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{{Infobox civilian attack
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Gugark pogrom
| title = Gugark pogrom
| partof = [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]]
| partof = [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_size =
Line 13: Line 13:
| date = March – December 1988 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=|year1=1988|month2=12|day2=|year2=1988}})
| date = March – December 1988 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=|year1=1988|month2=12|day2=|year2=1988}})
| type = [[Murder]], [[arson]], [[pogrom]]
| type = [[Murder]], [[arson]], [[pogrom]]
| fatalities = 11 (per official Soviet data) <br /> 21 (per [[Arif Yunus]]) <br /> 187 (per [[Ali Hasanov]])
| fatalities = 11 (per official Soviet data) <br /> 21 (per [[Arif Yunusov]])
| perpetrators = Local [[Armenians]] and [[Armenians in Azerbaijan|Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan]]
| perpetrators = Local [[Armenians]] and [[Armenians in Azerbaijan|Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan]]
| motive = [[Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment]]
| motive = A reaction to similar pogroms of Armenians in Azerbaijan
}}
}}
{{Campaignbox First Nagorno-Karabakh War}}
{{Campaignbox First Nagorno-Karabakh War}}


The '''Gugark pogrom'''<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Arpi |last1=Grigoryan |first2=Elchin |last2=Karimov |first3=Nisan |last3=Alıcı |url=https://caucasusedition.net/working-through-the-past-in-the-shadow-of-the-present-the-cases-of-armenia-azerbaijan-and-turkey/ |title=Working Through the Past in the Shadow of the Present: The Cases of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=20 December 2020 |journal=Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215124506/https://caucasusedition.net/working-through-the-past-in-the-shadow-of-the-present-the-cases-of-armenia-azerbaijan-and-turkey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{lang-az|Quqark poqromu}}), also called the '''Gugark massacre''' ({{lang-az|Quqark qırğını/qətliamı}}) in [[Azerbaijan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://azvision.az/mobile/news.php?lang=en&id=62079 |title=Witness of the Gugark massacre: They burned the village at night, INTERVIEW (VIDEO) |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=AzVision |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://axar.az/news/gundem/313213.html |title=Ermənilərdən şok etiraf: 1988-də azərbaycanlıların qətliamı - Video |date=4 November 2018 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=Aqreqator.az |language=az |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215124124/https://axar.az/news/gundem/313213.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://aqreqator.az/az/siyaset/428288 |title="Quqark qətliamını törədən cinayətkarların əsas məqsədi etnik təmizləmə idi"- Millət vəkili |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=Aqreqator.az |language=az |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215124326/https://aqreqator.az/az/siyaset/428288 |url-status=live }}</ref> was a [[pogrom]] directed against the ethnic [[Azerbaijanis in Armenia|Azerbaijani]] inhabitants of the Gugark District (now a part of the [[Lori Province]]) in the [[Armenian SSR]], which was then part of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Revista>{{cite journal|url= https://revista.esg.br/index.php/revistadaesg/article/download/992/861|title= The geopolitics of the Caucasus: An analysis of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict|author= Helvécio de Jesus Júnior, João Ricardo Guilherme Zimmer Xavier|journal= Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra|volume= 33|number= 69|year= 2018|quote= On the other hand, attacks against Azerbaijanis also increased in great proportions, with several pogroms in the cities of Gugark and Gosh, including dozens of deaths and intensifying the nationalism of the two countries|issn= 0102-1788|access-date= 2021-05-09|archive-date= 2020-03-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200320121859/https://revista.esg.br/index.php/revistadaesg/article/download/992/861|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=coyle>{{cite book|title= Nagorno-Karabakh. In: Russia's Border Wars and Frozen Conflicts|author= Coyle J.J.|publisher= [[Springer Publishing]]|year= 2018|pages= 207–256|isbn= 978-3-319-52204-3|quote= Armenian towns of Spitak, Gugark, and others. Two hundred sixteen were killed in Armenia, including 57 women, 5 infants, and 18 children. The last Azerbaijanis were forced out of Armenia by the end of November 1988.}}</ref><ref name= sl>{{cite web|url= https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/slzy-v-ciernej-zahrade-nahorny-karabach|title= Tears in the Black Garden - Nagorno-Karabakh|author= Mgr. Jozef Hyrja|date= April 20, 2016|website= historyweb.dennikn.sk|access-date= May 9, 2021|language= sl|quote= On February 27 and 28, 1988, he followed the pogrom in the aforementioned city of Sumgait. A large crowd of Azerbaijanis began attacking Armenian shops and houses, looting and killing Armenian fellow citizens... The result was the exodus of the Armenian population from the city. Similar attacks followed in Armenia against the Azerbaijani minority in the cities of Spitak and Gugark.|archive-date= November 1, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201101184421/https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/slzy-v-ciernej-zahrade-nahorny-karabach|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=coyle2>{{cite book|title= Roots of the Conflict. In: Russia's Interventions in Ethnic Conflicts|author= Coyle, James J.|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan, Cham ([[Springer Publishing]])|year= 2021|pages= 1–32|doi= 10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1|url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1|isbn= 978-3-030-59573-9|url-access= subscription|quote= Attacks against Azerbaijanis took place in the Armenian towns of Spitak, Gugark, and others|access-date= 2021-05-09|archive-date= 2021-05-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210509100300/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1|url-status= live}}</ref>
The '''Gugark pogrom'''<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Arpi |last1=Grigoryan |first2=Elchin |last2=Karimov |first3=Nisan |last3=Alıcı |url=https://caucasusedition.net/working-through-the-past-in-the-shadow-of-the-present-the-cases-of-armenia-azerbaijan-and-turkey/ |title=Working Through the Past in the Shadow of the Present: The Cases of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=20 December 2020 |journal=Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation |language=en |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215124506/https://caucasusedition.net/working-through-the-past-in-the-shadow-of-the-present-the-cases-of-armenia-azerbaijan-and-turkey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> was a [[pogrom]] directed against the [[Azerbaijanis in Armenia|Azerbaijani minority]] of the Gugark District (now a part of the [[Lori Province]]) in the [[Armenian SSR]], then part of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Revista>{{cite journal|url= https://revista.esg.br/index.php/revistadaesg/article/download/992/861|title= The geopolitics of the Caucasus: An analysis of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict|author= Helvécio de Jesus Júnior, João Ricardo Guilherme Zimmer Xavier|journal= Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra|volume= 33|number= 69|year= 2018|quote= On the other hand, attacks against Azerbaijanis also increased in great proportions, with several pogroms in the cities of Gugark and Gosh, including dozens of deaths and intensifying the nationalism of the two countries|issn= 0102-1788|access-date= 2021-05-09|archive-date= 2020-03-20|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200320121859/https://revista.esg.br/index.php/revistadaesg/article/download/992/861|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=coyle>{{cite book|title= Nagorno-Karabakh. In: Russia's Border Wars and Frozen Conflicts|author= Coyle J.J.|publisher= [[Springer Publishing]]|year= 2018|pages= 207–256|isbn= 978-3-319-52204-3|quote= Armenian towns of Spitak, Gugark, and others. Two hundred sixteen were killed in Armenia, including 57 women, 5 infants, and 18 children. The last Azerbaijanis were forced out of Armenia by the end of November 1988.}}</ref><ref name= sl>{{cite web|url= https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/slzy-v-ciernej-zahrade-nahorny-karabach|title= Tears in the Black Garden - Nagorno-Karabakh|author= Mgr. Jozef Hyrja|date= April 20, 2016|website= historyweb.dennikn.sk|access-date= May 9, 2021|language= sl|quote= On February 27 and 28, 1988, he followed the pogrom in the aforementioned city of Sumgait. A large crowd of Azerbaijanis began attacking Armenian shops and houses, looting and killing Armenian fellow citizens... The result was the exodus of the Armenian population from the city. Similar attacks followed in Armenia against the Azerbaijani minority in the cities of Spitak and Gugark.|archive-date= November 1, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201101184421/https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/slzy-v-ciernej-zahrade-nahorny-karabach|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=coyle2>{{cite book|author= Coyle, James J.|title= Russia's Interventions in Ethnic Conflicts|chapter= Roots of the Conflict|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan, Cham ([[Springer Publishing]])|year= 2021|pages= 1–32|doi= 10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1|chapter-url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1|isbn= 978-3-030-59573-9|s2cid= 229450011|chapter-url-access= subscription|quote= Attacks against Azerbaijanis took place in the Armenian towns of Spitak, Gugark, and others|access-date= 2021-05-09|archive-date= 2021-05-09|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210509100300/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1|url-status= live}}</ref>


The pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark, which started in March 1988, was a follow-up to the earlier anti-Armenian [[Sumgait pogrom]].<ref name= sl/> The persecution of the Azerbaijanis continued until virtually all of them had fled the region.<ref name=coyle/> The pogrom is one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], which would later erupt into [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War|a war]].
The pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark in March 1988 followed the earlier pogrom of Armenians in [[Sumgait pogrom|Sumgait]] in the end of February 1988.<ref name="sl" /> The persecution of the Azerbaijanis continued until virtually all of them fled the region.<ref name="coyle" /> The pogrom was one of the acts of [[ethnic violence]] in the context of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]], which would later erupt into [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War|a war]].

Azerbaijani sources label the pogrom as a "massacre" ({{lang-az|Quqark qırğını/qətliamı}}).<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017|title=Witness of the Gugark massacre: They burned the village at night, INTERVIEW (VIDEO)|url=https://azvision.az/mobile/news.php?lang=en&id=62079|access-date=23 December 2020|work=AzVision|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2018|title=Ermənilərdən şok etiraf: 1988-də azərbaycanlıların qətliamı - Video|url=https://axar.az/news/gundem/313213.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215124124/https://axar.az/news/gundem/313213.html|archive-date=15 February 2021|access-date=23 December 2020|work=Aqreqator.az|language=az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2019|title="Quqark qətliamını törədən cinayətkarların əsas məqsədi etnik təmizləmə idi"- Millət vəkili|url=https://aqreqator.az/az/siyaset/428288|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215124326/https://aqreqator.az/az/siyaset/428288|archive-date=15 February 2021|access-date=23 December 2020|work=Aqreqator.az|language=az}}</ref>


== Background ==
== Background ==
[[File:Gugark District (1989).png|thumb|Location of Gugark District within the Armenian SSR.]]
[[File:Gugark District (1989).png|thumb|Location of Gugark District within the Armenian SSR.]]


