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= Size lists =
= Size lists =

== List of smallest non-pygostylian theropods (<2 meters) ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Theropod
!Length
!Mass
!Group
|-
|''Eosinopteryx''
|0.3 m
|0.1 kg
|Archaeopterygidae
|-
|''Epidexipteryx''
|0.3 m
|0.22 kg
|Scansoriopterygidae
|-
|''Parvicursor''
|0.4 m
|0.2 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Anchiornis''
|0.4 m
|0.25 kg
|Archaeopterygidae
|-
|''Sapeornis''
|0.4 m
|1 kg
|Omnivoropterygidae
|-
|''Mei''
|0.45 m
|0.4 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Aurornis''
|0.5 m
|0.25 kg
|Archaeopterygidae
|-
|''Yi''
|0.5 m
|0.25 kg
|Scansoriopterygidae
|-
|''Jinfengopteryx''
|0.5 m
|0.4 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Mahakala''
|0.5 m
|0.4 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Archaeopteryx''
|0.5 m
|0.5 kg
|Archaeopterygidae
|-
|''Linhenykus''
|0.5 m
|0.5 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Ligabueino''
(juvenile?)
|0.6 m
|0.5 kg
|Ceratosauria
|-
|''Xiaotingia''
|0.6 m
|0.6 kg
|Archaeopterygidae
|-
|''Ceratonykus''
|0.6 m
|1 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Caenagnathasia''
|0.6 m
|1.4 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Caudipteryx''
|0.65 m
|2.2 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Microraptor''
|0.7 m
|0.6 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Jeholornis''
|0.7 m
|0.75 kg
|Jeholornithidae
|-
|''Rahonavis''
|0.7 m
|1 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Protarchaeopteryx''
|0.7 m
|1.6 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Incisivosaurus''
|0.8 m
|2 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Pedopenna''
|1 m
|1 kg
|
|-
|''Yixianosaurus''
|1 m
|1 kg
|
|-
|''Nqwebasaurus''
|1 m
|1 kg
|Ornithomimosauria
|-
|''Sinosauropteryx''
|1 m
|1 kg
|Compsognathidae
|-
|''Podokesaurus''
|1 m
|1 kg
|Coelophysoidea
|-
|''Graciliraptor''
|1 m
|1.5 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Hesperonychus''
|1 m
|1.5 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Changyuraptor''
|1 m
|2 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Sinovenator''
|1 m
|2.5 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Sinusonasus''
|1 m
|2.5 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Alvarezsaurus''
|1 m
|3 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Patagonykus''
|1 m
|3.5 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Shuvuuia''
|1 m
|3.5 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Mononykus''
|1 m
|3.5 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Aviatyrannis''
|1 m
|4 kg
|Tyrannosauroidea
|-
|''Chirostenotes''
|1 m
|4.5 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Segisaurus''
|1 m
|5 kg
|Coelophysoidea
|-
|''Similicaudipteryx''
|1 m
|7 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Procompsognathus''
|1.1 m
|1 kg
|Coelophysoidea
|-
|''Luanchuanraptor''
|1.1 m
|2.5 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Sinornithoides''
|1.1 m
|2.5 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Albertonykus''
|1.1 m
|5 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Sinornithosaurus''
|1.2 m
|3 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Avimimus''
|1.2 m
|12 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Compsognathus''
|1.25 m
|2.5 kg
|Compsognathidae
|-
|''Bambiraptor''
|1.3 m
|5 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Saurornitholestes''
|1.3 m
|5 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Alwalkeria''
|1.5 m
|2 kg
|Basal?
|-
|''Buitreraptor''
|1.5 m
|3 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Shanag''
|1.5 m
|5 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Xixiasaurus''
|1.5 m
|8 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Noasaurus''
|1.5 m
|15 kg
|Ceratosauria
|-
|''Santanaraptor''
|1.5 m
|15 kg
|Tyrannosauroidea
|-
|''Ajancingenia''
|1.5 m
|17 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Heyuannia''
|1.5 m
|20 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Shenzhousaurus''
|1.6 m
|10 kg
|Ornithomimosauria
|-
|''Oviraptor''
|1.6 m
|22 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Huaxiagnathus''
|1.7 m
|5 kg
|Compsognathidae
|-
|''Eoraptor''
|1.7 m
|5 kg
|Basal?
|-
|''Gobivenator''
|1.7 m
|9 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Rinchenia''
|1.7 m
|25 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Wulatelong''
|1.7 m
|25 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Dracoraptor''
|1.8 m
|4 kg
|
|-
|''Eodromaeus''
|1.8 m
|5 kg
|Basal?
|-
|''Kol''
|1.8 m
|20 kg
|Alvarezsauridae
|-
|''Beipiaosaurus''
|1.8 m
|40 kg
|Therizinosauria
|-
|''Mirischia''
|2 m
|7 kg
|Compsognathidae
|-
|''Aristosuchus''
|2 m
|7 kg
|Compsognathidae
|-
|''Richardoestesia''
|2 m
|10 kg
|
|-
|''Tugulusaurus''
|2 m
|13 kg
|
|-
|''Ornitholestes''
|2 m
|13 kg
|
|-
|''Limusaurus''
|2 m
|15 kg
|Ceratosauria
|-
|''Atrociraptor''
|2 m
|15 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Dromaeosaurus''
|2 m
|15 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Adasaurus''
|2 m
|15 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Tsaagan''
|2 m
|18 kg
|Dromaeosauridae
|-
|''Haplocheirus''
|2 m
|18 kg
|
|-
|''Talos''
|2 m
|20 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Byronosaurus''
|2 m
|20 kg
|Troodontidae
|-
|''Masiakasaurus''
|2 m
|20 kg
|Ceratosauria
|-
|''Shinxinggia''
|2 m
|40 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|-
|''Nemegtomaia''
|2 m
|40 kg
|Oviraptorosauria
|}


== List of largest theropod dinosaurs (10+ meters) ==
== List of largest theropod dinosaurs (10+ meters) ==
Line 436: Line 6:
!Length<br />
!Length<br />
!Mass<br />
!Mass<br />
!Image
|-
|-
|''[[Spinosaurus|Spinosaurus aegyptiacus]]'' (MSNM v 4047)
|''[[Spinosaurus|Spinosaurus aegyptiacus]]'' (MSNM v 4047)
|14 m (Sereno ''et al''. 2022<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sereno |first=Paul C |last2=Myhrvold |first2=Nathan |last3=Henderson |first3=Donald M |last4=Fish |first4=Frank E |last5=Vidal |first5=Daniel |last6=Baumgart |first6=Stephanie L |last7=Keillor |first7=Tyler M |last8=Formoso |first8=Kiersten K |last9=Conroy |first9=Lauren L |date=2022-11-30 |editor-last=Zhu |editor-first=Min |editor2-last=Rutz |editor2-first=Christian |editor3-last=Zhu |editor3-first=Min |editor4-last=Holtz |editor4-first=Thomas R |editor5-last=Hone |editor5-first=David |title=Spinosaurus is not an aquatic dinosaur |url=https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.80092 |journal=eLife |volume=11 |pages=e80092 |doi=10.7554/eLife.80092 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=PMC9711522 |pmid=36448670}}</ref>)
|14 m (Paul, 2016)<br>16 m (Holtz, 2012<ref>Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix].</ref>; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016<ref name=":12" />; Henderson, 2018<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Donald M.|date=2018-08-16|title=A buoyancy, balance and stability challenge to the hypothesis of a semi-aquatic Spinosaurus Stromer, 1915 (Dinosauria: Theropoda)|journal=PeerJ|volume=6|pages=e5409 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5409|issn=2167-8359|pmc=6098948|pmid=30128195}}</ref>)
|6.5 t (Henderson<ref name=":11" />)
|7.4 t (Sereno ''et al''. 2022)
7.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>10 t (Paul)
|[[File:Spinosaurus aegyptiacus.png|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Giganotosaurus|Giganotosaurus carolinii]]'' (MUCPv-95)
|''[[Giganotosaurus|Giganotosaurus carolinii]]'' (MUCPv-95)
|12.7-13.7 m (Paul, 2024)
|13.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016<ref name=":12">Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). ''Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos, Larousse''. Barcelona, Spain. p. 262.</ref>)<br>13 - 14 m (Paul)
13.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016<ref name=":12">Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2016). ''Récords y curiosidades de los dinosaurios Terópodos y otros dinosauromorfos, Larousse''. Barcelona, Spain. p. 262.</ref>)
|7 - 8 t (Paul)<br>8.2 t (Hartman, 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mass estimates: North vs South reduxScott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com|url=https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com|language=en-US}}</ref>)
|7.8-10 t (Paul, 2024)<br>8.2 t (Hartman, 2013<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mass estimates: North vs South reduxScott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com|url=https://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com|language=en-US}}</ref>)
8.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
8.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|-
|[[File:Giganotosaurus carolinii by durbed.jpg|250x250px]]
|''[[Tyrannotitan|Tyrannotitan chubutensis]]'' (MPEF-PV 1156)
|13 m (Paul)?
|6.2 t (Persons ''et al''. 2020<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Persons |first1=W. Scott |last2=Currie |first2=Philip J. |last3=Erickson |first3=Gregory M. |date=April 2020 |title=An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ar.24118 |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=303 |issue=4 |pages=656–672 |doi=10.1002/ar.24118 |issn=1932-8486 |pmid=30897281 |s2cid=85448862}}</ref>)
9 t (Paul)?
|-
|-
|''[[Tyrannotitan|Tyrannotitan chubutensis]]'' (MPEF-PV 1157)
|''[[Tyrannotitan|Tyrannotitan chubutensis]]'' (MPEF-PV 1157)
|12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>12.2 m (Holtz)<br>13 m (Paul)
|12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>12.2 m (Holtz, 2012<ref>Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix].</ref>)<br>13 m (Paul)?
|5.7 t (Persons ''et al''.)<br>7 t (Paul; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|5.7 t (Persons ''et al''.)<br>7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
9 t (Paul)?
|[[File:Tyrannotitan.jpg|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Carcharodontosaurus|Carcharodontosaurus saharicus]]'' (SGM-Din 1)
|''[[Carcharodontosaurus|Carcharodontosaurus saharicus]]'' (SGM-Din 1)
|12 m (Paul; Holtz)
|12 m (Paul; Holtz)
12.8 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016)
12.8 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016)
|6 t (Paul)
|7 t (Paul)
7.8 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
7.8 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|-
|[[File:Carcharodontosaurus.png|250x250px]]
|''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' (RSM P2523.8 - "Scotty")
|12-13 m
|8.8 t (Persons ''et al''.)
|-
|-
|''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' (FMNH PR2081 - "Sue")
|''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' (FMNH PR2081 - "Sue")
|12 m (Paul)
|12 m (Paul)
|7.5 t (Paul)<br>8.4 t (Hartman; Persons ''et al''.)
|6 t (Paul)<br>8.4 t (Hartman; Persons ''et al''., 2020<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Persons|first1=W. Scott|last2=Currie|first2=Philip J.|last3=Erickson|first3=Gregory M.|date=April 2020|title=An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ar.24118|journal=The Anatomical Record|language=en|volume=303|issue=4|pages=656–672|doi=10.1002/ar.24118|pmid=30897281 |s2cid=85448862 |issn=1932-8486}}</ref>)
9.75 t (Henderson)
9.75 t (Henderson, 2018)
|[[File:Tyrannosaurus rex mmartyniuk.png|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Siats|Siats meekerorum]]''
|''[[Siats|Siats meekerorum]]''
|11.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|11.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|3.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|3.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|
|-
|-
|''[[Mapusaurus|Mapusaurus roseae]]'' (MCF-PVPH-108-145)
|''[[Mapusaurus|Mapusaurus roseae]]'' (MCF-PVPH-108-145)
|11.5 m (Paul)<br>12.6 m (Holtz)
|11.5 m (Paul)<br>12.6 m (Holtz)
12.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
12.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|5 t (Paul)
|6 t (Paul)
7.6 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
7.6 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
|[[File:Mapusaurus Roseae restoration.png|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Deinocheirus|Deinocheirus mirificus]]''
|''[[Deinocheirus|Deinocheirus mirificus]]''
|11.5 m (Paul)<br>12 m (Holtz)
|11.5 m (Paul)<br>12 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|5 t (Paul)
|5.5 t (Paul)
6.2 t (Persons ''et al''.)
6.2 t (Persons ''et al''.)

|[[File:Hypothetical Deinocheirus (flipped).jpg|250x250px]]
7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|-
|-
|''[[Oxalaia|Oxalaia quilombensis]]''
|''[[Oxalaia|Oxalaia quilombensis]]''
Line 490: Line 63:
13.3 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
13.3 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|[[File:Oxalaia quilombensis life reconstruction by PaleoGeek.png|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Chilantaisaurus|Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis]] ''
|''[[Chilantaisaurus|Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis]] ''
Line 496: Line 68:
11.9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>13 m (Holtz)
11.9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>13 m (Holtz)
|3.7 t (Persons ''et al''.)
|3.7 t (Persons ''et al''.)
4 t (Paul)

4.1 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
4.1 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

|[[File:Chilantaisaurus.jpg|250x250px]]
5 t (Paul)
|-
|-
|''[[Acrocanthosaurus|Acrocanthosaurus atokensis]] ''
|''[[Acrocanthosaurus|Acrocanthosaurus atokensis]] ''
|11 m (Paul)<br>12 m (Holtz)
|11 m (Paul)
11.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>12 m (Holtz)
|3.59 t (Persons ''et al''.)
|3.59 t (Persons ''et al''.)
4.4 t (Paul)
4.9 t (Paul; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|-
|[[File:Acrocanthosaurus restoration.jpg|250x250px]]
|''[[Bahariasaurus|Bahariasaurus ingens]]''
|11 m (Paul)
12.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|4 t (Paul)
4.6 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|-
|-
|[[Torvosaurus|''Torvosaurus tanneri'']] (CPS 1010)
|[[Torvosaurus|''Torvosaurus tanneri'']] (CPS 1010)
|11 m (Holtz)
|11 m (Holtz)
12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
| -
| 4.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|[[File:Torvosaurus tanneri Reconstruction (Flipped).png|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|[[Saurophaganax|''Allosaurus'' (''Saurophaganax'') ''maximus'']]
|[[Saurophaganax|''Allosaurus'' (''Saurophaganax'') ''maximus'']]
|10.5 m (Paul)<br>13 m (Holtz)
|10.5 m (Paul)
12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)<br>13 m (Holtz)
|3 t (Paul)
|3 t (Paul)
3.8 (Persons ''et al''.)
3.8 (Persons ''et al''.)

