Glaucophyta)
- Kingdom Rhodoplantae
- Kingdom Viridiplantae
Subdomain Harosa
- Kingdom Stramenopila
- Kingdom Alveolata
- Kingdom Rhizaria
CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
- Kingdom Collodictyonida [incertae sedis in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
- Kingdom Mantazoa (=Mantamonas plastica)
- Kingdom Rigifilae
Subdomain Unikontamoebae
- Kingdom Amoebozoa
Subdomain Obazoa
- Kingdom Apusozoa (=Apusomonadida)
- Kingdom Breviatae
- Kingdom Planozoa?
- [Superkingdom?] Holomycota
- Kingdom Nucleariae (=Cristidiscoidea)
- Kingdom Fungi
- [Superkingdom?] Holozoa
- Kingdom Ichthyosporia (=Mesomycetozoea)
- Kingdom Corallochytria (=Pluriformea?)
- Kingdom Filasteriae
- Kingdom Choanoflagellozoa
- Kingdom Metazoa
Others
- Kingdom Centroheliozoa [probably within Haptista[10][11]]
- Kingdom Cryptista [sister to Haptista[10] or Archaeplastida[11][12]]
- Kingdom Haptista [sister to Cryptista[10] or sister to TSAR[11]]
- Kingdom Picozoa [Cryptista[10] or Archaeplastida]
- Kingdom Telonemae [Cryptista[10] or "TSAR"[12]]
- Kingdom Microhellielida (=Microheliella maris) [probably within Cryptista[10]]
List of animal classes
The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 104+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list.
Porifera might be a paraphyletic group composed of four distinct lineages.[13][14] They should probably be reclassified as:
- Phylum Hexactinellida or Symplasma
- Class Amphidiscophora
- Class Hexasterophora
- Phylum Demospongiae
- Class Heteroscleromorpha
- Class Verongimorpha
- Class Keratosa
- Phylum Calcarea or Calcispongiae
- Class Calcinea
- Class Calcaronea
- Phylum Homoscleromorpha
Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, and Chaetognatha may also be classified as a single phylum[15][16]:
- Phylum Gnathifera
- Class Gnathostomulida
- Class Micrognathozoa
- Class Chaetognatha
- Subphylum Syndermata
- Class Seisonida
- Class Eurotatoria
- Class Acanthocephala
Annelida (segmented worms)
- Clitellata (earthworms and leeches)
- Echiura (spoon worms)
- Sipuncula (peanut worms)
- "Polychaeta"
- Palaeoannelida
- Chaetopteriformia
- Lobatocerebrida
- Amphinomida
- Errantia (including Myzostomida)
- Orbiniida
- Pogonophora (incl. Vestimentifera)
- Cirratuliformia
- Spioniformia
- Opheliida
- Capitellida
- Maldanomorpha + Terebellida
- Questida
- Parergodriliida
- Aelosomata
- Hrabeiellida
Arthropoda (arthropods: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and millipedes)
Subphylum Chelicerata
- Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, vinegaroons, horseshoe crabs, harvestmen, ticks and kin)
- Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Pancrustacea
- Branchiopoda (fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas, and clam shrimp)
Superclass Hexapoda
- Collembola (springtails)
- Diplura (two-prolonged bristletails)
- Protura (coneheads)
- Insecta (insects)
Superclass Multicrustacea
- Hexanauplia (copepods?, thecostracans, and tantulocarids)
- Malacostraca (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, krill, various shrimp, woodlice, and kin)
Superclass Oligostraca
- Ichthyostraca (fish lice, tongue worms)
- Mystacocarida [included in Ichthyostraca?]
- Ostracoda (seed shrimp)
Superclass Xenocarida?
- Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp)
- Remipedia
Brachiopoda ("lamp shells")
Bryozoa (moss animals)
Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets)
See below a list of chordate orders.