Gugark District, known as the Boyuk Garakilsa ({{lang-az|Böyük Qarakilsə|lit=Big Black Church|translit=}}) by its ethnic Azerbaijani inhabitants,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kirovakan |encyclopedia=Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia |volume=V |location=Baku |editor-first=C. B. |editor-last=Guliyev |year=1981 |language=az }}</ref> was one of the districts of the Armenian SSR, which was then part of the Soviet Union.<ref name="страницы 234-237">Центральный Исполнительный Комитет Союза ССР, Всероссийский центральный исполнительный комитет. '''Административно-территориальное деление союза ССР (Районы и города СССР)'''. Издательство "Власть Советов" при Президиуме ВЦИК Москва, 1931, страницы 234-237</ref> The area housed ethnic Azerbaijanis that lived compactly. Following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of Soviet Union]], the district became part of the independent [[Republic of Armenia]], and was disestablished and replaced with the [[Lori Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2243&lang=rus |title=Закон Республики Армения №С-062-1-ЗР-18 "Об административно-территориальном делении Республики Армения" |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140128201909/http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2243&lang=rus |archive-date=28 January 2014 |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |url-status=live }}</ref>
Gugark District, called Boyuk Garakilsa ({{lang-az|Böyük Qarakilsə|lit=Big Black Church|translit=}}) by its Azerbaijani inhabitants,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kirovakan |encyclopedia=Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia |volume=V |location=Baku |editor-first=C. B. |editor-last=Guliyev |year=1981 |language=az }}</ref> was one of the districts of the Armenian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union.<ref name="страницы 234-237">Центральный Исполнительный Комитет Союза ССР, Всероссийский центральный исполнительный комитет. '''Административно-территориальное деление союза ССР (Районы и города СССР)'''. Издательство "Власть Советов" при Президиуме ВЦИК Москва, 1931, страницы 234-237</ref> There were ethnic Azerbaijanis living compactly in this area. Following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of Soviet Union]], the district became part of the independent [[Republic of Armenia]], replaced with the [[Lori Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2243&lang=rus |title=Закон Республики Армения №С-062-1-ЗР-18 "Об административно-территориальном делении Республики Армения" |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140128201909/http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2243&lang=rus |archive-date=28 January 2014 |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |url-status=live }}</ref>


Following a [[Kirovabad Pogrom|pogrom]], the Armenian refugees from [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] poured into the district via [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aniarc.am/2020/11/23/armenian-azerbaijani-clashes-ethnic-cleansings-and-pogroms-november-22-23-1988/ |title=Armenian-Azerbaijani clashes, ethnic cleansings and pogroms; November 22-23, 1988 |work=ANI Armenian Research Center |date=23 November 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215125419/https://www.aniarc.am/2020/11/23/armenian-azerbaijani-clashes-ethnic-cleansings-and-pogroms-november-22-23-1988/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tensions between the ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Armenia were high, as both were afraid of an attack from the other side.<ref name="Papyan">{{Cite journal |first=Mane |last=Papyan |url=https://caucasusedition.net/gugark-after-sumgait/ |title=Gugark after Sumgait |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2020 |journal=Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201105154355/https://caucasusedition.net/gugark-after-sumgait/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Following the [[Kirovabad pogrom]], the Armenian refugees from [[Ganja, Azerbaijan|Ganja]] poured into Gugark district via [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aniarc.am/2020/11/23/armenian-azerbaijani-clashes-ethnic-cleansings-and-pogroms-november-22-23-1988/ |title=Armenian-Azerbaijani clashes, ethnic cleansings and pogroms; November 22-23, 1988 |work=ANI Armenian Research Center |date=23 November 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215125419/https://www.aniarc.am/2020/11/23/armenian-azerbaijani-clashes-ethnic-cleansings-and-pogroms-november-22-23-1988/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The tensions between the ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Armenia were high, as both were afraid of an attack from the other side.<ref name="Papyan">{{Cite journal |first=Mane |last=Papyan |url=https://caucasusedition.net/gugark-after-sumgait/ |title=Gugark after Sumgait |date=22 April 2015 |access-date=20 December 2020 |journal=Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201105154355/https://caucasusedition.net/gugark-after-sumgait/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Pogrom ==
== Pogrom ==
The ethnic confrontation between the Armenians and the Azerbaijanis started in March 1988. The Armenians had attacked the Azerbaijani-inhabited houses,<ref name="agentura">{{Cite newspaper |first=Victor |last=Khlystun |url=http://www.agentura.ru/text/press/2001/10ballov.txt |title=10 БАЛЛОВ ПО ШКАЛЕ ПОЛИТБЮРО СОТРУДНИКИ КГБ СССР РАССКАЗЫВАЮТ О НЕСТИХИЙНОЙ КАТАСТРОФЕ, ПРИВЕДШЕЙ К КРОВАВОМУ КОНФЛИКТУ МЕЖДУ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНЦАМИ И АРМЯНАМИ |date=2 January 2001 |newspaper=Trud-7 |via=Agentura.ru |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215125011/http://www.agentura.ru/text/press/2001/10ballov.txt |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="trud">{{Cite newspaper |first=Victor |last=Khlystun |url=https://www.trud.ru/article/01-02-2001/18874_10_ballov_po_shkale_politbjuro.html |title=10 БАЛЛОВ ПО ШКАЛЕ ПОЛИТБЮРО |date=2 January 2001 |newspaper=Trud-7 |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215122120/https://www.trud.ru/article/01-02-2001/18874_10_ballov_po_shkale_politbjuro.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while the local authorities had recorded beating and robbery cases by the Armenians against the Azerbaijanis, including at the workplaces. The Armenians were also beating the Azerbaijani marketplace traders, and stealing their produce.<ref name="Papyan" />
The ethnic confrontation between the Armenians and the Azerbaijanis started in March 1988. The Armenians attacked the Azerbaijani houses,<ref name="agentura">{{cite news |first=Victor |last=Khlystun |url=http://www.agentura.ru/text/press/2001/10ballov.txt |title=10 БАЛЛОВ ПО ШКАЛЕ ПОЛИТБЮРО СОТРУДНИКИ КГБ СССР РАССКАЗЫВАЮТ О НЕСТИХИЙНОЙ КАТАСТРОФЕ, ПРИВЕДШЕЙ К КРОВАВОМУ КОНФЛИКТУ МЕЖДУ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНЦАМИ И АРМЯНАМИ |date=2 January 2001 |newspaper=Trud-7 |via=Agentura.ru |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210215125011/http://www.agentura.ru/text/press/2001/10ballov.txt |url-status=live }}
</ref><ref name="trud">
{{cite news |first=Victor |last=Khlystun |url=https://www.trud.ru/article/01-02-2001/18874_10_ballov_po_shkale_politbjuro.html |title=10 БАЛЛОВ ПО ШКАЛЕ ПОЛИТБЮРО |date=2 January 2001 |newspaper=Trud-7 |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=15 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215122120/https://www.trud.ru/article/01-02-2001/18874_10_ballov_po_shkale_politbjuro.html |url-status=live }}
</ref> while the local authorities recorded beatings and robberies of Azerbaijanis by the Armenians, including at their workplaces. Armenians beat Azerbaijani traders in the marketplace, and stole their produce.<ref name="Papyan" />