4.5 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|[[File:Saurophaganax restoration 2019 by Mario Lanzas.jpg|250x250px]]
|-
|''[[Rajasaurus|Rajasaurus narmadensis]]''
|10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
11 m (Paul)
|3 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
5 t (Paul)
|-
|-
|''[[Yangchuanosaurus|Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis]]'' (CV00216)
|''[[Yangchuanosaurus|Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis]]'' (CV00216)
|10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
11 m (Paul)
11 m (Paul)
|2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi; Paul)
3 t (Paul)
|[[File:Yangchuanosaurus NT (flipped).jpg|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|[[Epanterias|''Allosaurus amplexus'' (=''A. fragilis''?)]] (AMNH 5767)
|[[Epanterias|''Allosaurus amplexus'' (=''A. fragilis''?)]] (AMNH 5767)
| 10.4 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
| -
| 2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
| -
|-
|[[File:Epanterias amplexus.jpg|250x250px]]
|''[[Meraxes|Meraxes gigas]]''
|10 m (Paul)
|4 t (Paul)
|-
|''Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis''
|10 m (Paul)
11 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|4 t (Paul)
5.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|-
|-
|''[[Suchomimus|Suchomimus tenerensis]]''
|''[[Suchomimus|Suchomimus tenerensis]]''
Line 535: Line 126:
9.78 m (Henderson)<br>11 m (Holtz)
9.78 m (Henderson)<br>11 m (Holtz)
|2.14 t (Henderson)
|2.14 t (Henderson)
2.5 t (Paul)
3.1 t (Paul)


3.2 t (Persons ''et al''.)
3.2 t (Persons ''et al''.)
|[[File:Suchomimustenerensis (Flipped).png|250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Tarbosaurus|Tarbosaurus bataar]]''
|''[[Tarbosaurus|Tarbosaurus bataar]]''
Line 544: Line 134:
|4 t (Paul)
|4 t (Paul)
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|[[File:Tarbosaurus Steveoc86 flipped.jpg|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Therizinosaurus|Therizinosaurus cheloniformis]]''
|''[[Therizinosaurus|Therizinosaurus cheloniformis]]''
Line 550: Line 139:
9.6 m (Holtz)<br>10 m (Paul)
9.6 m (Holtz)<br>10 m (Paul)
|4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
5+ t (Paul)
5-10 t (Paul)
|[[File:Therizinosaurus Restoration.png|250x250px]]
|-
|-
|''[[Ichthyovenator|Ichthyovenator laosensis]]''
|''[[Ichthyovenator|Ichthyovenator laosensis]]''
|8 m (Paul)
|8.5 m (Paul)
10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|2 t (Paul)
|2 t (Paul)
2.4 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
2.4 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
|
|-
|-
|''[[Sinotyrannus|Sinotyrannus kazuouensis]] ''
|''[[Sinotyrannus|Sinotyrannus kazuouensis]] ''
|7.5 m (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
|7.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
9 m (Paul)<br>10 m (Holtz)
9 m (Paul)<br>10 m (Holtz)
|1.2 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)
|1.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
2.5 t (Paul)
2.5 t (Paul)
|-
|[[File:S. kazuoensis restoration (flipped).jpg|250x250px]]
|''[[Abelisaurus|Abelisaurus comahuensis]]''
|7.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
10 m (Paul)
|1.65 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
4 t (Paul)
|}
|}


Line 930: Line 522:


= List of biological kingdoms =
= List of biological kingdoms =
Eukaryotes are now understood a subgroup of Archaea instead of a truly distinct "domain."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Tom A. |last2=Cox |first2=Cymon J. |last3=Foster |first3=Peter G. |last4=Szöllősi |first4=Gergely J. |last5=Embley |first5=T. Martin |date=2020 |title=Phylogenomics provides robust support for a two-domains tree of life |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1040-x |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=138–147 |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-1040-x |issn=2397-334X |pmc=PMC6942926 |pmid=31819234}}</ref> The bacterial and eukaryote kingdoms are respectively listed as proposed by Luketa (2012)<ref>Luketa, Stefan. (2012). New views on the megaclassification of life. PROTISTOLOGY. 7. 218-237. </ref> and Tedersoo (2017).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Tedersoo |first=Leho |date=2017 |title=Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/12/29/240929.full.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=bioRxiv}}</ref>
== Domain [[Bacteria]]<ref>Luketa, Stefan. (2012). New views on the megaclassification of life. PROTISTOLOGY. 7. 218-237. </ref>==

== Domain [[Bacteria]]==


*Kingdom [[Terrabacteria]]
*Kingdom [[Terrabacteria]]
Line 938: Line 532:
*Kingdom [[Thermotogae]][[File:Threedomain Eocyte Neomura tree.png|thumb]]
*Kingdom [[Thermotogae]][[File:Threedomain Eocyte Neomura tree.png|thumb]]


[[File:Archaeal tree.png|thumb|Paraphyletic Archaea]]
[[File:Archaeal tree.png|thumb|Paraphyletic Archaea with DPANN as the earliest-divergent clade]]


== Domain [[Archaea]]==
== Domain [[Archaea]]==
* "[[DPANN]]" [included in Euryarchaeota?]
[[File:Phylogenetic Tree of Life.png|thumb]]

* Kingdom? "[[DPANN]]" (possibly included in Euryarchaeota)
*Kingdom [[Euryarchaeota]]
*Kingdom [[Euryarchaeota]]
*"Kingdom [[Proteoarchaeota]]" [paraphyletic<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eme |first=Laura |last2=Tamarit |first2=Daniel |last3=Caceres |first3=Eva F. |last4=Stairs |first4=Courtney W. |last5=De Anda |first5=Valerie |last6=Schön |first6=Max E. |last7=Seitz |first7=Kiley W. |last8=Dombrowski |first8=Nina |last9=Lewis |first9=William H. |last10=Homa |first10=Felix |last11=Saw |first11=Jimmy H. |last12=Lombard |first12=Jonathan |last13=Nunoura |first13=Takuro |last14=Li |first14=Wen-Jun |last15=Hua |first15=Zheng-Shuang |date=2023 |title=Inference and reconstruction of the heimdallarchaeial ancestry of eukaryotes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06186-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=618 |issue=7967 |pages=992–999 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06186-2 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=PMC10307638 |pmid=37316666}}</ref>]
*Kingdom? [[Proteoarchaeota]]
** "[[TACK]]"
** Kingdom [[TACK|Crenarchaeota s.l.]]
** Jordarchaeia
** [[Asgard (archaea)|Asgard]]
** Odinarchaeia + Baldrarchaeia
**[[Heimdallarchaeota]]
** (Lokiarchaeles + Helarchaeales) + (Thorarchaeia + Hermodarchaeia)
** Sifarchaeia
** Wukongarchaeia
** Njordarchaeales + (Gerdarchaeles + Heimdallarchaeales)
** Hodarchaeales


=== [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]] ===
== Domain [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/12/29/240929.full.pdf|title=Proposal for practical multi-kingdom classification of eukaryotes based on monophyly and comparable divergence time criteria|last=Tedersoo|first=Leho|date=2017|website=bioRxiv|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> ==


=== Subdomain [[Excavata]] ===
==== "Subdomain [[Excavata]]" ====
* Kingdom [[Parabasalid|Parabasalia]]

* Kingdom [[Euglenozoa]]
* Kingdom [[Fornicata]]
* Kingdom Heterolobosa (=[[Percolozoa]])
* Kingdom Oxymonada (=[[Anaeromonadea|Anaeromonada/Preaxostyla]])
* Discoba [=Eozoa ''sensu stricto'']
* Kingdom [[Jakobid|Jakobida]]
*Kingdom [[Tsukubea|Tsukubamonada]] (=''Tsukubamonas globosa'')
** Kingdom [[Euglenozoa]]
** Kingdom Heterolobosa (=[[Percolozoa]])
*[[Metamonad|Metamonada]]
**Kingdom Oxymonada (=[[Anaeromonadea|Anaeromonada/Preaxostyla]])
** Kingdom [[Jakobid|Jakobida]]
**Kingdom [[Fornicata]]
**Kingdom [[Tsukubea|Tsukubamonada]] (=''Tsukubamonas globosa'')
** Kingdom [[Parabasalid|Parabasalia]]
*Kingdom [[Malawimonadidae|Malawimonada]]
*Kingdom [[Malawimonadidae|Malawimonada]]


=== Subdomain [[Archaeplastida]] ===
==== Subdomain [[Archaeplastida]] ====

* Kingdom [[Glaucophyte|Glaucocystoplantae]] (=Glaucophyta)
* Kingdom [[Glaucophyte|Glaucocystoplantae]] (=Glaucophyta)
* Kingdom [[Picozoa]] [''incertae sedis'' in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
* Kingdom [[Red algae|Rhodoplantae]]
* Kingdom [[Red algae|Rhodoplantae]]
* Kingdom [[Viridiplantae]]
* Kingdom [[Viridiplantae]]


=== Subdomain [[SAR supergroup|Harosa]] ===
==== Subdomain [[SAR supergroup|Harosa]] ====

* Kingdom [[Heterokont|Stramenopila]]
* Kingdom [[Heterokont|Stramenopila]]
* Kingdom [[Alveolate|Alveolata]]
* Kingdom [[Alveolate|Alveolata]]
* Kingdom [[Rhizaria]]
* Kingdom [[Rhizaria]]


=== CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy] ===
==== CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy] ====

* Kingdom [[Collodictyonidae|Collodictyonida]] [''incertae sedis'' in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
* Kingdom [[Collodictyonidae|Collodictyonida]] [''incertae sedis'' in Tedersoo's taxonomy]
* Kingdom [[Mantamonadidae|Mantazoa]] (=''Mantamonas plastica'')
* Kingdom [[Mantamonadidae|Mantazoa]] (=''Mantamonas plastica'')
* Kingdom [[Rigifilida|Rigifilae]]
* Kingdom [[Rigifilida|Rigifilae]]


=== Subdomain Unikontamoebae ===
==== Subdomain Unikontamoebae ====

* Kingdom [[Amoebozoa]]
* Kingdom [[Amoebozoa]]


=== Subdomain [[Obazoa]] ===
==== Subdomain [[Obazoa]] ====

* Kingdom [[Ancyromonadida|Planozoa]]?
* Kingdom [[Ancyromonadida|Planozoa]]?
*Kingdom [[Breviata|Breviatae]]
*Kingdom [[Breviata|Breviatae]]
Line 997: Line 589:
**Kingdom [[Mesomycetozoea|Ichthyosporia]] (=Mesomycetozoea)
**Kingdom [[Mesomycetozoea|Ichthyosporia]] (=Mesomycetozoea)
**Kingdom [[Pluriformea|Corallochytria]] (=Pluriformea)
**Kingdom [[Pluriformea|Corallochytria]] (=Pluriformea)
**[''[[Tunicaraptor|Tunicaraptor unikontum]]'']
**Kingdom [[Filasterea|Filasteriae]] (=Ministeriida)
**Kingdom [[Filasterea|Filasteriae]] (=Ministeriida)
**Kingdom [[Choanoflagellate|Choanoflagellozoa]]
**Kingdom [[Choanoflagellate|Choanoflagellozoa]]
**Kingdom [[Animal|Metazoa]]
**Kingdom [[Animal|Metazoa]]


=== Others ===
==== Others/''incertae sedis'' ====
*Haptista s.l.

**Kingdom<nowiki/> [[Centrohelid|Centroheliozoa]]
*Kingdom [[Centrohelid|Centroheliozoa]] [<nowiki/>probably within Haptista<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|date=2015-12-01|title=Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790315002080|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=93|pages=331–362|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004|issn=1055-7903|last1=Cavalier-Smith |first1=Thomas |last2=Chao |first2=Ema E. |last3=Lewis |first3=Rhodri |pmid=26234272 }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Burki|first1=Fabien|last2=Kaplan|first2=Maia|last3=Tikhonenkov|first3=Denis V.|last4=Zlatogursky|first4=Vasily|last5=Minh|first5=Bui Quang|last6=Radaykina|first6=Liudmila V.|last7=Smirnov|first7=Alexey|last8=Mylnikov|first8=Alexander P.|last9=Keeling|first9=Patrick J.|date=2016-01-27|title=Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=283|issue=1823|pages=20152802|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.2802|pmc=4795036|pmid=26817772}}</ref>]
*Kingdom "Haptista" (=[[Haptophyte|Hap]]<nowiki/>[[Haptophyte|tophyta]]) [sister to Cryptista s.l.<ref name=":13" /> or sister to TSAR<ref name=":14" />]
**Kingdom "Haptista" (=[[Haptophyte|Hap]]<nowiki/>[[Haptophyte|tophyta]])
* Cryptista s.l.
* Kingdom [[Cryptista]] s.s. [close to Haptista<ref name=":13" /> or to Archaeplastida<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Strassert|first1=Jürgen F. H.|last2=Jamy|first2=Mahwash|last3=Mylnikov|first3=Alexander P.|last4=Tikhonenkov|first4=Denis V.|last5=Burki|first5=Fabien|date=2018-08-30|title=New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/403329v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=403329|doi=10.1101/403329|s2cid=196669680 }}</ref>]
* Kingdom [[Picozoa]] [Cryptista s.l.<ref name=":13" /> or Archaeplastida]
** Kingdom [[Cryptista]] s.s.
** Kingdom Microhellielida (=[[Endohelea]])
* Kingdom [[Telonemia|Telonemae]] [Cryptista s.l.<ref name=":13" /> or "TSAR"<ref name=":15" />]
* Kingdom [[Telonemia|Telonemae]]
* Kingdom Microhellielida (=[[Endohelea]]) [probably within Cryptista<ref name=":13" />]
*[[Hemimastigophora]]
*[[Hemimastigophora]]
*[[Provora]]
*''Tunicaraptor unikontum''
*''[[Parakaryon myojinensis]]''
*''[[Parakaryon myojinensis]]''


= List of animal classes =
= List of animal classes =
The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom [[Animal|Animalia]]. There are 104+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list.
The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom [[Animal|Animalia]]. There are 74+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list. The internal classification of many small phyla usually lacks the ''class'' rank. The taxonomy of Annelida and Platyhelminthes is still evolving from older gradistic classifications to a system with monophyletic classes.