- Leptocardii (lancelet)
- Tunicata
- Appendicularia (larvaceans)
- Enterogona
- Stolidobranchia (pleurogones)
- Thaliacea (salps, pyrosomes, and doliolids)
- Cyclostomata
- Myxini (hagfish)
- Petromyzontida (lamprey)
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish; sharks, rays and chimaeras)
- Osteichthyes
- Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish, which include most familiar bony fish)
- Sarcopterygii
- Actinistia (coelacanths)
- Dipnotetrapodomorpha
- Dipnoi (lungfish)
- Amphibia (amphibians)
- Mammalia (mammals)
- Sauropsida (sauropsids/sauroids)
Cnidaria (marine stinging animals)
- Anthozoa (anemones and corals)
- Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
- Hydrozoa (hydroids)
- Myxozoa (marine parasites)
- Polypodiozoa (marine parasites)
- Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
- Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish)
Ctenophora
Cycliophora (tiny marine animals)
Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others)
Subphylum Asterozoa
- Asteroidea (star fish)
- Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Subphylum Crinozoa
- Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
Subphylum Echinozoa
- Echinoidea (sea urchins)
- Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Dicyemida (rhombozoa)
- Dicyemida
Entoprocta
- Entoprocta
Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
- Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
- Gnathostomulida
Hemichordata
- Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
- Pterobranchia
Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
Loricifera
- Loricifera
Micrognathozoa
- Micrognathea
Mollusca (mollusks)
- Bivalvia (clams, mussels, scallops, and kin)
- Cephalopoda (octopuses, squids and cuttlefish)
- Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
- Monoplacophora
- Polyplacophora (chitons, or sea cradles)
- Scaphopoda (tusk shells)
Nematoda (roundworms)
- Chromadorea
- Enoplea
- Enoplia
- Dorylaimia
- Secernentea? (Chromadorea?)
Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
Nemertea (ribbon worms)
Onychophora (velvet worms)
- Udeonychophora
Orthonectida
- Orthonectida
Phoronida
- Phoronida
Placozoa
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Porifera (sponges)
- Calcarea (calcareous sponges)
- Demospongiae (coralline sponges)
- Hexactinellida (glass sponges)
- Homoscleromorpha
Priapulida (priapulid worms)
- Halicryptomorpha
- Priapulimorpha
- Seticoronaria
Syndermata (Rotifera sensu lato)
- Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
- Archiacanthocephala
- Eoacanthocephala
- Palaeacanthocephala (ancient thornheads)
- Polyacanthocephala
- Eurotatoria (Rotifera sensu stricto)
- Pararotatoria/Seisonidea
Tardigrada (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets)
Xenacoelomorpha
List of extant chordate orders
This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.
The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" is paraphyletic. The "orders" Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.[17]
Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.[9][18][19][20][21][22]
Class Leptocardii: Lancelets
- Order Amphioxiformes
Class Tunicata
- Order Copelata: larvaceans
- Order Enterogona
- Suborder Phlebobranchia
- Suborder Aplousobranchia
- Order Thaliacea: pelagnic tunicates
- Order Stolidobranchia/Pleurogona
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Cyclostomata: Jawless vertebrates
- Order Myxiniformes: hagfish
- Order Petromyzontiformes: lampreys
Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish
- Subclass Elasmobranchii
- Superorder Batoidea
- Order Rajiformes: rays and skates
- Order Pristiformes: sawfishes
- Order Torpediniformes: electric rays
- Order Myliobatiformes: (sting)rays
- Superorder Selachimorpha (sharks)
- Order Heterodontiformes: bullhead sharks
- Order Orectolobiformes: carpet sharks
- Order Carcharhiniformes: ground sharks
- Order Lamniformes: mackerel sharks
- Order Hexanchiformes: frilled and cow sharks
- Order Squaliformes: dogfish sharks
- Order Squatiniformes: angel sharks
- Order Pristiophoriformes: saw sharks
- Superorder Batoidea
- Subclass Holocephali
- Order Chimaeriformes: chimaeras
Class Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish
- Subclass Cladistei
- Order Polypteriformes: bichirs
- Subclass Chondrostei
- Order Acipenseriformes: sturgeons and paddlefishes
- Subclass Neopterygii
- Infraclass Holostei
- Order Amiiformes: bowfins
- Order Lepisosteiformes: gars
- Infraclass Teleostei
- Superorder Elopomorpha
- Order Elopiformes: ladyfishes and tarpon
- Order Albuliformes: bonefishes
- Order Notacanthiformes: halosaurs and spiny eels
- Order Anguilliformes: true eels and gulpers
- Superorder Osteoglossomorpha
- Order Osteoglossiformes: bony-tongued fishes
- Order Hiodontiformes: mooneye and goldeye
- Order Clupeiformes: herrings and anchovies
- Order Alepocephaliformes: slickheads
- Superorder Ostariophysi
- Order Gonorynchiformes: milkfishes
- Order Cypriniformes: barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
- Order Characiformes: characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras.