Violence and discrimination against the ethnic Azerbaijanis flared up throughout the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]] in November 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nmnby.org/pub/0701/15m.html |title=The Unrecognized IV. The Bitter Fruit of the 'Black Garden' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120215204/http://www.nmnby.org/pub/0701/15m.html |archive-date=20 November 2008 |first=Yazep |last=Abzavaty |work=Nashe Mnenie |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=20 December 2020 }}</ref> Azerbaijanis were fired from different organizations and factories in the region.<ref name="Papyan" /> The bulk of those killed in the violence were in the northern territories of the country, including the Gugark District.<ref name="ekspress16">{{Cite newspaper |title=Погромы в Армении: суждения, домыслы и факты |newspaper=Ekspress-Khronika |issue=16 |date=16 April 1991 |language=ru }}</ref> The local Armenians attacked and in cases killed the local Azerbaijanis. The [[Karabakh Committee]], to reduce the possibility of provocations, guarded the city at nights, but could not ensure its full protection. The authorities tried to protect the local Azerbaijanis, protecting the roads leading to Azerbaijani-inhabited villages with soldiers and police officers; However, the local Azerbaijani were gradually expelled from the region, with the authorities escorting them. Nevertheless, the Armenians were also attacking the convoys of fleeing Azerbaijanis.<ref name="Papyan" /><ref name=Elie>{{cite journal|title= At the center of a double misfortune: The earthquake of December 7, 1988 in Armenia and the expulsion of the Azeri disaster victims from Spitak|url= https://www.cairn.info/revue-revue-d-etudes-comparatives-est-ouest1-2013-1-page-45.htm|author= Marc Elie|pages= 45–75|publisher= Revue d'études comparative Est-Ouest|date= 2013|number= 44|doi= 10.4074/S0338059913001034|quote= Between Kirovakan and Diližan, near Gugark, "Armenian extremists" attack the convoy. The villagers quote the names of three deportees who are said to have died and evoke gunshot wounds.|doi-access= free|language= fr|journal= |access-date= May 9, 2021|archive-date= May 9, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210509035955/https://www.cairn.info/revue-revue-d-etudes-comparatives-est-ouest1-2013-1-page-45.htm|url-status= live}}</ref>

The number of Azerbaijanis killed in [[Gugark (village)|Gugark village]] according to official sources at the time was eleven.<ref name="Papyan" /> There were 7 cases of murder recorded in [[Vanadzor]].<ref name="epress">{{Cite web |first=Mane |last=Papyan |url=https://epress.am/ru/2015/04/29/%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9.html |title=События в Гугарке. Как громили азербайджанцев в Армении |date=29 April 2015 |work=epress.am |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120044241/https://epress.am/ru/2015/04/29/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%8b%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%ba%d0%b5-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b1%d0%b0%d0%b9.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


Violence and discrimination against the Azerbaijanis flared up throughout the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]] in November 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nmnby.org/pub/0701/15m.html |title=The Unrecognized IV. The Bitter Fruit of the 'Black Garden' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120215204/http://www.nmnby.org/pub/0701/15m.html |archive-date=20 November 2008 |first=Yazep |last=Abzavaty |work=Nashe Mnenie |date=15 January 2007 |access-date=20 December 2020 }}</ref> Azerbaijanis were fired from different organizations and factories in the region.<ref name="Papyan" /> The bulk of those killed in the violence were in the northern territories of the country, including the Gugark District.<ref name="ekspress16">{{cite news |title=Погромы в Армении: суждения, домыслы и факты |newspaper=Ekspress-Khronika |issue=16 |date=16 April 1991 |language=ru }}</ref> The local Armenians attacked and in some cases killed local Azerbaijanis. The [[Karabakh Committee]], to reduce the possibility of provocations, guarded the city at night, but could not fully protection. The authorities tried to protect the local Azerbaijanis, putting soldiers and police officers on the roads leading to Azerbaijani-inhabited villages. When the local Azerbaijanis were eventually escorted out of the region by the authorities, it is reported that the Armenians attacked the convoys of fleeing Azerbaijanis.<ref name="Papyan" /><ref name=Elie>{{cite journal|title= At the center of a double misfortune: The earthquake of December 7, 1988 in Armenia and the expulsion of the Azeri disaster victims from Spitak|url= https://www.cairn.info/revue-revue-d-etudes-comparatives-est-ouest1-2013-1-page-45.htm|author= Marc Elie|pages= 45–75|publisher= Revue d'études comparative Est-Ouest|date= 2013|number= 44|doi= 10.4074/S0338059913001034|quote= Between Kirovakan and Diližan, near Gugark, "Armenian extremists" attack the convoy. The villagers quote the names of three deportees who are said to have died and evoke gunshot wounds.|doi-access= free|language= fr|journal= |access-date= May 9, 2021|archive-date= May 9, 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210509035955/https://www.cairn.info/revue-revue-d-etudes-comparatives-est-ouest1-2013-1-page-45.htm|url-status= live}}</ref>
According to the Azerbaijani historian and publicist [[Arif Yunus]], 21 Azerbaijanis were killed in Gugark.<ref name="expressnine">{{Cite newspaper |url=http://sumgait.info/press/express-chronicle/express-chronicle-910416.htm |title=Погромы в Армении в 1988-1989 |newspaper=Ekspress-Khronika |issue=16 |date=26 February 1991 |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |first=Arif |last=Yunusov |archive-date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426165956/http://sumgait.info/press/express-chronicle/express-chronicle-910416.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Yunus' list was re-released by the [[Embassy of Azerbaijan, London|embassy of Azerbaijan]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azembassy.org.uk/sehife.php?lang=eng&page=0205 |title=Report on mass human rights violation. Official reports of the Azerbaijani MFA on the Karabakh conflict |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111605/http://www.azembassy.org.uk/sehife.php?lang=eng&page=0205 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |language=en |work=[[Embassy of Azerbaijan, London|Embassy of Azerbaijan in London]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] }}</ref> The Armenian journalist Mane Papyan had stated that seven Azerbaijanis were killed in Vanadzor, while the rest were persecuted and exiled.