Porifera might be a paraphyletic group composed of a few distinct lineages successively closer to Eumetazoa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Borchiellini|first1=Carole|last2=Manuel|first2=M. B. Marques|last3=Alivon|first3=Eliane|last4=Boury-Esnault|first4=Nicole|last5=Vacelet|first5=Jean|last6=Le Parco|first6=Yannick|date=2001|title=Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x|journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology|volume=14|issue=1 |pages=171–179|doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x |pmid=29280585 |s2cid=25119754 |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~peterson/Sperling,%20Pisani%20and%20Peterson.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=2009-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509061759/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~peterson/Sperling,%20Pisani%20and%20Peterson.pdf |access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2009-05-09 }}</ref> They should probably be reclassified as:
Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera and Acanthocephala may also be classified as a single phylum<ref>http://www.vliz.be/events/marine_taxonomy_workshop/docs/TOWARDS_A_MANAGEMENT_HIERARCHYv2.pdf<br /></ref>; Chaetognatha might be included in clade Gnathifera<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marlétaz|first1=Ferdinand|last2=Peijnenburg|first2=Katja T. C. A.|last3=Goto|first3=Taichiro|last4=Satoh|first4=Noriyuki|last5=Rokhsar|first5=Daniel S.|date=2019|title=A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31541-0|journal=Current Biology|volume=29|issue=2 |pages=312–318.e3|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042 |pmid=30639106 |s2cid=58562919 |via=}}</ref>:

* Phylum Hexactinellida or Symplasma
** Class Amphidiscophora
** Class Hexasterophora
* Phylum Demospongiae
** Class Heteroscleromorpha
** Class Verongimorpha
** Class Keratosa
* Phylum Calcarea or Calcispongiae
** Class Calcinea
** Class Calcaronea
* Phylum Homoscleromorpha

Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, and Chaetognatha may also be classified as a single phylum<ref>http://www.vliz.be/events/marine_taxonomy_workshop/docs/TOWARDS_A_MANAGEMENT_HIERARCHYv2.pdf<br /></ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marlétaz|first1=Ferdinand|last2=Peijnenburg|first2=Katja T. C. A.|last3=Goto|first3=Taichiro|last4=Satoh|first4=Noriyuki|last5=Rokhsar|first5=Daniel S.|date=2019|title=A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans|url=https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)31541-0|journal=Current Biology|volume=29|issue=2 |pages=312–318.e3|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042 |pmid=30639106 |s2cid=58562919 |via=}}</ref>:


* Phylum Gnathifera
* Phylum Gnathifera
** Class Gnathostomulida
** Class Gnathostomulida
** Class Micrognathozoa
** Class Micrognathozoa
** Class Chaetognatha
** [?Class Chaetognatha]
** Subphylum Syndermata
** Subphylum Syndermata
*** Class Seisonida
*** Subclass Seisonida
*** Class Eurotatoria
*** Subclass Eurotatoria
*** Class Acanthocephala
*** Class Acanthocephala


==[[Annelid|Annelida]] (segmented worms) ==
==[[Annelid|Annelida]] (segmented worms) ==
N/A


Traditional classes:
*[[Clitellata]] (earthworms and leeches)
*[[Clitellata]] (earthworms and leeches)
*[[Echiura]] (spoon worms)
*[[Echiura]] (spoon worms)
Line 1,070: Line 651:
===Subphylum [[Chelicerata]]===
===Subphylum [[Chelicerata]]===


*Euchelicerata
*[[Arachnid|Arachnida]] (spiders, scorpions, vinegaroons, horseshoe crabs, harvestmen, ticks and kin)
**[[Arachnid|Arachnida]] (spiders, scorpions, vinegaroons, harvestmen, ticks and kin)
**[[Xiphosura]] (horseshoe crabs)
*[[Sea spider|Pycnogonida]] (sea spiders)
*[[Sea spider|Pycnogonida]] (sea spiders)


Line 1,082: Line 665:
===Subphylum [[w:Pancrustacea|Pancrustacea]]===
===Subphylum [[w:Pancrustacea|Pancrustacea]]===


==== Superclass [[Allotriocarida]] ====
* [[Branchiopoda]] (fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas, and clam shrimp)
* [[Branchiopoda]] (fairy shrimp, tadpole shrimp, water fleas, and clam shrimp)
* [[Cephalocarida]] (horseshoe shrimp)

====Superclass [[Hexapoda]]====
* [[Hexapoda]]
** [[Springtail|Collembola]] (springtails)

** [[Diplura]] (two-pronged bristletails)
*[[Collembola]] (springtails)
** [[Insect|Insecta]] (insects)
*[[Diplura]] (two-prolonged bristletails)
*[[Protura]] (coneheads)
** [[Protura]] (coneheads)
* [[Remipedia]]
*[[Insect|Insecta]] (insects)


====Superclass [[Multicrustacea]]====
====Superclass [[Multicrustacea]]====


*[[Hexanauplia]] (copepods?, thecostracans, and tantulocarids)
*[[Hexanauplia]]
**[[Copepod|Copepoda]]
**[[Thecostraca]]
**[[Tantulocarida]] [included in Thecostraca?]
*[[Malacostraca]] (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, krill, various shrimp, woodlice, and kin)
*[[Malacostraca]] (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, krill, various shrimp, woodlice, and kin)


==== Superclass [[w:Oligostraca|Oligostraca]] ====
==== Superclass [[w:Oligostraca|Oligostraca]] ====


*[[species:Ichthyostraca|Ichthyostraca]] (fish lice, tongue worms)
*[[species:Ichthyostraca|Ichthyostraca]]
**[[Argulidae|Branchiura]] (fish lice)
**[[Pentastomida]] (tongue worms)
*[[Mystacocarida]] [included in Ichthyostraca?]
*[[Mystacocarida]] [included in Ichthyostraca?]
*[[Ostracod|Ostracoda]] (seed shrimp)
*[[Ostracod|Ostracoda]] (seed shrimp)

====Superclass [[Xenocarida]]? ====

*[[Cephalocarida]] (horseshoe shrimp)
*[[Remipedia]]


==[[Brachiopod|Brachiopoda]] ("lamp shells") ==
==[[Brachiopod|Brachiopoda]] ("lamp shells") ==
Line 1,115: Line 699:
==[[Bryozoa]] (moss animals) ==
==[[Bryozoa]] (moss animals) ==


*Gymnolaemtata s.l.
*[[Gymnolaemata]]
**[[Gymnolaemata]] s.s. [=Eurystomata]
**[[Stenolaemata]]
*[[Phylactolaemata]]
*[[Phylactolaemata]]
*[[Stenolaemata]]


==[[Chaetognatha]] (arrow worms) ==
==[[Chaetognatha]] (arrow worms) ==


*[[Sagittoidea]]
*Sagittoidea


==[[Chordate|Chordata]] (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets) ==
==[[Chordate|Chordata]] (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets) ==
See below [[User:Kiwi Rex/sandbox#List of chordate orders|a list of chordate orders]].
See below [[User:Kiwi Rex/sandbox#List of chordate orders|a list of chordate orders]].


=== Subphylum (or Phylum) [[Lancelet|Cephalochordata]] ===
*[[Lancelet|Leptocardii]] (lancelet)
*[[Lancelet|Leptocardii]] (lancelet)


* [[Tunicate|Tunicata]]
=== Subphylum (or Phylum) [[Tunicate|Urochordata]] ===
**[[Appendicularia]] (larvaceans)
*[[Appendicularia]] (larvaceans)
**[[Enterogona]]
*[[Ascidiacea]]
**[[Stolidobranchia]] (pleurogones)
**[[Stolidobranchia|Stolidobranchiata]] (pleurogones)
**[[Thaliacea]] (salps, pyrosomes, and doliolids)
**[[Thaliacea]] (salps, pyrosomes, and doliolids)
**[[Aplousobranchia|Aplousobranchiata]]
**[[Phlebobranchia|Phlebobranchiata]]


=== Subphylum (or Phylum) [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]] ===
*[[Cyclostomata]]
*[[Cyclostomi]]
**[[Hagfish|Myxini]] (hagfish)
**[[Hagfish|Myxini]] (hagfish)
**[[Hyperoartia|Petromyzontida]] (lamprey)
**[[Hyperoartia|Petromyzontida]] (lampreys)


*[[Chondrichthyes]] (cartilaginous fish; sharks, rays and chimaeras)
*[[Chondrichthyes]] (cartilaginous fish)
**[[Holocephali]]
**[[Holocephali]] (chimaeras)
**[[Elasmobranchii]]
**[[Elasmobranchii]] (sharks and rays)
*[[Euteleostomi|Osteichthyes]]
*[[Euteleostomi|Osteichthyes]]
**[[Actinopterygii]] (ray-finned fish, which include most familiar bony fish)
**[[Actinopterygii]] (ray-finned fish, which include most familiar bony fish)
***[[Cladistia|Cladistei]]
***[[Cladistia|Cladistei]] (reedfish and bichirs)
***[[Actinopteri]]
***[[Actinopteri]]
****[[Chondrostei]]
****[[Chondrostei]] (sturgeons and paddlefish)
****[[Holostei]]
****[[Holostei]] (gars and bowfins)
****[[Teleost|Teleostei]]
****[[Teleost|Teleostei]]
**[[Sarcopterygii]]
**[[Sarcopterygii]]
Line 1,155: Line 744:
****[[Mammal|Mammalia]] (mammals)
****[[Mammal|Mammalia]] (mammals)
****[[Sauropsida]] (sauropsids/sauroids)
****[[Sauropsida]] (sauropsids/sauroids)
*****[[Squamata]]
*****[[Squamata]] (lizards, including snakes)
*****[[Rhynchocephalia|Rhychocephalia]]
*****[[Rhynchocephalia|Rhychocephalia]] (tuatara)
*****[[Turtle|Testudines]]
*****[[Turtle|Testudines]] (turtles)
*****[[Archosauromorpha|Archosauria]]
*****[[Archosauromorpha|Archosauria]]
******[[Crocodilia|Crocodylia]]
******[[Crocodilia|Crocodylia]] (crocodiles, gharials, alligators and caimans)
******[[Bird|Aves]]
******[[Bird|Aves]] (birds)


==[[Cnidaria]] (marine stinging animals) ==
==[[Cnidaria]] (marine stinging animals) ==
Line 1,167: Line 756:
*[[Box jellyfish|Cubozoa]] (box jellyfish)
*[[Box jellyfish|Cubozoa]] (box jellyfish)
*[[Hydrozoa]] (hydroids)
*[[Hydrozoa]] (hydroids)
*[[w:Myxozoa|Myxozoa]] (marine parasites)
*[[w:Myxozoa|Myxozoa]] (microscopic parasites)
**[[Malacosporea]]
**[[Malacosporea]]
**[[Myxosporea]]
**[[Myxosporea]]
*[[Polypodium (animal)|Polypodiozoa]] (marine parasites)
*[[Polypodium (animal)|Polypodiozoa]] (''Polypodium hydriforme'')
*[[Scyphozoa]] (true jellyfish)
*[[Scyphozoa]] (true jellyfish)
*[[Staurozoa]] (stalked jellyfish)
*[[Staurozoa]] (stalked jellyfish)


== [[w:Ctenophora|Ctenophora]] ==
== [[w:Ctenophora|Ctenophora]] ==
N/A

* [[w:Nuda|Nuda]]
* [[w:Tentaculata|Tentaculata]]


==[[Cycliophora]] (tiny marine animals) ==
==[[Cycliophora]] (tiny marine animals) ==


*[[Eucycliophora]]
*Eucycliophora


==[[Echinoderm|Echinodermata]] (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others) ==
==[[Echinoderm|Echinodermata]] (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others) ==
Line 1,199: Line 786:
*[[Sea cucumber|Holothuroidea]] (sea cucumbers)
*[[Sea cucumber|Holothuroidea]] (sea cucumbers)


== [[Dicyemida]] (rhombozoa) ==
==[[Entoprocta]] [=Kamptozoa]==


* [[Loxosomatidae|Solitaria]]
*Dicyemida
* Coloniales

==[[Entoprocta]]==

* Entoprocta


==[[Gastrotrich|Gastrotricha]] (hairybacks) ==
==[[Gastrotrich|Gastrotricha]] (hairybacks) ==
N/A

* Gastrotricha


==[[Gnathostomulid|Gnathostomulida]] (jaw worms) ==
==[[Gnathostomulid|Gnathostomulida]] (jaw worms) ==
N/A

* Gnathostomulida


==[[Hemichordate|Hemichordata]]==
==[[Hemichordate|Hemichordata]]==


*[[Acorn worm|Enteropneusta]] (acorn worms)
*[[Acorn worm|Enteropneusta]] (acorn worms)
*[[Pterobranchia]]
*Graptolithoidea/[[Pterobranchia]]


==[[Kinorhyncha]] (mud dragons) ==
==[[Kinorhyncha]] (mud dragons) ==
Line 1,226: Line 808:


==[[Loricifera]]==
==[[Loricifera]]==
N/A

* Loricifera


== [[w:Micrognathozoa|Micrognathozoa]] ==
== [[w:Micrognathozoa|Micrognathozoa]] ==
Line 1,250: Line 831:
*[[Chromadorea]]
*[[Chromadorea]]
*[[w:Enoplea|Enoplea]]
*[[w:Enoplea|Enoplea]]
*[[Dorylaimida]]
**Enoplia
*(''incertae sedis'')
**[[Dorylaimia]]
**[[Benthimermithida]]
*[[Secernentea]]? (Chromadorea?)
**[[Rhaptothyreida]]


==[[Nematomorpha]] (horsehair worms) ==
==[[Nematomorpha]] (horsehair worms) ==
Line 1,261: Line 843:
==[[Nemertea]] (ribbon worms) ==
==[[Nemertea]] (ribbon worms) ==


*[[Heteronemertea]]
*[[Neonemertea]]
**[[Pilidiophora]]
**[[Enopla|Enopla/Hoplonemertea]]
*[[Palaeonemertea|Paleonemertea]]
*[[Palaeonemertea|Paleonemertea]]
*[[Enopla]]?/[[Hoplonemertea]]


==[[Onychophora]] (velvet worms) ==
==[[Onychophora]] (velvet worms) ==
Line 1,270: Line 853:


==[[Orthonectida]]==
==[[Orthonectida]]==
N/A

* Orthonectida


== [[w:Phoronida|Phoronida]] ==
== [[w:Phoronida|Phoronida]] ==
N/A

* Phoronida


==[[Placozoa]]==
==[[Placozoa]]==


*[[Polyplacotomia]]
*[[Trichoplax|Trichoplacoidea]]
*[[Uniplacotomia]]


==[[Flatworm|Platyhelminthes]] (flatworms) ==
==[[Flatworm|Platyhelminthes]] (flatworms) ==
Line 1,291: Line 873:
***[[Rhabdocoela]]
***[[Rhabdocoela]]
***[[Proseriata]]
***[[Proseriata]]
***Acentrosomata
***Adiaphanida
****Adiaphanida
***[[Bothrioplana|Bothrioplanata]]
****[[Bothrioplana|Bothrioplanata]]
***[[Neodermata]]
****[[Trematoda]]
****[[Trematoda]]
****[[Monogenea]]
****[[Monogenea]]
Line 1,301: Line 883:


*[[Calcareous sponge|Calcarea]] (calcareous sponges)
*[[Calcareous sponge|Calcarea]] (calcareous sponges)
**[[Calcaronea]]
**[[Calcinea]]
*[[Demosponge|Demospongiae]] (coralline sponges)
*[[Demosponge|Demospongiae]] (coralline sponges)
**[[Heteroscleromorpha]]
**[[Keratosa]]
** [[Verongimorpha]]
*[[Hexactinellid|Hexactinellida]] (glass sponges)
*[[Hexactinellid|Hexactinellida]] (glass sponges)
**[[Amphidiscosida|Amphidiscophora]]
** [[Hexasterophora]]
*[[Homoscleromorpha]]
*[[Homoscleromorpha]]


==[[Priapulida]] (priapulid worms) ==
==[[Priapulida]] (priapulid worms) ==
N/A


== [[Dicyemida|Rhombozoa]] [=Dicyemida s.l.] ==
*[[Halicryptus|Halicryptomorpha]]
N/A
*[[Priapulimorphida|Priapulimorpha]]
* Seticoronaria


==[[Rotifer|Syndermata]] (Rotifera ''sensu lato'') ==
==[[Rotifer|Rotifera]] [=Syndermata] ==


*[[Monogononta|Eurotifera]]
*[[Acanthocephala]] (thorny-headed worms)
*Hemirotatoria/Hemirotifera
**[[Archiacanthocephala]]
**[[Eoacanthocephala]]
**[[Palaeacanthocephala]] (ancient thornheads)
**[[Polyacanthorhynchus|Polyacanthocephala]]
*[[Eurotatoria]] (Rotifera ''sensu stricto'')
**[[Bdelloidea]]
**[[Bdelloidea]]
**[[Seisonidae|Seisonidea/Pararotatoria]]
**[[Monogononta]]
**[[Acanthocephala]] (thorny headed worms)
*[[Seisonidae|Pararotatoria/Seisonidea]]
***[[Archiacanthocephala]]
***[[Eoacanthocephala]]
***[[Palaeacanthocephala]] (ancient thornheads)
***[[Polyacanthorhynchus|Polyacanthocephala]]


==[[Tardigrade|Tardigrada]] (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets) ==
==[[Tardigrade|Tardigrada]] (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets) ==
Line 1,338: Line 913:
==[[w:Xenacoelomorpha|Xenacoelomorpha]]==
==[[w:Xenacoelomorpha|Xenacoelomorpha]]==


*[[Acoela]]
*[[w:Acoelomorpha|Acoelomorpha]]
**[[w:Acoela|Acoela]]
*[[Nemertodermatida]]
**[[w:Nemertodermatida|Nemertodermatida]]
*[[w:Xenoturbellida|Xenoturbellida]]
*[[w:Xenoturbellida|Xenoturbellida]]


Line 1,346: Line 920:
This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.
This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.


The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" is paraphyletic. The "orders" Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Delsuc|first1=Frédéric|last2=Philippe|first2=Hervé|last3=Tsagkogeorga|first3=Georgia|last4=Simion|first4=Paul|last5=Tilak|first5=Marie-Ka|last6=Turon|first6=Xavier|last7=López-Legentil|first7=Susanna|last8=Piette|first8=Jacques|last9=Lemaire|first9=Patrick|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2018-04-13|title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates|journal=BMC Biology|volume=16|issue=1 |page=39 |doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2|issn=1741-7007|pmc=5899321|pmid=29653534}}</ref>
The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" as traditionally defined is paraphyletic. This may be solved by including the Thaliacea in Ascidiacea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brusca |first=Richard C. |title=Invertebrates |last2=Giribet |first2=Gonzalo |last3=Moore |first3=Wendy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |edition=4th |location=New York |language=en}}</ref> The 'orders' Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Delsuc|first1=Frédéric|last2=Philippe|first2=Hervé|last3=Tsagkogeorga|first3=Georgia|last4=Simion|first4=Paul|last5=Tilak|first5=Marie-Ka|last6=Turon|first6=Xavier|last7=López-Legentil|first7=Susanna|last8=Piette|first8=Jacques|last9=Lemaire|first9=Patrick|last10=Douzery|first10=Emmanuel J. P.|date=2018-04-13|title=A phylogenomic framework and timescale for comparative studies of tunicates|journal=BMC Biology|volume=16|issue=1 |page=39 |doi=10.1186/s12915-018-0499-2|issn=1741-7007|pmc=5899321|pmid=29653534}}</ref>


Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11676|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Pisces|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914180#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Chondrichthyes|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161061#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Actinopterygii|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hibbitts|first1=Troy D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJxBCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22class+crocodilia%22&pg=PA219|title=Texas Turtles & Crocodilians: A Field Guide|last2=Hibbits|first2=Terry L.|date=2016-02-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-0777-9|language=en}}</ref>
Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11676|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Pisces|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914180#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Chondrichthyes|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161061#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Actinopterygii|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruggiero |first1=Michael A. |last2=Gordon |first2=Dennis P. |last3=Orrell |first3=Thomas M. |last4=Bailly |first4=Nicolas |last5=Bourgoin |first5=Thierry |last6=Brusca |first6=Richard C. |last7=Cavalier-Smith |first7=Thomas |last8=Guiry |first8=Michael D. |last9=Kirk |first9=Paul M. |date=2015-06-11 |title=Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e0130114 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130114 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5159126 |pmid=26068874 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hibbitts|first1=Troy D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kJxBCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22class+crocodilia%22&pg=PA219|title=Texas Turtles & Crocodilians: A Field Guide|last2=Hibbits|first2=Terry L.|date=2016-02-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-0777-9|language=en}}</ref>
== [[Lancelet|Leptocardii]]: Lancelets ==
== [[Lancelet|Cephalochordatea/Leptocardii]]: Lancelets ==


* Order Amphioxiformes
* Order Amphioxiformes
Line 1,358: Line 932:
* Order [[Larvacea|Copelata]]
* Order [[Larvacea|Copelata]]


=== Enterogona ===
=== Ascidiacea (=Acopa) ===

*Order [[Phlebobranchia]]
* Enterogona
* Order [[Aplousobranchia]]
**Order [[Phlebobranchia]]
** Order [[Aplousobranchia]]


=== [[Thaliacea]]: pelagnic tunicates ===
* [[Thaliacea]]: pelagnic tunicates
*Order [[Doliolida]]
**Order [[Doliolida]]
*Order [[Pyrosome|Pyrosomida]]
**Order [[Pyrosome|Pyrosomida]]
*Order [[Salp|Salpida]]
**Order [[Salp|Salpida]]


=== Pleurogona ===
* Pleurogona
*Order [[Stolidobranchia]]
**Order [[Stolidobranchia]]


== [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]==
== [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]==
Line 1,412: Line 988:
**Order [[Gar|Lepisosteiformes]]: gars
**Order [[Gar|Lepisosteiformes]]: gars
* Infraclass [[Teleost|Teleostei]]
* Infraclass [[Teleost|Teleostei]]
** Superorder [[Elopomorpha]]
** Cohort [[Elopomorpha]]
*** Order [[Elopiformes]]: ladyfishes and tarpon
*** Order [[Elopiformes]]: ladyfishes and tarpon
*** Order [[Bonefishes|Albuliformes]]: bonefishes
*** Order [[Bonefishes|Albuliformes]]: bonefishes
*** Order [[Notacanthiformes]]: halosaurs and spiny eels
*** Order [[Notacanthiformes]]: halosaurs and spiny eels
*** Order [[Eel|Anguilliformes]]: true eels and gulpers
*** Order [[Eel|Anguilliformes]]: true eels and gulpers
**Superorder [[Osteoglossomorpha]]
**[[Osteoglossomorpha]]
*** Order [[Osteoglossiformes]]: bony-tongued fishes
*** Order [[Osteoglossiformes]]: bony-tongued fishes
*** Order [[Hiodontiformes]]: mooneye and goldeye
*** Order [[Hiodontiformes]]: mooneye and goldeye
**Clupeocephala
**Order [[Clupeiformes]]: herrings and anchovies
***Cohort [[Otocephala|Otomorpha]]
**Order [[Alepocephalidae|Alepocephaliformes]]: slickheads
****Order [[Clupeiformes]]: herrings and anchovies
**Superorder [[Ostariophysi]]
*** Order [[Gonorynchiformes]]: milkfishes
****Order [[Alepocephalidae|Alepocephaliformes]]: slickheads
****Superorder [[Ostariophysi]]
*** Order [[Cypriniformes]]: barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
***** Order [[Gonorynchiformes]]: milkfishes
*** Order [[Characiformes]]: characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras.
***** Otophysi/Otophysa
*** Order [[Gymnotiformes]]: electric eels and knifefishes
****** Order [[Cypriniformes]]: barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
*** Order [[Catfish|Siluriformes]]: catfishes
****** Order [[Gymnotiformes]]: electric eels and knifefishes
**Order [[Lepidogalaxias|Lepidogalaxiiformes]]: salamanderfish
****** Order [[Citharinidae|Cithariniformes]]
**Superorder [[Protacanthopterygii]]
*** Order [[Argentiniformes]]: barreleyes
****** Order [[Catfish|Siluriformes]]: catfishes
****** Order [[Characiformes]]: characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras.
***Order [[Galaxiidae|Galaxiiformes]]: galaxiids
***Cohort [[Euteleostei|Euteleostomorpha]]
***Order [[Salmonidae|Salmoniformes]]: salmon and trout
*** Order [[Esociformes]]: pike
****Order [[Lepidogalaxias|Lepidogalaxiiformes]]: salamanderfish
**Superorder [[Stomiati]]
****Superorder [[Protacanthopterygii]]
***** Order [[Argentiniformes]]: barreleyes
***Order [[Stomiiformes|Stomiatiformes]]: bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
***Order [[Osmeriformes]]: smelts
*****Order Salmoniformes s.l.
** Order [[Jellynose fish|Ateleopodiformes]]: jellynose fish
******Order [[Salmonidae|Salmoniformes]] s.s.: salmon and trout
** Order [[Aulopiformes]]: Bombay duck and lancetfishes
****** Order [[Esociformes]]: pike
****Superorder [[Stomiati]]
** Order [[Myctophiformes]]: lanternfishes
** Order [[Lampriformes]]: oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
*****Order [[Stomiiformes|Stomiatiormes]]: bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
** Order [[Beardfish|Polymixiiformes]]: beardfishes
*****Order [[Osmeriformes]]: smelts
****Order [[Galaxiidae|Galaxiiformes]]: galaxiids [previously included in Protacanthopterygii]
** Superorder [[Paracanthopterygii]]
****[[Neoteleostei]]
*** Order [[Percopsiformes]]: cavefishes and trout-perches
***Order [[Zeiformes]]: dories
*****Order [[Jellynose fish|Ateleopodiformes]]: jellynose fish
***Order [[Tube-eye|Stylephoriformes]]: tube-eye
***** Order [[Aulopiformes]]: Bombay duck and lancetfishes
***** Ctenosquamata
***Order [[Gadiformes]]: cods
****** Order [[Myctophiformes]]: lanternfishes
** Superorder [[Acanthopterygii]]
****** [[Acanthomorpha]]
*** Order [[Beryciformes]] (incl. [[Stephanoberyciformes]] and [[Cetomimiformes]]): fangtooths, pineconefishes, ridgeheads and whalefishes
***Order [[Trachichthyiformes]]: slimeheads, spinyfins, pinecone fishes, and lanterneye fishes
******* Order [[Lampriformes]]: oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
******* Superorder [[Paracanthopterygii]]
***Order [[Holocentridae|Holocentriformes]]: soldierfish and squirrelfish
***Order [[Ophidiiformes]]: pearlfishes
******** Order [[Percopsiformes]]: cavefishes and trout-perches
******** Order [[Beardfish|Polymixiiformes]]: beardfishes [previously sister to Acanthopterygii]
***Order [[Batrachoididae|Batrachoidiformes]]: toadfishes
***Order [[Scombriformes]]: tunas and mackerels
********Order [[Zeiformes]]: dories
********Order Gadiformes s.l.
***Order [[Syngnathiformes]]: seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards
***Order [[Kurtiformes]]: nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes
*********Order [[Tube-eye|Stylephoriformes]]: tube-eye
***Order [[Gobiiformes]]: sleepers and gobies
*********Order [[Gadiformes]] s.s.: cods
******* Superorder [[Acanthopterygii]]
***Order [[Synbranchiformes]]: swamp eels
******** Order [[Trachichthyiformes]]: slimeheads, spinyfins, pinecone fishes, and lanterneye fishes
***Order [[Anabantiformes]]: gouramies and snakeheads
******** Order Beryciformes s.l.
***Order [[Istiophoriformes]]: marlins, swordfishes and billfishes
********* Order [[Beryciformes]] s.s. (incl. [[Stephanoberyciformes]] and [[Cetomimiformes]]): fangtooths, pineconefishes, ridgeheads and whalefishes
***Order [[Carangiformes]]: Jack mackerels and pompanos
*********Order [[Holocentridae|Holocentriformes]]: soldierfish and squirrelfish
***Order [[Flatfish|Pleuronectiformes]]: flatfishes
********[[Percomorpha]]
***Order [[Cichliformes]]: cichlids, convict blenny, leaf fishes
***Order [[Atheriniformes]]: silversides and rainbowfishes
*********Order [[Ophidiiformes]]: pearlfishes
*********Order [[Batrachoididae|Batrachoidiformes]]: toadfishes
***Order [[Beloniformes]]: flyingfishes and ricefishes
*********Order Gobiiformes s.l.
***Order [[Cyprinodontiformes]]: livebearers and killifishes
***Order [[Mullet (fish)|Mugiliformes]]: mullets
**********Order [[Gobiiformes]] s.s.: sleepers and gobies
***Order [[Gobiesociformes]]: clingfishes
**********Order [[Kurtiformes]]: nurseryfishes and cardinalfishes
*********Order [[Scombriformes]]: tunas and mackerels
***Order Blenniiformes
*********Order [[Syngnathiformes]]: seahorses, pipefishes, sea moths, cornetfishes and flying gurnards
***Order [[Mojarra|Gerreiiformes]]: mojarras
*********Order Synbranchiformes s.l.
***Order [[Uranoscopiformes]]: stargazers and sandperchers
***Order [[Labriformes]]: wrasses and parrotfishes
**********Order [[Synbranchiformes]] s.s.: swamp eels
***Order [[Ephippiformes]]: sicklefishes and spacefishes
**********Order [[Anabantiformes]]: gouramies and snakeheads
*********Order Carangiformes s.l.
***Order [[Chaetodontiformes]]: butterflyfishes and ponyfishes
***Order [[Acanthuriformes]]: louvars, Moorish idols and surgeonfishes
**********Order [[Carangiformes]] s.s.: Jack mackerels and pompanos
***Order [[Lutjaniformes]]: snappers and grunts
**********Order [[Istiophoriformes]]: marlins, swordfishes and billfishes
**********Order [[Flatfish|Pleuronectiformes]]: flatfishes
***Order [[Lobotiformes]]: tiger perches and Atlantic tripletail
*********[[Ovalentaria|Ovalentariae]]
***Order [[Spariformes]]: sea breams and porgy
**********Order Atheriniformes s.l.
***Order [[Priacanthiformes]]: bigeyes and bandfishes
***********Order [[Atheriniformes]] s.s.: silversides and rainbowfishes
***Order [[Caproidae|Caproiformes]]: boarfishes
***Order [[Anglerfish|Lophiiformes]]: anglerfishes
***********Order [[Beloniformes]]: flyingfishes and ricefishes
***Order [[Tetraodontiformes]]: filefishes and pufferfish
***********Order [[Cyprinodontiformes]]: livebearers and killifishes
***Order [[Pempheriformes]]: sweepers
**********Order Blenniiformes s.l.
***Order [[Centrarchiformes]]: sunfishes and mandarin fishes
***********Order [[Cichliformes]]: cichlids, convict blenny, leaf fishes
***********Order [[Mullet (fish)|Mugiliformes]]: mullets
***Order [[Perciformes]] (incl. [[Gasterosteiformes]] and [[Scorpaeniformes]]): sticklebacks, sand eels, scorpionfishes, sculpins, etc
***********Blennimorphae
************Order [[Gobiesociformes]]: clingfishes
************Order [[Blenniiformes]] s.s.
*********Percomorpharia/Eupercaria
**********Order [[Perciformes]] (incl. [[Gasterosteiformes]] and [[Scorpaeniformes]]): sticklebacks, sand eels, scorpionfishes, sculpins, etc
**********Order [[Centrarchiformes]]: sunfishes and mandarin fishes
**********Order Labriformes s.l.
***********Order [[Labriformes]] s.s.: wrasses and parrotfishes
***********Order [[Uranoscopiformes]]: stargazers and sandperchers
**********Order Acropomatiformes s.l.
***********Order [[Acropomatidae|Acropomatiformes]] s.s.
***********Order [[Pempheriformes]]: sweepers
**********Order Acanthuriformes s.l.
***********Order [[Mojarra|Gerreiiformes]]: mojarras
***********Order [[Ephippiformes]]: sicklefishes and spacefishes
***********Order [[Lobotiformes]]: tiger perches and Atlantic tripletail
***********Order [[Lutjaniformes]]: snappers and grunts
***********Order [[Chaetodontiformes]]: butterflyfishes and ponyfishes
***********Order [[Acanthuriformes]] s.s.: louvars, Moorish idols and surgeonfishes
***********Order [[Spariformes]]: sea breams and porgy
***********Order [[Priacanthiformes]]: bigeyes and bandfishes
***********Order [[Caproidae|Caproiformes]]: boarfishes
***********Order [[Anglerfish|Lophiiformes]]: anglerfishes
***********Order [[Tetraodontiformes]]: filefishes and pufferfish
===Class [[Actinistia]]: Coelacanths===
===Class [[Actinistia]]: Coelacanths===