- Order Gymnotiformes: electric eels and knifefishes
- Order Siluriformes: catfishes
- Order Lepidogalaxiiformes: salamanderfish
- Superorder Protacanthopterygii
- Order Argentiniformes: barreleyes
- Order Galaxiiformes: galaxiids
- Order Salmoniformes: salmon and trout
- Order Esociformes: pike
- Superorder Stomiati
- Order Stomiatiformes: bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
- Order Osmeriformes: smelts
- Order Ateleopodiformes: jellynose fish
- Order Aulopiformes: Bombay duck and lancetfishes
- Order Myctophiformes: lanternfishes
- Order Lampriformes: oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
- Order Polymixiiformes: beardfishes
- Superorder Paracanthopterygii
- Order Percopsiformes: cavefishes and trout-perches
- Order Zeiformes: dories
- Order Stylephoriformes: tube-eye
- Order Gadiformes: cods
- Superorder Acanthopterygii
- Order Beryciformes (incl. Stephanoberyciformes and Cetomimiformes): fangtooths, pineconefishes, ridgeheads and whalefishes
- Order Trachichthyiformes: slimeheads, spinyfins, pinecone fishes, and lanterneye fishes
- Order Holocentriformes: soldierfish and squirrelfish
- Order Ophidiiformes: pearlfishes
- Order Batrachoidiformes: toadfishes
- Order Scombriformes: tunas and mackerels
- Order Syngnathiformes: seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards
- Order Kurtiformes: nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes
- Order Gobiiformes: sleepers and gobies
- Order Synbranchiformes: swamp eels
- Order Anabantiformes: gouramies and snakeheads
- Order Istiophoriformes: marlins, swordfishes and billfishes
- Order Carangiformes: Jack mackerels and pompanos
- Order Pleuronectiformes: flatfishes
- Order Cichliformes: cichlids, convict blenny, leaf fishes
- Order Atheriniformes: silversides and rainbowfishes
- Order Beloniformes: flyingfishes and ricefishes
- Order Cyprinodontiformes: livebearers and killifishes
- Order Mugiliformes: mullets
- Order Gobiesociformes: clingfishes
- Order Blenniiformes
- Order Gerreiiformes: mojarras
- Order Uranoscopiformes: stargazers and sandperchers
- Order Labriformes: wrasses and parrotfishes
- Order Ephippiformes: sicklefishes and spacefishes
- Order Chaetodontiformes: butterflyfishes and ponyfishes
- Order Acanthuriformes: louvars, Moorish idols and surgeonfishes
- Order Lutjaniformes: snappers and grunts
- Order Lobotiformes: tiger perches and Atlantic tripletail
- Order Spariformes: sea breams and porgy
- Order Priacanthiformes: bigeyes and bandfishes
- Order Caproiformes: boarfishes
- Order Lophiiformes: anglerfishes
- Order Tetraodontiformes: filefishes and pufferfish
- Order Pempheriformes: sweepers
- Order Centrarchiformes: sunfishes and mandarin fishes
- Order Perciformes (incl. Gasterosteiformes and Scorpaeniformes): sticklebacks, sand eels, scorpionfishes, sculpins, etc
- Superorder Elopomorpha
Class Actinistia: Coelacanths
- Order Coelacanthiformes
Class Dipnoi: Lungfish
- Order Ceratodontiformes: Australian lungfish
- Order Lepidosireniformes: South American and African lungfish
Class Amphibia: Amphibians
Class Sauropsida: Sauropsids/Sauroids[23]
- Subclass[24] Lepidosauromorpha/Subclass Lepidosauria[25][26]
- Order Rhynchocephalia: tuatara
- Order Squamata: lizards
- Suborder Anguimorpha: monitors, crocodile lizards, beaded lizards, knob-scaled lizards, alligator lizards, and glass lizards
- Suborder Dibamia[27]: dibamids
- Suborder Gekkota: geckos
- Suborder Iguania: iguanas, chameleons, agamids, anoles, and phrynosomatids
- Suborder Laterata: true lizards, whiptails, tegus, spectacled lizards, and amphisbaenians
- Suborder Scinciformata: skinks, girdled lizards, plated lizards, and night lizards