The officially reported number of Azerbaijanis killed in [[Gugark (village)|Gugark village]] was eleven.<ref name="Papyan" /> According Armenian journalist Mane Papyan, seven Azerbaijanis were killed in [[Vanadzor]], while the rest were persecuted and exiled.<ref name="epress">{{Cite web|last=Papyan|first=Mane|date=29 April 2015|title=События в Гугарке. Как громили азербайджанцев в Армении|url=https://epress.am/ru/2015/04/29/%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120044241/https://epress.am/ru/2015/04/29/%d1%81%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%8b%d1%82%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%b3%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%ba%d0%b5-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b1%d0%b0%d0%b9.html|archive-date=20 January 2021|access-date=20 December 2020|work=epress.am|language=ru}}</ref> According to Azerbaijani historian and publicist [[Arif Yunus]], 21 Azerbaijanis were killed in Gugark.<ref name="expressnine">{{cite news |url=http://sumgait.info/press/express-chronicle/express-chronicle-910416.htm |title=Погромы в Армении в 1988-1989 |newspaper=Ekspress-Khronika |issue=16 |date=26 February 1991 |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=ru |first=Arif |last=Yunusov |archive-date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426165956/http://sumgait.info/press/express-chronicle/express-chronicle-910416.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Yunus' list was re-released by the [[Embassy of Azerbaijan, London|embassy of Azerbaijan]] in the [[United Kingdom]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.azembassy.org.uk/sehife.php?lang=eng&page=0205 |title=Report on mass human rights violation. Official reports of the Azerbaijani MFA on the Karabakh conflict |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306111605/http://www.azembassy.org.uk/sehife.php?lang=eng&page=0205 |archive-date=6 March 2012 |language=en |work=[[Embassy of Azerbaijan, London|Embassy of Azerbaijan in London]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] }}</ref> A former chairman of a collective farm in the region, Stepan Ayvazyan stated that the culprits had burnt the bodies of the dead in [[Shahumyan, Lori|Shahumyan]] to prevent their identification.<ref name="epress" />
Former chairman of a collective farm in the region, Stepan Ayvazyan had stated that the bodies of the dead in [[Shahumyan, Lori|Shahumyan]] were burned so that they could not be identified.<ref name="epress" />


== Government reaction ==
== Government reaction ==
The Armenian radio reported that the Communist Party leader and head of the parliament in the Gugark area had shown "political short-sightedness", and that the Soviet government had relieved them of their duties.<ref>{{Cite web
After the pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark, the Armenian radio reported that the Communist Party leader and head of the parliament in the Gugark area had shown "political short-sightedness", and that the Soviet government had relieved them of their duties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/07/world/3-more-killed-in-soviet-ethnic-protest.html |title=3 More Killed in Soviet Ethnic Protest |first=Felicity |last=Barringer |date=7 December 1988 |work=[[New York Times]] |access-date=20 December 2020 |quote=The resolution said that party and Government leaders would lose their posts for such actions, and late Monday the Armenian radio reported that the Communist Party leader and head of the parliament in the Gugark area had shown political short-sightedness. The two men had been relieved of their duties after ethnic fights there resulted in tragic consequences. Party and Government workers in the Yekhegnadzor district of Armenia were also criticized in the report carried by the Moscow radio tonight. |archive-date=20 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120183538/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/07/world/3-more-killed-in-soviet-ethnic-protest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, a group of around 100 experts arrived from Moscow to the region to investigate the killings.<ref name="epress" /> The Prosecutor General's Office of the USSR instituted criminal proceedings into the killings, but the criminals were never found, and the criminal case was not solved.<ref name="epress" /> The first [[Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan|Prosecutor General of Azerbaijan]], [[Ismat Gayibov]], criticized the Soviet authorities for not drawing enough attention to the events, where only four people were arrested for the killings. According to the former prosecutor of [[Vanadzor]], Grigori Shahverdyan, the crimes were organised by small groups of young Armenians.<ref name="epress" /> The chairwoman of the Azerbaijani National Committee of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Arzu Abdulayeva stated that the Azerbaijani public knew nothing about the pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark for a long time beyond rumours because of a cover-up.<ref name="abdullayeva" />
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/07/world/3-more-killed-in-soviet-ethnic-protest.html
|title=3 More Killed in Soviet Ethnic Protest
|first=Felicity
|last=Barringer
|date=7 December 1988
|work=[[New York Times]]
|access-date=20 December 2020
|quote=The resolution said that party and Government leaders would lose their posts for such actions, and late Monday the Armenian radio reported that the Communist Party leader and head of the parliament in the Gugark area had shown political short-sightedness. The two men had been relieved of their duties after ethnic fights there resulted in tragic consequences. Party and Government workers in the Yekhegnadzor district of Armenia were also criticized in the report carried by the Moscow radio tonight.
|archive-date=20 January 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120183538/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/07/world/3-more-killed-in-soviet-ethnic-protest.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following this, a group of around 100 experts arrived from Moscow to investigate the killings.<ref name="epress" /> The USSR Prosecutor General's Office began criminal proceedings into the killings, but the perpetrators were never found, and the criminal case was never solved.<ref name="epress" /> The first [[Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan|Prosecutor General of Azerbaijan]], [[Ismat Gayibov]], criticized Soviet authorities for not paying enough attention to the events, since only four people had been arrested for the killings. According to the former prosecutor of [[Vanadzor]], Grigori Shahverdyan, the attacks were organised by small groups of young Armenians.<ref name="epress" /> The chairwoman of the Azerbaijani National Committee of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Arzu Abdulayeva, stated that the Azerbaijani public knew nothing about the pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark for a long time beyond rumours because of a cover-up.<ref name="abdullayeva" />