Line 1,500: Line 1,100:


=== Class [[Sauropsida]]: Sauropsids/Sauroids<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=135358&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=paleobiodb.org|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>===
=== Class [[Sauropsida]]: Sauropsids/Sauroids<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=135358&is_real_user=1|title=PBDB|website=paleobiodb.org|access-date=2019-10-03}}</ref>===
*[[Lepidosauria]]
*'''Subclass'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?src=0&id=4926482|title=Subclass Lepidosauromorpha - Hierarchy - The Taxonomicon|website=taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> [[Lepidosauromorpha]]/'''Subclass''' [[Lepidosauria]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/lifeofvertebrate00youn|title=The life of vertebrates|last=Young|first=J. Z. (John Zachary)|date=1962|publisher=New York, Oxford University Press|others=MBLWHOI Library}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=Parker|first1=Thomas Jeffery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVJdDwAAQBAJ&q=%22sub-class+lepidosauria%22&pg=PA498|title=Textbook of Zoology|last2=Haswell|first2=William Aitcheson|date=1967-06-18|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-00198-9|language=en}}</ref>
** Order [[Rhynchocephalia]]: tuatara
** Order [[Rhynchocephalia]]: tuatara
** Order [[Squamata]]: lizards [note: all suborders have also been classified as orders<ref name=":5" />]
** Order [[Squamata]]: lizards [note: all suborders have also been classified as orders<ref name=":5" />]
Line 1,510: Line 1,110:
***Suborder [[Scincomorpha|Scinciformata]]: skinks, girdled lizards, plated lizards, and night lizards
***Suborder [[Scincomorpha|Scinciformata]]: skinks, girdled lizards, plated lizards, and night lizards
***Suborder [[Serpentes]]: snakes
***Suborder [[Serpentes]]: snakes
*[[Testudinata]]
*'''Subclass'''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Ruggiero|first1=Michael A.|last2=Gordon|first2=Dennis P.|last3=Orrell|first3=Thomas M.|last4=Bailly|first4=Nicolas|last5=Bourgoin|first5=Thierry|last6=Brusca|first6=Richard C.|last7=Cavalier-Smith|first7=Thomas|last8=Guiry|first8=Michael D.|last9=Kirk|first9=Paul M.|date=2015-06-11|title=Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e0130114|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130114|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5159126|pmid=26068874|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Testudinata]]
**Order [[Turtle|Testudines]]: turtles
**Order [[Turtle|Testudines]]: turtles
*'''Subclass'''<ref name=":6" /> [[Archosaur|Archosauria]]
*[[Archosaur|Archosauria]]
**Order [[Crocodilia]]: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials
**Order [[Crocodilia]]: crocodiles, alligators, caimans, and gharials
**[[Bird|Aves/Neornithes]]: birds
**Parvclass<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=LIVEZEY|first1=BRADLEY C|last2=ZUSI|first2=RICHARD L|date=2007-01-01|title=Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=149|issue=1|pages=1–95|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x|issn=0024-4082|pmc=2517308|pmid=18784798}}</ref>/Cohort<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gardiner|first=Brian G.|date=1982-03-01|title=Tetrapod classification|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/74/3/207/2661558|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=74|issue=3|pages=207–232|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01148.x|issn=0024-4082}}</ref>/Series<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.net/54381463-Appendix-1-zoological-checklists-and-catalogues.html|title=Appendix 1 Zoological checklists and catalogues - PDF|website=docplayer.net|access-date=2019-08-12}}</ref>/Superorder<ref>Bakker, Robert T. (1986), ''[[The Dinosaur Heresies]]'', William Morrow</ref> [[Bird|Aves/Neornithes]]: birds
***Order [[Palaeognathae|Struthioniformes ''sensu lato'']] (including Rheiformes, Tinamiformes, Dinornithiformes, Apterygiformes, Aepyornithiformes and Casuariiformes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/list?taxonomies=22672859&searchType=species|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|last=|first=|date=|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbw.com/order/struthioniformes|title=Struthioniformes {{!}} HBW Alive|website=www.hbw.com|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>): palaeognaths
***Order [[Palaeognathae|Struthioniformes ''sensu lato'']] (including Rheiformes, Tinamiformes, Dinornithiformes, Apterygiformes, Aepyornithiformes and Casuariiformes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/search/list?taxonomies=22672859&searchType=species|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|last=|first=|date=|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hbw.com/order/struthioniformes|title=Struthioniformes {{!}} HBW Alive|website=www.hbw.com|access-date=2019-10-05}}</ref>): palaeognaths
**** Suborder [[Novaeratitae|Casuarii]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Sibley|first1=Charles G.|last2=Ahlquist|first2=Jon E.|last3=Monroe Jr.|first3=Burt L.|date=1988|title=A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6cd7/8c563914d433547d23f851ebcd64c89cc18e.pdf|journal=The Auk|volume=105|issue=3 |pages=409–423|doi=10.1093/auk/105.3.409 |s2cid=40920036 |via=}}</ref>: kiwis, cassowaries and emu
**** Suborder [[Novaeratitae|Casuarii]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Sibley|first1=Charles G.|last2=Ahlquist|first2=Jon E.|last3=Monroe Jr.|first3=Burt L.|date=1988|title=A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6cd7/8c563914d433547d23f851ebcd64c89cc18e.pdf|journal=The Auk|volume=105|issue=3 |pages=409–423|doi=10.1093/auk/105.3.409 |s2cid=40920036 |via=}}</ref>: kiwis, cassowaries and emu
Line 1,576: Line 1,176:
*** Order [[Diprotodontia]]: marsupial herbivores; kangaroos, wallabies, possums and allies
*** Order [[Diprotodontia]]: marsupial herbivores; kangaroos, wallabies, possums and allies
** Cohort [[Placentalia]]
** Cohort [[Placentalia]]
*** Subcohort [[Afrotheria]]
*** [[Afrotheria]]
**** Superorder [[Afroinsectiphilia]]
**** [[Afroinsectiphilia]]
***** Order [[Afrosoricida]]: tenrecs and golden moles
***** Order [[Afrosoricida]]: tenrecs and golden moles
***** Order [[Elephant shrew|Macroscelidea]]: elephant shrews
***** Order [[Elephant shrew|Macroscelidea]]: elephant shrews
***** Order [[Orycteropodidae|Tubulidentata]]: aardvark
***** Order [[Orycteropodidae|Tubulidentata]]: aardvark
**** Superorder [[Paenungulata]] [=Order Uranotheria]
**** [[Paenungulata]] [=Order Uranotheria]
***** Order [[Hyrax|Hyracoidea]]: hyraxes
***** Order [[Hyrax|Hyracoidea]]: hyraxes
***** Order [[Proboscidea]]: elephants
***** Order [[Proboscidea]]: elephants
***** Order [[Sirenia]]: manatees and dugongs
***** Order [[Sirenia]]: manatees and dugongs
*** Subcohort [or Order] [[Xenarthra]]
*** [sometimes Order] [[Xenarthra]]
**** Order [[Cingulata]]: armadillos
**** Order [[Cingulata]]: armadillos
**** Order [[Pilosa]]: sloths and anteaters
**** Order [[Pilosa]]: sloths and anteaters
*** Subcohort [[Laurasiatheria]]
*** [[Laurasiatheria]]
**** Order [[Eulipotyphla]]: hedgehogs, shrews, moles
**** Order [[Eulipotyphla]]: hedgehogs, shrews, moles
**** Order [[Even-toed ungulate|Cetartiodactyla]]: cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
**** Order [[Even-toed ungulate|Cetartiodactyla]]: cetaceans and even-toed ungulates
Line 1,595: Line 1,195:
**** Order [[Pangolin|Pholidota]]: pangolins
**** Order [[Pangolin|Pholidota]]: pangolins
**** Order [[Carnivora]]: carnivores; cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, and others
**** Order [[Carnivora]]: carnivores; cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, and others
*** Subcohort [[Euarchontoglires]]
*** [[Euarchontoglires]]
**** Order [[Colugo|Dermoptera]]: colugos
**** Order [[Colugo|Dermoptera]]: colugos
**** Order [[Primate|Primates]]: lemurs, tarsiers and simians
**** Order [[Primate|Primates]]: lemurs, tarsiers and simians
**** Order [[Treeshrew|Scandentia]]: treeshrews
**** Order [[Treeshrew|Scandentia]]: treeshrews
****Superorder [[Glires]]
****[[Glires]]
***** Order [[Rodent|Rodentia]]: rodents
***** Order [[Rodent|Rodentia]]: rodents
***** Order [[Lagomorpha]]: rabbits, hares and pikas
***** Order [[Lagomorpha]]: rabbits, hares and pikas
Line 1,609: Line 1,209:
# The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing ''Vultur gryphus'' but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and ''[[Euparkeria|Euparkeria capensis]]'' (adapted from Thulborn, 1975<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thulborn|first=R. A.|date=1975|title=Dinosaur polyphyly and the classification of Archosaurs and birds|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/zo/zo9750249|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=249–270|doi=10.1071/zo9750249|issn=1446-5698}}</ref>: "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: '''[[Theropoda]]'''<ref name=":7" />.
# The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing ''Vultur gryphus'' but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and ''[[Euparkeria|Euparkeria capensis]]'' (adapted from Thulborn, 1975<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thulborn|first=R. A.|date=1975|title=Dinosaur polyphyly and the classification of Archosaurs and birds|url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/zo/zo9750249|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=249–270|doi=10.1071/zo9750249|issn=1446-5698}}</ref>: "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: '''[[Theropoda]]'''<ref name=":7" />.
# The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Martyniuk|first=Matthew P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5_DyhNk7FcC&q=field+guide+to+mesozoic+birds+and+other+winged+dinosaurs|title=A Field Guide to Mesozoic Birds and Other Winged Dinosaurs|date=2012|publisher=Pan Aves|isbn=978-0-9885965-0-4|language=en}}</ref>). Alternative name: '''Aviremigia'''<ref name=":9" />''', [[Pennaraptora]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Foth|first1=Christian|last2=Tischlinger|first2=Helmut|last3=Rauhut|first3=Oliver W. M.|date=July 2014|title=New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13467|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=511|issue=7507|pages=79–82|doi=10.1038/nature13467|pmid=24990749 |s2cid=4464659 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>?
# The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Martyniuk|first=Matthew P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5_DyhNk7FcC&q=field+guide+to+mesozoic+birds+and+other+winged+dinosaurs|title=A Field Guide to Mesozoic Birds and Other Winged Dinosaurs|date=2012|publisher=Pan Aves|isbn=978-0-9885965-0-4|language=en}}</ref>). Alternative name: '''Aviremigia'''<ref name=":9" />''', [[Pennaraptora]]'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Foth|first1=Christian|last2=Tischlinger|first2=Helmut|last3=Rauhut|first3=Oliver W. M.|date=July 2014|title=New specimen of Archaeopteryx provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13467|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=511|issue=7507|pages=79–82|doi=10.1038/nature13467|pmid=24990749 |s2cid=4464659 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>?
# The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of ''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' and ''Vultur gryphus'' (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=PADIAN|first1=KEVIN|last2=CHIAPPE|first2=LUIS M.|date=February 1998|title=The origin and early evolution of birds|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0006323197005100|journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume=73|issue=1|pages=1–42|doi=10.1017/s0006323197005100|issn=0006-3231}}</ref>,<ref>https://mm-gold.azureedge.net/Special_Event_/Darwin_day/2009/english/SA_origin_bird_flightKPLC.pdf</ref>; Livezey & Zusi, 2007<ref name=":10" />). Alternative name: '''Ornithes'''<ref name=":9" />. Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-''Archaeopteryx''”) and ornithological (“post-''Archaeopteryx''”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of ''Archaeopteryx'' and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, ''Archaeopteryx'' does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018<ref>Andrea, C. A. U. (2018). The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process. ''Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana'', ''57''(1), 2.</ref>)
# The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of ''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' and ''Vultur gryphus'' (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=PADIAN|first1=KEVIN|last2=CHIAPPE|first2=LUIS M.|date=February 1998|title=The origin and early evolution of birds|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0006323197005100|journal=Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society|volume=73|issue=1|pages=1–42|doi=10.1017/s0006323197005100|issn=0006-3231}}</ref>,<ref>https://mm-gold.azureedge.net/Special_Event_/Darwin_day/2009/english/SA_origin_bird_flightKPLC.pdf</ref>; Livezey & Zusi, 2007<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=LIVEZEY |first1=BRADLEY C |last2=ZUSI |first2=RICHARD L |date=2007-01-01 |title=Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=149 |issue=1 |pages=1–95 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x |issn=0024-4082 |pmc=2517308 |pmid=18784798}}</ref>). Alternative name: '''Ornithes'''<ref name=":9" />. Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-''Archaeopteryx''”) and ornithological (“post-''Archaeopteryx''”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of ''Archaeopteryx'' and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, ''Archaeopteryx'' does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018<ref>Andrea, C. A. U. (2018). The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process. ''Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana'', ''57''(1), 2.</ref>)
# "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of ''Vultur gryphus'' and used for powered flight" (adapted<ref name=":7" /> from Ji & Ji, 2001<ref>Ji, Q., & Ji, S. A. (1999). How can we define a feathered dinosaur as a bird. In ''New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom'' (pp. 12-14).</ref>). Alternative name: '''[[Avialae]]'''<ref name=":7" /> (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avialae|url=https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Avialae.htm#Avialae|website=www.theropoddatabase.com|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>).
# "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of ''Vultur gryphus'' and used for powered flight" (adapted<ref name=":7" /> from Ji & Ji, 2001<ref>Ji, Q., & Ji, S. A. (1999). How can we define a feathered dinosaur as a bird. In ''New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom'' (pp. 12-14).</ref>). Alternative name: '''[[Avialae]]'''<ref name=":7" /> (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition<ref>{{Cite web|title=Avialae|url=https://www.theropoddatabase.com/Avialae.htm#Avialae|website=www.theropoddatabase.com|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref>).
# The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thulborn|first=R. A.|date=September 1984|title=The avian relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=82|issue=1–2|pages=119–158|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x}}</ref> and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: '''[[Ornithothoraces]]''', '''Carinatae'''<ref name=":7" />.
# The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thulborn|first=R. A.|date=September 1984|title=The avian relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|language=en|volume=82|issue=1–2|pages=119–158|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00539.x}}</ref> and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: '''[[Ornithothoraces]]''', '''Carinatae'''<ref name=":7" />.
Line 1,619: Line 1,219:
{{clade
{{clade
|1=Bacteria
|1=Bacteria
|label2=Archaea
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|state1=dashed
|1=DPANN
|1=DPANN
|2=Euryarchaeota
|2=Euryarchaeota
|3=TACK
|3=Crenarchaeota/TACK
|4=Asgardarchaeota
|state4=double
|5=Heimdallarchaeota
|4="Asgardarchaeota"
|label6=Eukaryota
|label5=Eukaryota
|6={{clade
|5={{clade
|1=Euglenozoa
|1=Euglenozoa
|2=Percolozoa
|2=Percolozoa
Line 1,635: Line 1,237:
|label1=Archaeplastida
|label1=Archaeplastida
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Rhodoplantae
|label1=Rhodaria
|1={{clade
|1=Picomonada
|2={{clade
|1=Rhodelphea
|2=Rhodoplantae }} }}
|2=Glaucocystoplantae
|2=Glaucocystoplantae
|3=Viridiplantae }}
|3=Viridiplantae }}
|2=Cryptista
|2=Cryptista
|3=Endohelea
|3=Endohelea
|4=Picomonada
|4=Hemimastigophora
|5=Hemimastigophora
|5=Provora
|6=Provora
|6=Haptista
|7=Haptista
|label7=TSAR
|8=Telonemidae
|7={{clade
|label9=Harosa
|1=Telonemidae
|9={{clade
|label2=Harosa
|label1=Halvaria
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Halvaria
|1=Straminopiles/Heterokonta
|1={{clade
|2=Alveolata }}
|1=Straminopiles/Heterokonta
|2=Rhizaria }} }}
|2=Alveolata }}
|2=Rhizaria }} }} }}
|6=Parabasalia
|6=Parabasalia
|7=Fornicata
|7=Fornicata
Line 2,028: Line 1,636:
|label2=Archosauromorpha
|label2=Archosauromorpha
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''Protorosaurus''
|1=Tanystropheidae
|2=Tanystropheidae
|2={{clade
|3=''Prolacerta''
|1=Rhynchosauria
|4=Allokotosauria
|2={{clade
|5=Rhynchosauria
|1=''Teyujagua''
|6=Archosauriformes
|2=''Tasmaniosaurus''
|3=Archosauriformes
}} }} }} }} }} }}
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}


