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{{Short description|Executive committee of a communist party}}
{{Short description|Executive committee of a communist party}}
{{Marxism-Leninism sidebar}}
[[File:Execute 346 Politburo passes.jpg|thumb|274px|The Soviet Politburo passes a resolution to execute 346 "enemies of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] and the Soviet Government" who led "counter-revolutionary, pro-trotskyist, plotting and spying activities", signed by secretary [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], 17 January 1940]]
[[File:Execute 346 Politburo passes.jpg|thumb|274px|The Soviet Politburo passes a resolution to execute 346 "enemies of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] and the Soviet Government" who led "counter-revolutionary, pro-Trotskyist, plotting and spying activities", signed by secretary [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], 17 January 1940]]
A '''politburo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|ɪ|t|b|j|ʊər|oʊ}}) or '''political bureau''' is the [[executive committee]] for [[communist party|communist parties]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politburo |title=Received 2012-02-02 |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref> It is present in most former and existing communist states.
A '''politburo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|l|ɪ|t|b|j|ʊər|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-politburo.wav}}) or '''political bureau''' is the highest political organ of the [[central committee]] in [[Communist party|communist parties]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} It is present in most former and existing [[Communist state|communist states]].


==Names==
==Names==
The term "politburo" in English comes from the [[Russian language|Russian]] ''Politbyuro'' ({{lang|ru|Политбюро}}), itself a contraction of ''Politicheskoye byuro'' ({{lang|ru|Политическое бюро}}, "Political Bureau"). The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] term ''Politburó'' is directly [[loan word|loaned]] from Russian, as is the [[German language|German]] ''Politbüro''. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses a [[calque]] ({{zh|c=政治局|p=Zhèngzhìjú}}), from which the [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Vietnamese]] ({{lang|vi|Bộ Chính trị "部政治"}}), and [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Korean]] ({{lang|ko|정치국, 政治局}} ''Jeongchiguk'') terms derive.
The term ''politburo'' in English comes from the [[Russian language|Russian]] ''politbyuro'' ({{lang|ru|политбюро}}), itself an abbreviation of ''politicheskoye byuro'' ({{lang|ru|политическое бюро}} 'political bureau'). The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] term ''Politburó'' is directly [[Loanword|loaned]] from Russian, as is the [[German language|German]] ''Politbüro''. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] uses a [[calque]] ({{zh|c=政治局|p=Zhèngzhìjú}}), from which the [[Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary|Vietnamese]] ({{lang|vi|Bộ Chính trị}} {{lang|vi-Hani|部政治}}), and [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Korean]] ({{lang|ko|정치국, 政治局}} ''Jeongchiguk'') terms derive.


==History==
==History==
{{expand section}}
{{expand section|date=October 2022}}
The first politburo was created in [[Russia]] by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Party]] in 1917 during the [[Russian Revolution]] that occurred during that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/cpsu/politburo_hist.php |title=USSR: Communist Party: Politburo |publisher=Archontology.org |access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467548/Politburo |title=Politburo (Soviet political body) – Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |date=2013-04-24 |access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref> The first Politburo had seven members: [[Lenin]], [[Grigory Zinoviev|Zinoviev]], [[Lev Kamenev|Kamenev]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], [[Grigori Sokolnikov|Sokolnikov]], and [[Andrei Bubnov|Bubnov]].<ref>Dmitri Volkogonov, ''Lenin. A New Biography'', translated and edited by Harold Shukman (New York: The Free Press, 1994), p. 185.</ref>
The first politburo was created in [[Russia]] by the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Party]] in 1917 during the [[Russian Revolution]] that occurred during that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/cpsu/politburo_hist.php |title=USSR: Communist Party: Politburo |publisher=Archontology.org |access-date=2014-06-16 |archive-date=5 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105193012/http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/cpsu/politburo_hist.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/467548/Politburo |title=Politburo (Soviet political body) – Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |date=2013-04-24 |access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref> The first Politburo had seven members: [[Vladimir Lenin]], [[Grigory Zinoviev]], [[Lev Kamenev]], [[Leon Trotsky]], [[Joseph Stalin]], [[Grigori Sokolnikov]], and [[Andrei Bubnov]].<ref>Dmitri Volkogonov, ''Lenin. A New Biography'', translated and edited by Harold Shukman (New York: The Free Press, 1994), p. 185.</ref>