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
In 1989, many Azerbaijanis originally from Gugark returned to sell their apartments or to receive compensation for the loss of apartments after the [[Spitak earthquake]]. However, when all the deals were completed, they all left their homes.<ref name="epress" />
In 1989, many Azerbaijanis originally from Gugark returned to sell their apartments or to receive compensation for the loss of their apartments after the [[Spitak earthquake]]. Afterwards they all left their homes.<ref name="epress" />


According to Arif Yunus, for the Azerbaijanis, the word ''Gugark'' had become a household name, having the same value as "Sumgait" for the Armenians.<ref name="expressnine" /> Arzu Abdulayeva had stated that the events in Sumgait were very similar to what happened in Gugark.<ref name="abdullayeva">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html |title=Azerbaijan: Armenians and Azerbaijanis Remember Suffering |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201220163702/https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url-status=live }}</ref>
Azerbaijani author [[Arif Yunusov|Arif Yunus]] claims the word "Gugark" has become a household word for the Azerbaijanis, as "Sumgait" has for the Armenians.<ref name="expressnine" /> The chairwoman of the Azerbaijani National Committee of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Arzu Abdulayeva, stated that the events in Sumgait were very similar to what happened in Gugark.<ref name="abdullayeva">{{Cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html |title=Azerbaijan: Armenians and Azerbaijanis Remember Suffering |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201220163702/https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== In literature ===
=== In literature ===
The Gugark pogrom was one of the main settings of the controversial novel ''Gugark'' by Azerbaijani writer [[Seymur Baycan]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan|author= Zaur Gasimov|date= December 20, 2017|publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]|page= 64|isbn= 9781538110423|quote= ...novel Gugark on the pogroms on the Azerbaijani population in the Armenian town of Gugark.}}</ref> The novel surrounded the love story of an Azerbaijani man named Seymur and an Armenian woman named Anoush during the time frame of the [[Baku pogrom]] and the Gugark pogrom. Seymur avoided harsh criticism in Azerbaijan by only mentioning the expulsion of Armenians while avoiding mention of violence or harassment against Armenians. The novel was generally well received in Azerbaijan despite its controversial message of peace. In contrast, author [[Akram Aylisli]] underwent condemnation in Azerbaijan and persecution by Azerbaijani authorities for his similar work ''Stone Dreams'' which describes the events of the Baku and Sumgait pogroms. Ccritics such as Mikail Mamedov, comparing it to similar works such as ''Stone Dreams,'' have criticized the ''Gugark'' for not being well written and therefore lacking any powerful message.<ref>{{cite journal|title= The Stone Dreams scandal: the Nagorny Karabakh conflict and Armenian-Azerbaijani relations in contemporary literature|author= Mikail Mamedov|year=2014|url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23761199.2014.11417300?needAccess=true|journal= Caucasus Survey|volume= 2|number= 1–2|page=50|doi= 10.1080/23761199.2014.11417300|doi-access= free}}</ref>
The Gugark pogrom was one of the main settings of the controversial novel ''Gugark'' by Azerbaijani writer [[Seymur Baycan]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan|author= Zaur Gasimov|date= December 20, 2017|publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]]|page= 64|isbn= 9781538110423|quote= ...novel Gugark on the pogroms on the Azerbaijani population in the Armenian town of Gugark.}}</ref> The novel surrounded the love story of an Azerbaijani man named Seymur and an Armenian woman named Anoush amid pogrom in [[Baku pogrom|Baku]] and Gugark. Baycan avoided harsh criticism in Azerbaijan by only mentioning the expulsion of Armenians but not the harassment or violence against Armenians. The novel was generally well received in Azerbaijan despite its controversial message of peace. In contrast, [[Akram Aylisli]], the author of the similar work ''Stone Dreams'' describing the events of the Baku and Sumgait pogroms, was condemned in Azerbaijan and persecuted by Azerbaijani authorities. Critics such as Mikail Mamedov, comparing ''Gugark'' to ''Stone Dreams,'' criticized ''Gugark'' for not being well written and therefore lacking any powerful message.<ref>{{cite journal|title= The Stone Dreams scandal: the Nagorny Karabakh conflict and Armenian-Azerbaijani relations in contemporary literature|author= Mikail Mamedov|year=2014|journal= Caucasus Survey|volume= 2|number= 1–2|page=50|doi= 10.1080/23761199.2014.11417300|doi-access= free}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}
{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}