- Suborder Serpentes: snakes
- Subclass[21] Testudinata
- Order Testudines: turtles
- Subclass[28][26] Archosauria
- Order Crocodilia: crocodilians
- Parvclass[29]/Cohort[30]/Series[31]/Superorder[32] Aves/Neornithes
- Order Struthioniformes sensu lato[33][34]
- Superorder Galloanserae (fowl)
- Order Anseriformes: waterfowl
- Order Galliformes (including Craciformes): fowl
- Superorder Neoaves
- Order Accipitriformes (incl. Cathartiformes[38]): eagles, hawks and allies
- Order Bucerotiformes (incl. Upupiformes): hornbills and hoopoes
- Order Caprimulgiformes (incl. Nyctibiiformes, Steatornithiformes, Podargiformes, Aegotheliformes, Apodiformes and Trochiliformes[38][39]): nightjars, hummingbirds, swifts and allies
- Order Cariamiformes: seriemas
- Order Charadriiformes (incl. Turniciiformes): plovers and allies
- Order Ciconiiformes: storks and allies
- Order Coliiformes: mousebirds
- Order Columbiformes: doves and pigeons
- Order Coraciiformes: kingfishers
- Order Cuculiformes: cuckoos
- Order Eurypygiformes: kagus and sunbittern
- Order Falconiformes: falcons
- Order Gaviiformes: loons
- Order Gruiformes (including Ralliformes): cranes and allies
- Order Leptosomiformes: cuckoo roller
- Order Mesitornithiformes: mesites
- Order Musophagiformes: turacos
- Order Opisthocomiformes: hoatzin
- Order Otidiformes: bustards
- Order Passeriformes: passerines
- Order Pelecaniformes (incl. Balaenicipitiformes): pelicans and allies
- Order Phaethontiformes: tropicbirds
- Order Phoenicopteriformes: flamingos
- Order Piciformes (incl. Galbuliformes): woodpeckers and allies
- Order Podicipediformes: grebes
- Order Procellariiformes: albatrosses, petrels, and allies
- Order Psittaciformes: parrots and allies
- Order Pterocliformes: sandgrouse
- Order Sphenisciformes: penguins
- Order Strigiformes: owls
- Order Suliformes: cormorants, boobies, frigatebirds, and darters
- Order Trogoniformes: trogons
Class Mammalia: Mammals
- Subclass Yinotheria
- Order Monotremata: monotremes
- Subclass Theria
- Cohort Marsupialia
- Order Didelphimorphia: opossums
- Order Paucituberculata: rat opossums
- Order Microbiotheria: monito del monte
- Order Dasyuromorphia: marsupial carnivores
- Order Peramelemorphia: marsupial omnivores
- Order Notoryctemorphia: marsupial moles
- Order Diprotodontia: marsupial herbivores; kangaroos, wallabies, possums and allies
- Cohort Placentalia
- Subcohort Afrotheria
- Superorder Afroinsectiphilia
- Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles
- Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews
- Order Tubulidentata: aardvark
- Superorder Paenungulata
- Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes
- Order Proboscidea: elephants
- Order Sirenia: manatees and dugongs
- Superorder Afroinsectiphilia
- Subcohort Xenarthra
- Subcohort Laurasiatheria
- Order Eulipotyphla: hedgehogs, shrews, moles
- Order Cetartiodactyla: cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
- Order Chiroptera: bats
- Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates; horses, rhinos, tapirs
- Order Pholidota: pangolins
- Order Carnivora: carnivores; cats, dogs, bears, seals, sea lions and others
- Subcohort Euarchontoglires
- Superorder Euarchonta
- Order Dermoptera: colugos
- Order Scandentia: treeshrews
- Order Primates: lemurs, monkeys, apes and allies
- Superorder Glires
- Order Rodentia: rodents
- Order Lagomorpha: rabbits, hares and pikas
- Superorder Euarchonta
- Subcohort Afrotheria
- Cohort Marsupialia
Definitions of Aves
- "The most inclusive clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Crocodylus niloticus" (adapted[40] from Patterson, 1993[41]). Alternative names: Avemetatarsalia, Panaves[40].