=== Diapsida (Sobral, Simões & Schoch; 2020<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sobral|first1=Gabriela|last2=Simões|first2=Tiago R.|last3=Schoch|first3=Rainer R.|date=02 20, 2020|title=A tiny new Middle Triassic stem-lepidosauromorph from Germany: implications for the early evolution of lepidosauromorphs and the Vellberg fauna|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=2273|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-58883-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=7033234|pmid=32080209}}</ref>) ===
=== Diapsida (Sobral, Simões & Schoch; 2020<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sobral|first1=Gabriela|last2=Simões|first2=Tiago R.|last3=Schoch|first3=Rainer R.|date=02 20, 2020|title=A tiny new Middle Triassic stem-lepidosauromorph from Germany: implications for the early evolution of lepidosauromorphs and the Vellberg fauna|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=2273|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-58883-x|issn=2045-2322|pmc=7033234|pmid=32080209}}</ref>) ===
Line 2,634: Line 2,243:
|1=Hexian
|1=Hexian
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=Sambungmacan 1, 3
|1=''Homo erectus newyorkensis'' (Sambungmacan 1, 3)
|2=''Homo erectus soloensis'' (Ngandong 7, 9, 12) }} }} }}
|2=''Homo erectus soloensis'' (Ngandong 7, 9, 12) }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade

Revision as of 02:38, 29 June 2024

Size lists

List of largest theropod dinosaurs (10+ meters)

Animal Length
 Mass
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (MSNM v 4047) 14 m (Sereno et al. 2022[1]) 7.4 t (Sereno et al. 2022)
Giganotosaurus carolinii (MUCPv-95) 12.7-13.7 m (Paul, 2024)

13.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016[2])

7.8-10 t (Paul, 2024)
8.2 t (Hartman, 2013[3])

8.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1156) 13 m (Paul)? 6.2 t (Persons et al. 2020[4])

9 t (Paul)?

Tyrannotitan chubutensis (MPEF-PV 1157) 12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
12.2 m (Holtz, 2012[5])
13 m (Paul)? 		5.7 t (Persons et al.)
7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

9 t (Paul)?

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (SGM-Din 1) 12 m (Paul; Holtz)

12.8 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi, 2016)

7 t (Paul)

7.8 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Tyrannosaurus rex (RSM P2523.8 - "Scotty") 12-13 m 8.8 t (Persons et al.)
Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR2081 - "Sue") 12 m (Paul) 7.5 t (Paul)
8.4 t (Hartman; Persons et al.)

9.75 t (Henderson, 2018)

Siats meekerorum 11.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 3.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Mapusaurus roseae (MCF-PVPH-108-145) 11.5 m (Paul)
12.6 m (Holtz)

12.7 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

6 t (Paul)

7.6 t (Ruben-Pérez & Larramendi)

Deinocheirus mirificus 11.5 m (Paul)
12 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 		5.5 t (Paul)

6.2 t (Persons et al.)

7 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Oxalaia quilombensis 11 m (Holtz)

13.3 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis 11 m (Paul)

11.9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
13 m (Holtz)

3.7 t (Persons et al.)

4.1 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5 t (Paul)

Acrocanthosaurus atokensis 11 m (Paul)

11.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
12 m (Holtz)

3.59 t (Persons et al.)

4.9 t (Paul; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Bahariasaurus ingens 11 m (Paul)

12.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4 t (Paul)

4.6 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Torvosaurus tanneri (CPS 1010) 11 m (Holtz)

12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Allosaurus (Saurophaganax) maximus 10.5 m (Paul)

12 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
13 m (Holtz)

3 t (Paul)

3.8 (Persons et al.)

4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Rajasaurus narmadensis 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

11 m (Paul)

3 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5 t (Paul)

Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis (CV00216) 10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

11 m (Paul)

2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi; Paul)
Allosaurus amplexus (=A. fragilis?) (AMNH 5767) 10.4 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 2.9 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)
Meraxes gigas 10 m (Paul) 4 t (Paul)
Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis 10 m (Paul)

11 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4 t (Paul)

5.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Suchomimus tenerensis 9.5 m (Paul)

9.78 m (Henderson)
11 m (Holtz)

2.14 t (Henderson)

3.1 t (Paul)

3.2 t (Persons et al.)

Tarbosaurus bataar 9.5 m (Paul)
10 m (Holtz; Molina-Pérez & Larramendi) 		4 t (Paul)

4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Therizinosaurus cheloniformis 9 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

9.6 m (Holtz)
10 m (Paul)

4.5 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

5-10 t (Paul)

Ichthyovenator laosensis 8.5 m (Paul)

10.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

2 t (Paul)

2.4 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

Sinotyrannus kazuouensis 7.5 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

9 m (Paul)
10 m (Holtz)

1.2 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

2.5 t (Paul)

Abelisaurus comahuensis 7.2 m (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

10 m (Paul)

1.65 t (Molina-Pérez & Larramendi)

4 t (Paul)

List of largest land mammals (6+ tonnes)

Rank Animal Mass
 Height
Image
20 Forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) 2.5 - 6 t 2.5 m
19 Gomphotherium steinheimense 6.7 t 3.17 m
18 Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) 2.7 - 7 t 2.4 - 3.43 (average male: 2.7 m)
17 Woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) 3 - 8.2 t (average: 6 t) 2.6 - 3.5 m
16 South African mammoth (Mammuthus subplanifrons) 9 t 3.68 m
15 Bush elephant (Loxodonta africana) 3 - 10.4 t (average male: 6 t) 2.6 - 3.96 m (average male: 3.2 m)
14 Deinotherium proavum 10.3 - 10.5 t 3.6 m
13 American Mastodon (Mammut americanum) 6.5 - 11 t (average: 8 t) 2.3 - 3.25 m
12 Mammuthus meridionalis 10.7 - 11 t 3.97 m
11 Deinotherium giganteum 8.8 - 12 t 3.6 - 4 m
10 Stegotetrabelodon syrticus 11 - 12 t 4 m
9 Palaeoloxodon recki 12.3 t 4.3 m
8 Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) 9.2 - 12.5 t (average: 9.5 t) 3.72 - 4.2 m
7 Stegodon zdansky 12.7 t 3.87 m
6 Deinotherium "thraceiensis" 13.2 t 4 m
5 Steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) 9 - 14.3 t (average: 11 t) 3.89 - 4.5 m
4 Straight-tusked elephant (Palaeloxodon antiquus) 11 - 15 t (average: 13 t) 3.8 - 4.2 m
3 Zygolophodon borsoni (=Mammut borsoni) 14 - 16 t 3.9 - 4.1 m
2 Indricotherium transouralicum (=Baluchitherium grangeri) - comparable to Paraceratherium and Dzungariotherium 7.7 - 20 t 4.8 - 5.3 m
1 Asian straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon namadicus) 13 - 22 t 4.35 - 5.2 m

List of largest sauropods

Animal Paul (2019)[6] Molina-Pérez & Larramendi (2020)[7] Image
Maraapunisaurus fragillimus 35-40 m

80-120 t

35 m

70 t

Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi? 30-55 t 37 m

95 t

Argentinosaurus huinculensis 35+ m

65-75 t

35-36 m

75-80 t

"Mamenchisaurus" sinocanadorum 35 m

60-80 t

25 m

24 t

Barosaurus lentus (BYU 9024) - 45 m

60 t

Puertasaurus reuili ~45-55 t 27-28 m

50-56 t

Patagotitan mayorum (MPEF-PV 3400) 31 m

50-55 t

31 m

55 t

Brachiosaurus - 26.5 m

50 t

"Antarctosaurus" giganteus ~45-55 t 30.5 m

45 t

Notocolossus gonzalezparejasi ~45-55 t 28 m

40 t

Paralititan stromeri ~30-55 t? 27 m

30 t

Huanghetitan ruyangensis ~45-55 t 24 m

30 t

Giraffatitan brancai (HMN XV2) - 25 m

48 t

Mamenchisaurus jingyanensis - 31 m

45 t

Mamenchisaurus sinojapanorum - 30.5 m

44 t

Dreadnoughtus schrani (MPM-PV 1156) 28-31 t 24 m

35 t

Giraffatitan brancai (HMN MB.R.2181) 25-32 t -
Futalognkosaurus dukei 29 t 24 m

30-36 t

Alamosaurus sanjuanensis (SMP VP-1625) 27 t
Brontosaurus louisae (CM 3018) 18 t

List of largest cetaceans (10+ tonnes)

*=estimate

Rank Animal Length Average mass
 Record mass
 Image
13 Antarctic minke whale (Pterobalaena bonaerensis) 08 - 11.9 m 8 t 10.4 t
12 Giant beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) 10 - 13 m 12 t 14 t
11 Bryde's whale (Rorqualus brydei) 11.9 - 16.5 m 17 t 40 t
10 Sei whale (Rorqualus borealis) 13.6 - 19.5 (22?) m 22.5 t 45 t
9 Grey whale (Eschrichtius robustus) 13 - 15 m 24 t 45 t
8 Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 12 - 19 27.5 t 48 t
7 Cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) 11 - 20.5 (24?) m 30.7 t

female: 15.5 tmale: 46 t

57 t
6 Southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) 13 - 17 m 60 t 90 (110?) t
5 North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) 13 - 18.5 60 t 106 (110?) t
4 Bowhead whale (Balaena mysticeti) 14 - 20 (24.5?) m 60 t 100 (120?) t
3 Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 18.5 - 25.9 (27.3?) m 60 t 74 t
114 t*
2 Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) 13 - 19.8 (21.3?) 70 t 100 (135?) t?
1 Blue whale (Rorqualus musculus) 20 - 29.9 (33? 33.6?) m 100 t 173 t
211.5 t*

List of biological kingdoms

Eukaryotes are now understood a subgroup of Archaea instead of a truly distinct "domain."[8] The bacterial and eukaryote kingdoms are respectively listed as proposed by Luketa (2012)[9] and Tedersoo (2017).[10]

Domain Bacteria

Paraphyletic Archaea with DPANN as the earliest-divergent clade

Domain Archaea

  • "DPANN" [included in Euryarchaeota?]
  • Kingdom Euryarchaeota
  • "Kingdom Proteoarchaeota" [paraphyletic[11]]
    • Kingdom Crenarchaeota s.l.
    • Jordarchaeia
    • Odinarchaeia + Baldrarchaeia
    • (Lokiarchaeles + Helarchaeales) + (Thorarchaeia + Hermodarchaeia)
    • Sifarchaeia
    • Wukongarchaeia
    • Njordarchaeales + (Gerdarchaeles + Heimdallarchaeales)
    • Hodarchaeales

Eukaryota

"Subdomain Excavata"

Subdomain Archaeplastida

Subdomain Harosa

CRuMs [included in Obazoa in Tedersoo's taxonomy]

Subdomain Unikontamoebae

Subdomain Obazoa

Others/incertae sedis

List of animal classes

The following is a list of the classes in each phylum of the kingdom Animalia. There are 74+ classes of animals in 32 phyla in this list. The internal classification of many small phyla usually lacks the class rank. The taxonomy of Annelida and Platyhelminthes is still evolving from older gradistic classifications to a system with monophyletic classes.

Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera and Acanthocephala may also be classified as a single phylum[12]; Chaetognatha might be included in clade Gnathifera[13]:

  • Phylum Gnathifera
    • Class Gnathostomulida
    • Class Micrognathozoa
    • [?Class Chaetognatha]
    • Subphylum Syndermata
      • Subclass Seisonida
      • Subclass Eurotatoria
      • Class Acanthocephala

Annelida (segmented worms)

N/A

Traditional classes:

Arthropoda (arthropods: insects, crustaceans, arachnids, centipedes, and millipedes)

Subphylum Chelicerata

Subphylum Myriapoda

Subphylum Pancrustacea

Superclass Allotriocarida

Superclass Multicrustacea

Superclass Oligostraca

Brachiopoda ("lamp shells")

Bryozoa (moss animals)

Chaetognatha (arrow worms)

  • Sagittoidea

Chordata (vertebrates, tunicates, and lancelets)

See below a list of chordate orders.

Subphylum (or Phylum) Cephalochordata

Subphylum (or Phylum) Urochordata

Subphylum (or Phylum) Vertebrata

Cnidaria (marine stinging animals)

Ctenophora

N/A

Cycliophora (tiny marine animals)

  • Eucycliophora

Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea lilies, and others)

Subphylum Asterozoa

Subphylum Crinozoa

Subphylum Echinozoa

Entoprocta [=Kamptozoa]

Gastrotricha (hairybacks)

N/A

Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)

N/A

Hemichordata

Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)

Loricifera

N/A

Micrognathozoa

  • Micrognathea

Mollusca (mollusks)

Nematoda (roundworms)

Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)

Nemertea (ribbon worms)

Onychophora (velvet worms)

  • Udeonychophora

Orthonectida

N/A

Phoronida

N/A

Placozoa

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Porifera (sponges)

Priapulida (priapulid worms)

N/A

Rhombozoa [=Dicyemida s.l.]

N/A

Rotifera [=Syndermata]

Tardigrada (tardigrades, water bears, or moss piglets)

Xenacoelomorpha

List of extant chordate orders

This second list contains a list of all of the living classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata.

The tunicate "Class Ascidiacea" as traditionally defined is paraphyletic. This may be solved by including the Thaliacea in Ascidiacea.[14] The 'orders' Phlebobranchia and Aplousobranchia may form a monophyletic group together.[15]

Some authors divide Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, and/or Sauropsida into two or more classes.[10][16][17][18][19][20]

Cephalochordatea/Leptocardii: Lancelets

  • Order Amphioxiformes

Tunicata

Larvacea: larvaceans

Ascidiacea (=Acopa)

Vertebrata

Class Cyclostomata: Jawless vertebrates

Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish

Class Actinopterygii: Ray-finned fish

Subclass Cladistei
Subclass Chondrostei
Subclass Neopterygii

Class Actinistia: Coelacanths

  • Order Coelacanthiformes

Class Dipnoi: Lungfish

Class Amphibia: Amphibians

Class Sauropsida: Sauropsids/Sauroids[21]

Class Mammalia: Mammals

Definitions of Aves

  1. "The most inclusive clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Crocodylus niloticus" (adapted[30] from Patterson, 1993[31]). Alternative names: Avemetatarsalia, Panaves[30].
  2. "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathers homologous (synapomorphic) with those of of Vultur gryphus" (adapted[30] from Ji & Ji, 1996[32]: "Because Sinosauropteryx has extremely short and primitive feathers, it is undoubtedly a member of the class Aves"; and Lee and Spencer, 1997[33]). Alternative names: Avifilopluma[30], Ornithodira[34].
  3. The most inclusive dinosaur clade containing Vultur gryphus but not Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia and Euparkeria capensis (adapted from Thulborn, 1975[35]: "A new classification of archosaurs and birds is presented, wherein the theropod ancestors of birds are transferred to the class Aves"). Alternative name: Theropoda[30].
  4. The clade of dinosaurs possessing "feathers with fully modern anatomy" (Martyniuk, 2012[36]). Alternative name: Aviremigia[36], Pennaraptora[37]?
  5. The clade stemming from the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx lithographica and Vultur gryphus (adapted from Padian & Chiappe, 1998[38],[39]; Livezey & Zusi, 2007[40]). Alternative name: Ornithes[36]. Criticism: "The traditional division between herpetological (“pre-Archaeopteryx”) and ornithological (“post-Archaeopteryx”) parts of the avian evolution should be abandoned, as it is fundamentally misleading [...] the internode represented by the last common ancestor of Archaeopteryx and birds (node that is often used to identifiy the "ancestral bird") does not show any significant divergence in mosphospace ocupation, compared to the adjacent nodes along the [avian stem lineage]. Its historical meaning aside, once analysed using a large-scale morphological and taxonomic sampling, Archaeopteryx does not mark any peculiar evolutionary shift toward the origin of modern birds or the evolution of flight." (Cau, 2018[41])
  6. "The clade stemming from the first panavian with feathered wings homologous (synapomorphic) with those of Vultur gryphus and used for powered flight" (adapted[30] from Ji & Ji, 2001[42]). Alternative name: Avialae[30] (only Gauthier defines Avialae this way. Most other authors use a branch-based definition[43]).
  7. The least inclusive group containing Enantiornithes and Neornithes (adapted from Thulborn, 1984[44] and Paul, 1988). Alternative names: Ornithothoraces, Carinatae[30].
  8. "The crown clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Struthio camelus, Tinamus major and Vultur gryphus" (Gauthier, 1986[45]; from Gauthier & De Queiroz, 2001[30]). Alternative name: Neornithes. Criticism: "adopting a crown-clade approach does not increase taxonomic stability. Indeed, because the boundaries of traditional more inclusive clades are usually defined on anatomical features or morphological gaps perceived (rightly or wrongly) to be significant, such clades would probably tend to be more highly corroborated than crown-clade" (Lee & Spencer, 1997[33])

Cladograms

Tree of life

Bacteria

Archaea

DPANN

Euryarchaeota

Crenarchaeota/TACK

"Asgardarchaeota"

Eukaryota

Euglenozoa

Percolozoa

Tsukubamonas

Jakobida

Diaphoretickes
Archaeplastida
Rhodaria

Picomonada

Rhodelphea

Rhodoplantae

Glaucocystoplantae

Viridiplantae

Cryptista

Endohelea

Hemimastigophora

Provora

Haptista

TSAR

Telonemidae

Harosa
Halvaria

Straminopiles/Heterokonta

Alveolata

Rhizaria

Parabasalia

Fornicata

Preaxostyla/Anaeromonada

Opimoda

Ancyromonadida

Malawimonadidae

CRuMs

Amorphea

Amoebozoa

Obazoa

Breviatidae

Apusomonadidae

Opisthokonta
Holomycota

Cristidiscoidea/Nucleariae

Fungi s.l.
Rozellomyceta

Rozellida

Microsporidia

Aphelididae

Eumycota/Fungi s.s.

Holozoa

Ichthyosporea/Mesomycetozoa

Pluriformea

Corallochytrium

Syssomonas

Tunicaraptor unikontum

Filozoa

Filasterea/Ministeriida

Choanoflagellata

Animalia/Metazoa

Eukaryota (Brown et al., 2018[46])

Ancyromonadida

Malawimonadidae

CRuMs

Amorphea

Amoebozoa

Obazoa

Breviatea

Apusomonada

Opisthokonta

Metamonada

Discoba

Diaphoretickes
Archaeplastida

Rhodophyta

Glaucophyta

Chloroplastida

Cryptista

Haptophyta

Sar

Rhizaria

Alveolata

Stramenopiles

Archaeplastida

other Diaphoretickes

Rhodoplantae

Glaucocystoplantae

Viridiplantae

Prasinodermophyta

Chlorophyta

Streptophyta

Mesostigma

Chlorokybophyta

Spirotaenia

Chlorokybus atmophyticus

Klebsormidiaceae

Phragmoplastophyta

Charales

Coleochaetophyceae

Zygnematophyceae

Mesotaeniaceae

Embryophyta

Marchantiophyta

Bryophyta sensu stricto

Anthocerophyta

Tracheophyta

Lycopodiopsida

Euphyllophyta

Polypodiopsida

Spermatophyta

Acrogymnospermae

Angiospermae

Amborella trichopoda

Nymphaeales

Magnoliidae

Chlorantaceae

Ceratophyllum

Eudicotidae

monocots

Vertebrata

Cyclostomata

Petromyzontiformes

Myxinidae

Eugnathostomata
Chondrichthyes

Chimaeriformes

Elasmobranchii

Euteleostomi
Actinopterygii

Polypteridae

Actinopteri

Acipenseriformes

Neopterygii

Holostei

Teleostei

Sarcopterygii

Latimeria

Dipnotetrapodomorpha
Dipnoi

Neoceratodus forsteri

Lepidosirenidae

Neotetrapoda
Lissamphibia

Apoda

Batrachia

Urodela

Anura

Amniota
Mammalia

Monotremata

Theria

Marsupialia

Placentalia

Sauria
Lepidosauria

Sphenodon punctatus

Squamata

Archelosauria
Testudines

Pleurodira

Cryptodira

Archosauria

Crocodylia

Neornithes

Tetrapoda

Lissamphibia

Amniota
Mammalia

Monotremata

Theria

Marsupialia

Placentalia

Sauria

Lepidosauria

Archelosauria

Testudines

Archosauria

Crocodilia

Aves

Amniota (Simões et al., 2022)[47]

Seymouriamorpha

Amniota

Diadectomorpha

Araeoscelidia

Protorothyris

Captorhinidae

crown group
Synapsida

Caseasauria

Varanopidae

Ophiacodontidae

Edaphosauridae

Ianthodon

Haptodus

Lupeosaurus

Palaeohatteria

Tetraceratops

Sphenacodontidae

Sauropsida

Acleistorhinidae

Microleter

Australothyris

Milleretta

Milleropsis

Mesosaurus

Neoreptilia

Procolophonia

Neodiapsida
Younginiformes

Claudiosaurus

Youngina

Hovasaurus

Acerosodontosaurus

Saurosternon

Eunotosaurus

Coelurosauravus

Sauria

Lepidosauria

Archelosauria

Pappochelys

Odontochelys

Testudinata

Archosauromorpha

Ichthyosauromorpha

Thalattosauria

Sauropterygia

Protorosauria

Protorosaurus

Macrocnemus

Tanystropheus

Kuehneosauridae

Langobardisaurus

Megalancosaurus

Crocopoda

Allokotosauria

Rhynchosauria

Prolacerta

Archosauriformes

Sauropsida

Synapsida

Sauropsida

Mesosauridae

Lanthanosuchoidea

Millerettidae

Australothyris

Microleter

Bolosauria

Procolophonia

Neodiapsida

Younginiformes

Claudiosaurus

Sauria

Lepidosauria

Testudinata

Odontochelys

Chinlechelys

Proganochelys

Rhaptochelydia

Archosauromorpha

Tanystropheidae

Rhynchosauria

Teyujagua

Tasmaniosaurus

Archosauriformes

Diapsida (Sobral, Simões & Schoch; 2020[48])

Araeoscelidia

Neodiapsida

Acerosodontosaurus

Hovasaurus

Saurosternon

Claudiosaurus

Youngina

Coelurosauravus

crown Reptilia

Pantestudines

Sauria
Lepidosauromorpha

Palaeagama

Vellbergia

Sophineta

Rhynchocephalia

Squamata

Megachirella

Marmoretta

Huehuecuetzpalli

Eichstaettisaurus

crown Squamata

Archosauromorpha

Choristodera

Protorosaurus

Macrocnemus

Kuehneosauridae

Tanystropheus

Langobardisaurus

Megalancosaurus

Thalattosauria

Ichthyosauromorpha

Sauropterygia

Archosauriformes

Howesia

Mesosuchus

Trilophosaurus

Teyumbaita

Hyperodapedon

Avifilopluma (phylogeny of feathered animals)

Pterosauria

Sordes pilosus (brush-like filaments)

Jeholopterus ninchengensis (tufts of filaments)

Yanliao anurognathid (monofilaments)

Dinosauria
Ornithischia

Tianyulong confuciusi (monofilaments)

Thyreophora

Kulindadromeus zaibakalicus (tufts of filaments)

Tenontosaurus sp.