[[Category:1988 in Armenia]]
[[Category:Anti-Azerbaijani pogroms]]
[[Category:Anti-Azerbaijani pogroms]]
[[Category:Anti-Azerbaijanism in Armenia]]
[[Category:Anti-Azerbaijanism in Armenia]]
[[Category:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Lori Province]]
[[Category:Massacres of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]

Latest revision as of 07:41, 18 June 2024

Gugark pogrom
Part of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
LocationGugark District, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union
DateMarch – December 1988 (9 months)
TargetLocal Azerbaijani population
Attack type
Murder, arson, pogrom
Deaths11 (per official Soviet data)
21 (per Arif Yunusov)
PerpetratorsLocal Armenians and Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan
MotiveA reaction to similar pogroms of Armenians in Azerbaijan

The Gugark pogrom[1] was a pogrom directed against the Azerbaijani minority of the Gugark District (now a part of the Lori Province) in the Armenian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union.[2][3][4][5]

The pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark in March 1988 followed the earlier pogrom of Armenians in Sumgait in the end of February 1988.[4] The persecution of the Azerbaijanis continued until virtually all of them fled the region.[3] The pogrom was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which would later erupt into a war.

Azerbaijani sources label the pogrom as a "massacre" (Azerbaijani: Quqark qırğını/qətliamı).[6][7][8]

Background[edit]

Location of Gugark District within the Armenian SSR.

Gugark District, called Boyuk Garakilsa (Azerbaijani: Böyük Qarakilsə, lit.'Big Black Church') by its Azerbaijani inhabitants,[9] was one of the districts of the Armenian SSR, then part of the Soviet Union.[10] There were ethnic Azerbaijanis living compactly in this area. Following the dissolution of Soviet Union, the district became part of the independent Republic of Armenia, replaced with the Lori Province.[11]

Following the Kirovabad pogrom, the Armenian refugees from Ganja poured into Gugark district via Georgia.[12] The tensions between the ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Armenia were high, as both were afraid of an attack from the other side.[13]

Pogrom[edit]

The ethnic confrontation between the Armenians and the Azerbaijanis started in March 1988. The Armenians attacked the Azerbaijani houses,[14][15] while the local authorities recorded beatings and robberies of Azerbaijanis by the Armenians, including at their workplaces. Armenians beat Azerbaijani traders in the marketplace, and stole their produce.[13]

Violence and discrimination against the Azerbaijanis flared up throughout the Armenian SSR in November 1988.[16] Azerbaijanis were fired from different organizations and factories in the region.[13] The bulk of those killed in the violence were in the northern territories of the country, including the Gugark District.[17] The local Armenians attacked and in some cases killed local Azerbaijanis. The Karabakh Committee, to reduce the possibility of provocations, guarded the city at night, but could not fully protection. The authorities tried to protect the local Azerbaijanis, putting soldiers and police officers on the roads leading to Azerbaijani-inhabited villages. When the local Azerbaijanis were eventually escorted out of the region by the authorities, it is reported that the Armenians attacked the convoys of fleeing Azerbaijanis.[13][18]

The officially reported number of Azerbaijanis killed in Gugark village was eleven.[13] According Armenian journalist Mane Papyan, seven Azerbaijanis were killed in Vanadzor, while the rest were persecuted and exiled.[19] According to Azerbaijani historian and publicist Arif Yunus, 21 Azerbaijanis were killed in Gugark.[20] Yunus' list was re-released by the embassy of Azerbaijan in the United Kingdom in 2008.[21] A former chairman of a collective farm in the region, Stepan Ayvazyan stated that the culprits had burnt the bodies of the dead in Shahumyan to prevent their identification.[19]

Government reaction[edit]

The Armenian radio reported that the Communist Party leader and head of the parliament in the Gugark area had shown "political short-sightedness", and that the Soviet government had relieved them of their duties.[22] Following this, a group of around 100 experts arrived from Moscow to investigate the killings.[19] The USSR Prosecutor General's Office began criminal proceedings into the killings, but the perpetrators were never found, and the criminal case was never solved.[19] The first Prosecutor General of Azerbaijan, Ismat Gayibov, criticized Soviet authorities for not paying enough attention to the events, since only four people had been arrested for the killings. According to the former prosecutor of Vanadzor, Grigori Shahverdyan, the attacks were organised by small groups of young Armenians.[19] The chairwoman of the Azerbaijani National Committee of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Arzu Abdulayeva, stated that the Azerbaijani public knew nothing about the pogrom of Azerbaijanis in Gugark for a long time beyond rumours because of a cover-up.[23]

Aftermath[edit]

In 1989, many Azerbaijanis originally from Gugark returned to sell their apartments or to receive compensation for the loss of their apartments after the Spitak earthquake. Afterwards they all left their homes.[19]

Azerbaijani author Arif Yunus claims the word "Gugark" has become a household word for the Azerbaijanis, as "Sumgait" has for the Armenians.[20] The chairwoman of the Azerbaijani National Committee of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, Arzu Abdulayeva, stated that the events in Sumgait were very similar to what happened in Gugark.[23]