- "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathers homologous (synapomorphic) with those of of Vultur gryphus" (adapted[40] from Ji & Ji, 1996[42]: "Because Sinosauropteryx has extremely short and primitive feathers, it is undoubtedly a member of the class Aves"; and Lee and Spencer, 1997[43]). Alternative names: Avifilopluma[40], Ornithodira[44].
- The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and Euparkeria capensis (adapted from Thulborn, 1975[45]: "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: Theropoda[40].
- The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012[46]). Alternative name: Aviremigia[46], Pennaraptora[47]?
- The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx lithographica and Vultur gryphus (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998[48],[49]; Livezey & Zusi, 2007[29]). Alternative name: Ornithes[46]. Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-Archaeopteryx”) and ornithological (“post-Archaeopteryx”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, Archaeopteryx does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018[50])
- "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of Vultur gryphus and used for powered flight" (adapted[40] from Ji & Ji, 2001[51]). Alternative name: Avialae[40] (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition[52]).
- The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984[53] and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: Ornithothoraces, Carinatae[40].
- "The crown clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Struthio camelus, Tinamus major and Vultur gryphus" (Gauthier, 1986[54]; from Gauthier & De Queiroz, 2001[40]). Alternative name: Neornithes. Criticism: "adopting a crown-clade approach does not increase taxonomic stability. Indeed, because the boundaries of traditional more inclusive clades are usually defined on anatomical features or morphological gaps perceived (rightly or wrongly) to be significant, such clades would probably tend to be more highly corroborated than crown-clade" (Lee & Spencer, 1997[43])
Cladograms
Tree of life
Bacteria | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Eukaryota (Brown et al., 2018[55])
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Archaeplastida
Rhodoplantae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Vertebrata
Cyclostomata |
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Eugnathostomata |
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Tetrapoda
Amniota | |
Sauropsida[56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]
Recumbirostra | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Diapsida (Sobral, Simões & Schoch; 2020[65])
Araeoscelidia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neodiapsida |
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Avifilopluma (phylogeny of feathered animals)
Pterosauria |
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Dinosauria |
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Dinosauromorpha (Paul, 1988)
†Lagosuchia |
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Staurikosauria |
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Dracohors
Baron, Norman & Barrett (2017)[66]
Silesauridae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cau (2018)
†Silesauridae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dinosauria sensu lato |
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Baron & Williams (2018)
Silesauridae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Saurischia |
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Dinosauria
†Sauropodomorpha |
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†Guaibasaurus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Eoraptor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Alwalkeria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Eodromaeus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Herrerasauridae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Daemonosaurus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Tawa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Avepoda |