During the 20th century, politburos were established in most Communist states. They included the politburos of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|the USSR]], [[Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany|East Germany]], [[Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]. Several countries still have a politburo system in operation: [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|China]], [[Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|North Korea]], [[Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Laos]], [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnam]], and [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|Cuba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/lists/tp/communistcountries.htm |title=A List of Current Communist Countries |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref>
During the 20th century, politburos were established in most Communist states. They included the politburos of [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|the USSR]], [[Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany|East Germany]], [[Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]. Today, there are five countries that have a politburo system: [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|China]], [[Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|North Korea]], [[Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Laos]], [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnam]], and [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba|Cuba]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/lists/tp/communistcountries.htm |title=A List of Current Communist Countries |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=2014-05-29 |access-date=2014-06-16 |archive-date=16 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216230655/http://geography.about.com/od/lists/tp/communistcountries.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Marxist–Leninist states===
===Marxist–Leninist states===
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In [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] states, the communist party claims to be the [[vanguardism|vanguard of the people]], therefore the legitimate body to lead the state. The party selects officials to serve in its politburo, which decides party policy. As a [[one-party state]], party policy invariably becomes national policy.
In [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] states, the communist party claims to be the [[vanguardism|vanguard of the people]], therefore the legitimate body to lead the state. The party selects officials to serve in its politburo, which decides party policy. As a [[one-party state]], party policy invariably becomes national policy.


Each [[Party Congress]] elects a [[Central Committee]] which, in turn, elects the members of the politburo and a [[General Secretary]]. This process is termed [[democratic centralism]]. In theory, the politburo is answerable to the Central Committee, however in practice all the authority lies with the politburo.
Each [[Party Congress]] elects a [[Central Committee]] which, in turn, elects the members of the politburo, secretariat, and a [[general secretary]]. This process is termed [[democratic centralism]]. In theory, the politburo is answerable to the Central Committee, however in practice all the authority lies with the politburo.


===Trotskyist parties===
===Trotskyist parties===
In [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] parties, the Politburo is a bureau of the Central Committee tasked with making day-to-day political decisions, which must later be ratified by the Central Committee. It is appointed by the Central Committee from among its members. The post of General Secretary carries far less weight in this model. See, for example, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]].
In [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] parties, the Politburo is a bureau of the Central Committee tasked with making day-to-day political decisions, which must later be ratified by the Central Committee. Its members are chosen by the Central Committee, who appoints it. The post of General Secretary carries far less weight in this model. See, for example, the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]].


==See also==
==See also==
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Marxism-Leninism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}


Latest revision as of 11:53, 15 June 2024

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The Soviet Politburo passes a resolution to execute 346 "enemies of the CPSU and the Soviet Government" who led "counter-revolutionary, pro-Trotskyist, plotting and spying activities", signed by secretary Stalin, 17 January 1940

A politburo (/ˈpɒlɪtbjʊəroʊ/ ⓘ) or political bureau is the highest political organ of the central committee in communist parties.[citation needed] It is present in most former and existing communist states.

Names[edit]

The term politburo in English comes from the Russian politbyuro (политбюро), itself an abbreviation of politicheskoye byuro (политическое бюро 'political bureau'). The Spanish term Politburó is directly loaned from Russian, as is the German Politbüro. Chinese uses a calque (Chinese: 政治局; pinyin: Zhèngzhìjú), from which the Vietnamese (Bộ Chính trị 部政治), and Korean (정치국, 政治局 Jeongchiguk) terms derive.

History[edit]

The first politburo was created in Russia by the Bolshevik Party in 1917 during the Russian Revolution that occurred during that year.[1][2] The first Politburo had seven members: Vladimir Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Grigori Sokolnikov, and Andrei Bubnov.[3]

During the 20th century, politburos were established in most Communist states. They included the politburos of the USSR, East Germany, Afghanistan, and Czechoslovakia. Today, there are five countries that have a politburo system: China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and Cuba.[4]

Marxist–Leninist states[edit]

In Marxist–Leninist states, the communist party claims to be the vanguard of the people, therefore the legitimate body to lead the state. The party selects officials to serve in its politburo, which decides party policy. As a one-party state, party policy invariably becomes national policy.

Each Party Congress elects a Central Committee which, in turn, elects the members of the politburo, secretariat, and a general secretary. This process is termed democratic centralism. In theory, the politburo is answerable to the Central Committee, however in practice all the authority lies with the politburo.

Trotskyist parties[edit]

In Trotskyist parties, the Politburo is a bureau of the Central Committee tasked with making day-to-day political decisions, which must later be ratified by the Central Committee. Its members are chosen by the Central Committee, who appoints it. The post of General Secretary carries far less weight in this model. See, for example, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "USSR: Communist Party: Politburo". Archontology.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  2. ^ "Politburo (Soviet political body) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  3. ^ Dmitri Volkogonov, Lenin. A New Biography, translated and edited by Harold Shukman (New York: The Free Press, 1994), p. 185.
  4. ^ "A List of Current Communist Countries". Geography.about.com. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2014.

External links[edit]

Look up politburo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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