In literature[edit]

The Gugark pogrom was one of the main settings of the controversial novel Gugark by Azerbaijani writer Seymur Baycan.[24] The novel surrounded the love story of an Azerbaijani man named Seymur and an Armenian woman named Anoush amid pogrom in Baku and Gugark. Baycan avoided harsh criticism in Azerbaijan by only mentioning the expulsion of Armenians but not the harassment or violence against Armenians. The novel was generally well received in Azerbaijan despite its controversial message of peace. In contrast, Akram Aylisli, the author of the similar work Stone Dreams describing the events of the Baku and Sumgait pogroms, was condemned in Azerbaijan and persecuted by Azerbaijani authorities. Critics such as Mikail Mamedov, comparing Gugark to Stone Dreams, criticized Gugark for not being well written and therefore lacking any powerful message.[25]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Grigoryan, Arpi; Karimov, Elchin; Alıcı, Nisan (15 May 2019). "Working Through the Past in the Shadow of the Present: The Cases of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey". Caucasus Edition: Journal of Conflict Transformation. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  2. ^ Helvécio de Jesus Júnior, João Ricardo Guilherme Zimmer Xavier (2018). "The geopolitics of the Caucasus: An analysis of the Nagorno Karabakh conflict". Revista da Escola Superior de Guerra. 33 (69). ISSN 0102-1788. Archived from the original on 2020-03-20. Retrieved 2021-05-09. On the other hand, attacks against Azerbaijanis also increased in great proportions, with several pogroms in the cities of Gugark and Gosh, including dozens of deaths and intensifying the nationalism of the two countries
  3. ^ a b Coyle J.J. (2018). Nagorno-Karabakh. In: Russia's Border Wars and Frozen Conflicts. Springer Publishing. pp. 207–256. ISBN 978-3-319-52204-3. Armenian towns of Spitak, Gugark, and others. Two hundred sixteen were killed in Armenia, including 57 women, 5 infants, and 18 children. The last Azerbaijanis were forced out of Armenia by the end of November 1988.
  4. ^ a b Mgr. Jozef Hyrja (April 20, 2016). "Tears in the Black Garden - Nagorno-Karabakh". historyweb.dennikn.sk (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2021. On February 27 and 28, 1988, he followed the pogrom in the aforementioned city of Sumgait. A large crowd of Azerbaijanis began attacking Armenian shops and houses, looting and killing Armenian fellow citizens... The result was the exodus of the Armenian population from the city. Similar attacks followed in Armenia against the Azerbaijani minority in the cities of Spitak and Gugark.
  5. ^ Coyle, James J. (2021). "Roots of the Conflict". Russia's Interventions in Ethnic Conflicts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham (Springer Publishing). pp. 1–32. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-59573-9_1. ISBN 978-3-030-59573-9. S2CID 229450011. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2021-05-09. Attacks against Azerbaijanis took place in the Armenian towns of Spitak, Gugark, and others
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  8. ^ ""Quqark qətliamını törədən cinayətkarların əsas məqsədi etnik təmizləmə idi"- Millət vəkili". Aqreqator.az (in Azerbaijani). 27 November 2019. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
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  11. ^ "Закон Республики Армения №С-062-1-ЗР-18 "Об административно-территориальном делении Республики Армения"" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
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  16. ^ Abzavaty, Yazep (15 January 2007). "The Unrecognized IV. The Bitter Fruit of the 'Black Garden'". Nashe Mnenie. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  17. ^ "Погромы в Армении: суждения, домыслы и факты". Ekspress-Khronika (in Russian). No. 16. 16 April 1991.
  18. ^ Marc Elie (2013). "At the center of a double misfortune: The earthquake of December 7, 1988 in Armenia and the expulsion of the Azeri disaster victims from Spitak" (in French) (44). Revue d'études comparative Est-Ouest: 45–75. doi:10.4074/S0338059913001034. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021. Between Kirovakan and Diližan, near Gugark, "Armenian extremists" attack the convoy. The villagers quote the names of three deportees who are said to have died and evoke gunshot wounds. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ a b c d e f Papyan, Mane (29 April 2015). "События в Гугарке. Как громили азербайджанцев в Армении". epress.am (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  20. ^ a b Yunusov, Arif (26 February 1991). "Погромы в Армении в 1988-1989". Ekspress-Khronika (in Russian). No. 16. Archived from the original on 26 April 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  21. ^ "Report on mass human rights violation. Official reports of the Azerbaijani MFA on the Karabakh conflict". Embassy of Azerbaijan in London. Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012.
  22. ^ Barringer, Felicity (7 December 1988). "3 More Killed in Soviet Ethnic Protest". New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2020. The resolution said that party and Government leaders would lose their posts for such actions, and late Monday the Armenian radio reported that the Communist Party leader and head of the parliament in the Gugark area had shown political short-sightedness. The two men had been relieved of their duties after ethnic fights there resulted in tragic consequences. Party and Government workers in the Yekhegnadzor district of Armenia were also criticized in the report carried by the Moscow radio tonight.
  23. ^ a b "Azerbaijan: Armenians and Azerbaijanis Remember Suffering". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  24. ^ Zaur Gasimov (December 20, 2017). Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 64. ISBN 9781538110423. ...novel Gugark on the pogroms on the Azerbaijani population in the Armenian town of Gugark.
  25. ^ Mikail Mamedov (2014). "The Stone Dreams scandal: the Nagorny Karabakh conflict and Armenian-Azerbaijani relations in contemporary literature". Caucasus Survey. 2 (1–2): 50. doi:10.1080/23761199.2014.11417300.