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†Chilesaurus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Silesauridae? | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Ornithischia |
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Theropoda
Rauhut & Pol (2019)
Eoraptor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tetanurae (Apesteguía et al., 2016)
Piatnitzkysaurus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orionides |
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Maniraptora (Paul, 2016)
†Alvarezsauria |
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Paraves |
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Hominina (Dembo et al., 2016[67])
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Tables and taxoboxes
Dinosaurs Temporal range:
(Possible Middle Triassic record) | |
---|---|
A collection of fossil dinosaur skeletons. Clockwise from top left: Heterodontosaurus tucki (a bipedal ornithischian); Allosaurus fragilis and Stegosaurus stenops (a large theropod and a plated stegosaur respectively); Edmontosaurus annectens (a duck-billed ornithopod); North Island giant moa, common ostrich and kiwi (palaeognath birds); Diplodocus (a giant sauropod); Titanoceratops ouranos (a horned ceratopsian); Scolosaurus thronus (an armored ankylosaur) | |
Row 1: Sauropodomorphs Plateosaurus engelhardti; ornithischians Styracosaurus albertensis and Scolosaurus cutleri Row 2: Common ostrich (Struthio camelus); sauropodomorph Barosaurus lentus with theropods Allosaurus fragilis | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dracohors |
Clade: | Dinosauria Owen, 1842 |
Major groups | |
Wikispecies | Taxonomicon | Nelson (1969) | Rosen (1981) | Margulis & Schwartz (1982) | McKenna & Bell (1997) | Dubois (2006) | Benton (2015) | Ruggiero (2015) | Tedersoo (2017) | Clade name |
Superregnum | Dominium | Epiregnum | Superregnum | Dominium | Eukaryota | |||||
Subdominium | Obazoa | |||||||||
Superregnum | Opisthokonta | |||||||||
Regnum | Regnum | Regnum | Subregnum | Regnum | Regnum | Animalia (=Metazoa) | ||||
Subregnum | Subregnum | Infraregnum | Eumetazoa (=Epitheliozoa) | |||||||
Subregnum | Hyporegnum | Subregnum | Subregnum | Bilateria | ||||||
Superphylum | Infraregnum | Series | Catoregnum | Infraregnum | Deuterostomia | |||||
Phylum | Phylum | Phylum | Provincia | Phylum | Phylum | Chordata | ||||
Phylum | Phylum | Craniata? | ||||||||
Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Subphylum | Vertebrata | ||||
Superclassis | Superclassis | Subphylum | Infraphylum | Infraphylum | Infraphylum | Gnathostomata | ||||
Classis | Classis | Hypophylum | Classis | Osteichthyes (=Euteleostomi) | ||||||
Subclassis | Subclassis | Hyperclassis | Subclassis | Superclassis | Sarcopterygii | |||||
Infraclassis | Dipnotetrapodomorpha | |||||||||
Infraclass | Infraclassis | Tetrapodomorpha | ||||||||
Superclassis | Series | Superclassis | Epiclassis | Superclassis | Superclassis | Tetrapoda | ||||
Divisio | Classis | Superordo | Reptiliomorpha | |||||||
Subclassis | Series | Amniota | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Classis | Synapsida | ||||||||
Ordo | Superordo | Ordo | Therapsida | |||||||
Subordo | Ordo | Subordo | Cynodontia | |||||||
Infraordo | Eucynodontia | |||||||||
Infraordo | Probainognathia | |||||||||
Infrasubordo | Mammaliamorpha | |||||||||
Classis | Mammaliaformes | |||||||||
Classis | Classis | Cohort | Classis | Classis | Ordo | Classis | Classis | Mammalia | ||
Subclassis | Divisio | Theriiformes | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Holotheria | |||||||||
Subclassis | Superlegio | Superlegio | Trechnotheria | |||||||
Legio | Legio | Cladotheria | ||||||||
Infraclassis | Sublegio | Zatheria | ||||||||
Subclassis | Infralegio | Sublegio | Tribosphenida (=Boreosphenida) | |||||||
Supercohort | Superordo | Subclassis | Supercohort | Subordo | Infralegio | Subclassis | Theria | |||
Cohort | Infraclassis | Series | Infraclassis | Infraordo | Supercohort | Infraclassis | Eutheria | |||