Hadrosauroidea

Pachycephalosauria

Ceratopsia

Psittacosaurus sp. (monofilaments)

Ceratopsidae

Eusauropoda

Theropoda

Early Jurassic theropods (feather tracks)

Tetanurae

Concavenator corcovatus (quill knobs)

Sciurumimus albersdoerferi (monofilaments)

Tyrannosauroidea

Yutyrannus huali (monofilaments)

Dilong paradoxus (tufts of filaments)

Sinocalliopteryx gigas (monofilaments)

Juravenator starki (monofilaments)

Sinosauropteryx prima (monofilaments)

Maniraptoriformes

Ornithomimus edmontonicus (monofilaments?; open pennaceous feathers)

Shuvuuia deserti (monofilaments)

Beipiaosaurus inexpectus (monofilaments; brush-like filaments)

Pennaraptora

Oviraptorosauria (closed pennaceous feathers)

Eumaniraptora (monofilaments, tufts of filaments, open pennaceous feathers, closed pennaceous feathers)


Dinosauromorpha (Paul, 1988)

†Lagosuchia

†Lagerpeton

†Lagosuchidae

†Lagosuchus

†Lewisuchus

Staurikosauria

†Staurikosaurus

†Ischisaurus

†Herreravia

†Frenguellisaurus

†"Protoavis"?

†Herrerasaurus

†Aliwalia

Theropoda

†Procompsognathus

†Coelophysidae

†Coelophysis

†Elaphrosaurus?

†Halticosaurinae

†Liliensternus

†Dilophosaurus

†Spinosauridae

†Baryonyx

†Spinosaurus

†Ceratosauridae

†Ceratosaurus

†Sarcosaurus

Intertheropoda
†Megalosauridae

†Megalosaurus

Abelisaurinae

†Carnotaurus

†Noasaurus?

†Abelisaurus

Eustreptospondylidae

†Eustreptospondylus

†Piatnitzkysaurus

†Gasosaurus

†Marshosaurus

†Metriacanthosaurus

Avetheropoda

†Compsognathus

†Coelurus

†Ornitholestinae

†Proceratosaurus

†Ornitholestes

Allosaurinae

†Allosaurus

†Chilantaisaurus

†Acrocanthosaurus

†Indosaurus

†Labocania

†Tyrannosauridae

†Aublysodon

†Tyrannosaurinae

Protoavia

†Archaeopteryx

Dromaeosaurinae

†Dromaeosaurus

†Velociraptor

†Caenagnathidae

†Ornithomimidae?

†Troodon

†Avimimus

birds

Dracohors

Baron, Norman & Barrett (2017)[49]

Silesauridae

Agnosphytis

Herrerasauria

Eodromaeus

Herrerasauridae

Dinosauria
Sauropodomorpha

Eoraptor

Guaibasauridae

other sauropodomorphs

Chindesaurus

Tawa

Ornithoscelida

Avepoda

Ornithischia

Daemonosaurus

Heterodontosauridae

Eocursor

Genasauria

Cau (2018)

†Silesauridae

Dinosauria sensu lato
†Herrerasauria

†Herrerasauridae

†Tawa

†Daemonosaurus

Dinosauria sensu stricto

†Sauropodomorpha

†Eodromaeus

Ornithoscelida (=Dinosauria sensu strictissimo)

†Ornithischia

Theropoda

Baron & Williams (2018)

Silesauridae

Herrerasauria

Dinosauria

Sauropodomorpha

Ornithoscelida

Ornithischia

Theropoda

Eoraptor

Eodromaeus

Tawa

Daemonosaurus

Avepoda

Asilisaurus

Silesauridae

Ornithischia

Saurischia

Herrerasaurus

Staurikosaurus

Sanjuansaurus

Chindesaurus

Tawa

Daemonosaurus

Caseosaurus

Eodromaeus

Guaibasaurus

Eusaurischia

Theropoda

Sauropodomorpha

Buriolestes

Eoraptor

Pampadromaeus

Panphagia

Saturnalia

Chromigosaurus

Pantydraco

Efraasia

Plateosaurus

Dinosauria

†Sauropodomorpha

†Buriolestes

†Pampadromaeus

†Panphagia

†Saturnalia

†Chromogisaurus

†Bagualosauria

†Bagualosaurus

†Nambalia

†Arcusaurus

†Thecodontosaurus

†Pantydraco

†Efraasia

†Plateosauravus

†Ruehlia

†Plateosaurus

†Unaysauridae

†Massopoda

†Riojasauridae

†Massospondylidae

†Yunnanosaurus

†Jingshanosaurus

†Seitaad

†Anchisauria

†Guaibasaurus

†Eoraptor

†Alwalkeria

†Eodromaeus

†Herrerasauridae

†Daemonosaurus

†Tawa

Avepoda

†Coelophysoidea

†Dilophosaurus

Neotheropoda

†Ceratosauria

Tetanurae

†Carnosauria

Coelurosauria

†Tyrannosauroidea

†Coeluridae

Maniraptoromorpha

†Compsognathidae

Maniraptoriformes

†Ornithomimosauria

Maniraptora

†Therizinosauria

†Alvarezsauridae

Pennaraptora

†Oviraptorosauria

Paraves

†Chilesaurus

†Silesauridae?

†Ornithischia

†Heterodontosauridae

†Eocursor

†Genasauria
†Thyreophora

†Scutellosaurus

†Emausaurus

†Thyreophoroidea

†Scelidosaurus

†Eurypoda

†Ankylosauria

†Stegosauria

†Neornithischia

†Lesothosaurus

†Agilisaurus

†Hexinlusaurus

†Yandusaurus

†Kulindadromeus

†Leaellynasaura

†Jeholosauridae

†Nanosaurus

†Thescelosauridae

†Elasmaria

†Hypsilophodon

†Iguanodontia

†Marginocephalia

†Pachycephalosauria

†Ceratopia

Tetanurae (Apesteguía et al., 2016)

Piatnitzkysaurus

Orionides

Megalosauria

Neotetanurae

Metriacanthosauridae

Avetheropoda

Allosaurus

Coelurosauria s.l.

Carcharodontosauridae

Coelurosauria s.s.

Neovenator

Chilantaisaurus

Gualicho

Megaraptora

Tyrannoraptora

Maniraptora (Paul, 2016)

†Alvarezsauria

†Haplocheiridae

†Alvarezsauridae

"Paraves"

†Scansoriopterygidae

Aveairfoila

†Yixianosaurus

†Balaur

†Deinonychosauria

†Archaeopterygia

†Dromaeosauria

†Microraptorinae

†Tianyuraptor

†Zhenyuanlong

†Mahakala

†Luanchuanraptor

†Unenlagiinae

†Dromaeosaurinae

†Velociraptorinae

†Troodontia

†Therizinosauriformes

†Jeholornis

†Therizinosauria

†Oviraptorosauriformes

†Sapeornis

†Oviraptorosauria

Hominina (Dembo et al., 2016[50])

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Ardipithecus

"Australopithecus" anamensis

Praeanthropus afarensis

Praeanthropus garhi

Kenyanthropus platyops

Australopithecus africanus

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Paranthropus robustus

Paranthropus boisei

Homo floresiensis

Homo sediba

Homo habilis

Homo rudolfensis

Homo georgicus

Homo ergaster

Homo erectus

Homo naledi

Homo antecessor

Homo sapiens s.s.

Homo heidelbergensis

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo (Ni et al., 2021)

Homo habilis (OH7, OH24, ER 1805)

Homo gautengensis (Stw 53)

Homo georgicus

Homo ergaster (KNM ER 3733, KNM ER 3883)

Homo louisleakeyi (OH 9)

Sangiran 2, Sangiran 17

Homo erectus nankinensis

Homo erectus pekinensis (X, XII, XIII, I, II, III, RC)

Hexian

Homo erectus newyorkensis (Sambungmacan 1, 3)

Homo erectus soloensis (Ngandong 7, 9, 12)

Homo mauritanicus (Ternifine 1,2,3,4)

Homo saldanensis

Petralona 1

Homo rhodesiensis (Broken Hill)

Homo bodoensis

Homo cepranensis

Homo heidelbergensis (Mauer 1)

Homo tautavelensis (Arago II, XIII, XXI, XLVII)

Namada

Maba

Xuchang

Ndutu cranium

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo steinheimensis

Homo antecessor

Rabat

Eliye springs

Jinniushan

Hualongdong

Homo daliensis

Xiahe mandible

Homo longi

Jebel Irhoud 1, 2

LH 18

Homo helmei (Florisbad)

Tabun 2

Homo sapiens sapiens

Tables and taxoboxes

Dinosaurs
Temporal range: Late Triassic–Present, 233.23 – 0 Mya (Possible Middle Triassic record)
A collection of fossil dinosaur skeletons. Clockwise from top left: Heterodontosaurus tucki (a bipedal ornithischian); Allosaurus fragilis and Stegosaurus stenops (a large theropod and a plated stegosaur respectively); Edmontosaurus annectens (a duck-billed ornithopod); North Island giant moa, common ostrich and kiwi (palaeognath birds); Diplodocus (a giant sauropod); Titanoceratops ouranos (a horned ceratopsian); Scolosaurus thronus (an armored ankylosaur)
Row 1: Sauropodomorphs Plateosaurus engelhardti; ornithischians Styracosaurus albertensis and Scolosaurus cutleri

Row 2: Common ostrich (Struthio camelus); sauropodomorph Barosaurus lentus with theropods Allosaurus fragilis
Row 3: Hadrosaurid ornithischians; theropod Sinocalliopteryx gigas

Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dracohors
Clade: Dinosauria
Owen, 1842
Major groups

Chicken
A rooster (left) and hen (right) perching on a roost
Domesticated
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Metazoa
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Reptilia
Subclass:
Archosauria
Infraclass:
Dinosauria
Order:
Galliformes
Family:
Phasianidae
Genus:
Gallus
Species:
G. gallus
Wikispecies Taxonomicon Nelson (1969) Rosen (1981) Margulis & Schwartz (1982) McKenna & Bell (1997) Dubois (2006) Benton (2015) Ruggiero (2015) Tedersoo (2017) Clade name
Superregnum Dominium Epiregnum Superregnum Dominium Eukaryota
Subdominium Obazoa
Superregnum Opisthokonta
Regnum Regnum Regnum Subregnum Regnum Regnum Animalia (=Metazoa)
Subregnum Subregnum Infraregnum Eumetazoa (=Epitheliozoa)
Subregnum Hyporegnum Subregnum Subregnum Bilateria
Superphylum Infraregnum Series Catoregnum Infraregnum Deuterostomia
Phylum Phylum Phylum Provincia Phylum Phylum Chordata
Phylum Phylum Craniata?
Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Subphylum Vertebrata
Superclassis Superclassis Subphylum Infraphylum Infraphylum Infraphylum Gnathostomata
Classis Classis Hypophylum Classis Osteichthyes (=Euteleostomi)
Subclassis Subclassis Hyperclassis Subclassis Superclassis Sarcopterygii
Infraclassis Dipnotetrapodomorpha
Infraclass Infraclassis Tetrapodomorpha
Superclassis Series Superclassis Epiclassis Superclassis Superclassis Tetrapoda
Divisio Classis Superordo Reptiliomorpha
Subclassis Series Amniota
Infraclassis Classis Synapsida
Ordo Superordo Ordo Therapsida
Subordo Ordo Subordo Cynodontia
Infraordo Eucynodontia
Infraordo Probainognathia
Infrasubordo Mammaliamorpha
Classis Mammaliaformes
Classis Classis Cohort Classis Classis Ordo Classis Classis Mammalia
Subclassis Divisio Theriiformes
Infraclassis Holotheria
Subclassis Superlegio Superlegio Trechnotheria
Legio Legio Cladotheria
Infraclassis Sublegio Zatheria
Subclassis Infralegio Sublegio Tribosphenida (=Boreosphenida)
Supercohort Superordo Subclassis Supercohort Subordo Infralegio Subclassis Theria
Cohort Infraclassis Series Infraclassis Infraordo Supercohort Infraclassis Eutheria
Cohort Cohort Cohort Cohort Placentalia
Superordo Magnordo Superordo Boreoeutheria
Superordo Grandordo Grandordo Euarchontoglires
Superordo Grandordo Cacordo Superordo Euarchonta
Ordo Primatomorpha
Ordo Ordo Ordo Subordo Ordo Ordo Primates
Subordo Infraordo Infraordo Subordo Haplorhini
Infraordo Parvordo Parvordo Subordo Simiiformes (=Anthropoidea)
Parvordo Infraordo Catarrhini
Superfamilia Superfamilia Superfamilia Hominoidea
Familia Familia Familia Familia Familia Hominidae
Subfamilia Subfamilia Subfamilia Homininae
Tribus Tribus Subtribus Hominini
Subtribus Subtribus Hominina
Genus Genus Homo
Wikispecies Systema Naturae 2000 Diversity of Life Nelson (1969) Bakker & Galton (1975) Bakker (1986) Paul (1988) Olshevsky (1991) Dubois (2006) Martyniuk (2012) Benton (2015) Ruggiero (2015) Clade name
Classis Classis Cohort? Infraclassis Classis Sauropsida
Subclassis Eureptilia
Subclassis Subclassis Classis Superclassis Subclassis Hypoclassis Infraclassis Diapsida
Catoclassis Infraclassis Neodiapsida
Cohort? Classis Reptilia
Infraclassis Infraclassis Classis Classis Epiordo Infraclassis Archosauromorpha
Subclassis Classis Infraclassis Divisio Archosauriformes
Divisio Divisio Superordo Superordo Subdivisio Archosauria (=Avesuchia)
Subdivisio Infraclassis Infradivisio Panaves
Subsectio Infradivisio Superordo Ordo Infrasubdivisio Ornithodira (=Avifilopluma)
Subclassis? Subclassis or Infraclassis? Dinosauriformes
Superordo Superordo Superordo Classis Subclassis? Subclassis or Infraclassis? Subordo Superordo Dinosauria
Ordo Ordo Ordo Subclassis Infraordo Ordo Saurischia
Subordo Subordo Subordo Ordo Infraclassis Superordo Ordo Hypordo Subordo Theropoda
Infraordo Infraordo Infraordo Infraordo Tetanurae
Ordo Avetheropoda
Divisio Subordo Divisio Coelurosauria
Subdivisio Subordo Subdivisio Maniraptoriformes
Infradivisio Cacordo Infradivisio Maniraptora
Classis Pennaraptora
Subordo Cohort Paraves
Subclassis Subclassis Classis Superordo Phalanx? Classis? Avialae
Classis Infraclassis Phalanx? Classis? Ornithes?
Infraclassis Subclassis Pygostylia (=Avebrevicauda)
"Pygostylia"
Superordo Superordo? Classis? Infraclassis Ornithothoraces
Supercohort Ornithuromorpha
Parvclassis Classis? Cohort Ornithurae
Subclassis Classis? Subcohort Carinatae
Infraclassis Parvclassis Superordo Series Subclassis Superdivisio Subclassis Neornithes

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