Cohort | Cohort | Cohort | Cohort | Placentalia | ||||||
Superordo | Magnordo | Superordo | Boreoeutheria | |||||||
Superordo | Grandordo | Grandordo | Euarchontoglires | |||||||
Superordo | Grandordo | Cacordo | Superordo | Euarchonta | ||||||
Ordo | Primatomorpha | |||||||||
Ordo | Ordo | Ordo | Subordo | Ordo | Ordo | Primates | ||||
Subordo | Infraordo | Infraordo | Subordo | Haplorhini | ||||||
Infraordo | Parvordo | Parvordo | Subordo | Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea) | ||||||
Parvordo | Infraordo | Catarrhini | ||||||||
Superfamilia | Superfamilia | Superfamilia | Hominoidea | |||||||
Familia | Familia | Familia | Familia | Familia | Hominidae | |||||
Subfamilia | Subfamilia | Subfamilia | Homininae | |||||||
Tribus | Tribus | Subtribus | Hominini | |||||||
Subtribus | Subtribus | Hominina | ||||||||
Genus | Genus | Homo |
Wikispecies | Systema Naturae 2000 | Diversity of Life | Nelson (1969) | Bakker & Galton (1975) | Bakker (1986) | Paul (1988) | Olshevsky (1991) | Dubois (2006) | Martyniuk (2012) | Benton (2015) | Ruggiero (2015) | Clade name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classis | Classis | Cohort? | Infraclassis | Classis | Sauropsida | |||||||
Subclassis | Eureptilia | |||||||||||
Subclassis | Subclassis | Classis | Superclassis | Subclassis | Hypoclassis | Infraclassis | Diapsida | |||||
Catoclassis | Infraclassis | Neodiapsida | ||||||||||
Cohort? | Classis | Reptilia | ||||||||||
Infraclassis | Infraclassis | Classis | Epiordo | Infraclassis | Archosauromorpha | |||||||
Classis? | Rhynchosauria + Archosauriformes | |||||||||||
Subclassis | Classis? | Classis | Infraclassis | Divisio | Archosauriformes | |||||||
Divisio | Divisio | Superordo | Superordo | Subdivisio | Archosauria (=Avesuchia) | |||||||
Subdivisio | Infraclassis | Infradivisio | Panaves | |||||||||
Subsectio | Infradivisio | Superordo | Ordo | Infrasubdivisio | Ornithodira (=Avifilopluma) | |||||||
Dinosauromorpha | ||||||||||||
Dinosauriformes | ||||||||||||
Superordo | Superordo | Superordo | Classis | Subclassis | Subclassis or Infraclassis | Subordo | Superordo | Dinosauria | ||||
Ordo | Ordo | Ordo | Subclassis | Infraordo | Ordo | Saurischia | ||||||
Subordo | Subordo | Subordo | Ordo | Infraclassis | Superordo | Ordo | Hypordo | Subordo | Theropoda | |||
Infraordo | Infraordo | Infraordo | Infraordo | Tetanurae | ||||||||
Ordo | Avetheropoda | |||||||||||
Divisio | Subordo | Divisio | Coelurosauria | |||||||||
Subdivisio | Subordo | Subdivisio | Maniraptoriformes | |||||||||
Infradivisio | Cacordo | Infradivisio | Maniraptora | |||||||||
Classis | Pennaraptora | |||||||||||
Subordo | Cohort | Paraves | ||||||||||
Eumaniraptora? | ||||||||||||
Subclassis | Subclassis | Classis | Superordo | Phalanx | Classis | Avialae | ||||||
Classis | Infraclassis | Ornithes? | ||||||||||
Infraclassis | Subclassis | Pygostylia (=Avebrevicauda) | ||||||||||
"Pygostylia" | ||||||||||||
Superordo | Superordo? | Classis? | Infraclassis | Ornithothoraces | ||||||||
Supercohort | Ornithuromorpha | |||||||||||
Parvclassis | Classis? | Cohort | Ornithurae | |||||||||
Subclassis | Classis? | Subcohort | Carinatae | |||||||||
Infraclassis | Parvclassis | Superordo | Series | Subclassis | Superdivisio | Subclassis | Neornithes |
References
- ^ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix.
- ^ a b Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos, Larousse. Barcelona, Spain. p. 262.
- ^ a b Henderson, Donald M. (2018-08-16). "A buoyancy, balance and stability challenge to the hypothesis of a semi-aquatic Spinosaurus Stromer, 1915 (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". PeerJ. 6. doi:10.7717/peerj.5409. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6098948. PMID 30128195.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Mass estimates: North vs South reduxScott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com". Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
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