People's Republic of the Congo: Difference between revisions

People's Republic of the Congo
*République populaire du Congo* (French)
People's Republic of the Congo République populaire du Congo (French)
1969–1992
	Flag Emblem
	Motto: "Travail, Démocratie, Paix" (French); "Work, Democracy, Peace"
	Anthem: "Les Trois Glorieuses"
Capital	Brazzaville
Common languages	French, Kituba, Lingala
Religion	State atheism
Government	Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic
Head of State
• 1970–1977	Marien Ngouabi
• 1977–1979	Joachim Yhombi-Opango
• 1979–1992	Denis Sassou-Nguesso
Prime Minister
• 1973–1975	Henri Lopes (first)
• 1991–1992	André Milongo (last)
Historical era	Cold War
• Established	31 December 1969
• Disestablished	15 March 1992
Currency	CFA franc (XAF)
Calling code	242
ISO 3166 code	CG
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Today part of	Republic of the Congo

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The People's Republic of the Congo (French: République populaire du Congo) was a Marxist–Leninist socialist state that existed in the Republic of the Congo from 1969 to 1992.

The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 1969 as the first Marxist-Leninist state in Africa, three months after the government of Alphonse Massamba-Débat was overthrown in the September 1968 coup d'état. The ruling Congolese Party of Labour (French: Parti congolais du travail, PCT) appointed Marien Ngouabi as president, who established the Congo as a one-party communist government aligned with the Soviet Union. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and succeeded by Joachim Yhombi-Opango until he was overthrown in 1979. Denis Sassou Nguesso succeeded Yhombi-Opango, confirmed the PCT's rule in the Congo with a new constitution, formed closer relations with France, and allowed greater foreign investment in the country. The People's Republic of the Congo transitioned into a multi-party following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, restoring the country's earlier name and flag, and ceased to exist by March 1992. André Milongo was appointed as transitional prime minister while Sassou remained as president.

Demographics[edit]

The People's Republic of the Congo had 2,153,685 inhabitants in 1988. There were 15 ethnic groups, although most people were Kongo, Sangha, Mbochi, or Teke. 8,500 Europeans were present as well, mostly of French extraction. French was the official language, but other recognized languages included Kituba and Lingala. Most of the population was centered in urban areas such as Brazzaville. Literacy was 80%, but infant mortality was also high.

History[edit]

Background[edit]

Alphonse Massamba-Débat, who became the president of the Republic of the Congo in 1963, was the first African head of state who proclaimed himself openly a Marxist. He established a single-party system in 1964 around his own political group, the National Revolution Movement (Mouvement National de la Révolution). Massamba-Débat was elected Secretary General of the National Revolution Movement while Ambroise Noumazalaye became its First Secretary. The Congolese single party was backed by a well-armed popular militia, the Défense Civile, headed by Ange Diawara. However, by 1968 mounting protests led Massamba-Débat to imprison one of its leaders, Captain Marien Ngouabi.^[1]

Proclamation[edit]

Seeing that the militant leftist opposition was not giving up, Massamba-Débat ended up yielding and proclaimed an amnesty, freeing Marien Ngouabi, among other political prisoners in mid-1968. Following the amnesty Massamba-Débat relinquished his power in September giving way to a period of instability. Finally on 31 December 1968 Marien Ngouabi became the head of state. The new leader officially proclaimed a socialist-oriented state in the form of a "Popular Republic" on 31 December 1969.^[2] The administration became strongly centralized in Brazzaville and the main government posts were taken over by Congolese Workers' Party—Parti congolais du travail (PCT)—cadres after abolishing the national assembly of the previous republic. The Marxist–Leninist PCT held a constitutive congress in the capital from 29 to 31 December 1969, becoming the sole party of the new state. Marien Ngouabi further introduced a number of communist policies—such as nationalizing the means of production—in the succeeding years. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and was succeeded by colonel Joachim Yhombi-Opango, who ruled until February 1979, when Denis Sassou-Nguesso rose to power.^[1]

In the same manner as other African communist states of the Cold War era, the People's Republic of the Congo shared close ties with the Soviet Union.^[3] This association remained strong after Ngouabi's assassination in 1977. However, the PCT government also maintained a close relationship with France throughout its existence.^[4]

Transition[edit]

In mid-1991, the Sovereign National Conference removed the word populaire ("People's") from the country's official name, while also replacing the flag and anthem that had been used under the PCT government. The Sovereign National Conference ended the PCT government, appointing a transitional Prime Minister, André Milongo, who was invested with executive powers. President Denis Sassou Nguesso was allowed to remain in office in a ceremonial capacity during the transitional period.^[5]

Events and emblems[edit]

President Marien Ngouabi with Romania's leader Nicolae Ceaușescu (1972)
A PR Congo delegation during an official visit to East Germany (1982)
Flag of the PR Congo Army (1970–1992)
Roundel of the PRC Air Force (1970–1992)

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Albert M'Paka, Démocratie et administration au Congo-Brazzaville, L'Harmattan, 2005, pp. 181–182
^ "ORDONNANCE N° 40–69 du 31 décembre 1969, portant promulgation de la constitution de la République Populaire du Congo" (PDF). 31 December 1969. Retrieved 2 November 2020. (in French)
^ Timeline: Republic of the Congo
^ John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 65.
^ Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", page 69.

External links[edit]

Media related to People's Republic of the Congo at Wikimedia Commons

4°16′S 15°17′E / 4.267°S 15.283°E / -4.267; 15.283

[M'Paka-1] Albert M'Paka, Démocratie et administration au Congo-Brazzaville, L'Harmattan, 2005, pp. 181–182

[2] "ORDONNANCE N° 40–69 du 31 décembre 1969, portant promulgation de la constitution de la République Populaire du Congo" (PDF). 31 December 1969. Retrieved 2 November 2020. (in French)

[3] Timeline: Republic of the Congo

[4] John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, page 65.

[5] Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", page 69.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Short description|1969–1992 socialist state in Central Africa}}
 {{Distinguish|text=the short-lived state formed in Congo-Léopoldville during the [[Simba rebellion]]; for similarly named entities, see [[Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)]]}}
+{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
 {{Infobox former country
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 | linking_name           = People's Republic of the Congo
 | national_motto         = {{lang|fr|"Travail, Démocratie, Paix"}} (French)<br />"Work, Democracy, Peace"
-| national_anthem        = "{{lang|fr|[[Les Trois Glorieuses]]}}"
+| national_anthem        = "{{lang|fr|[[Les Trois Glorieuses]]}}" [[File:Les Trois Glorieuses.mid]]
 | era                    = Cold War
 | year_start             = 1969
@@ Line 24: / Line 25: @@
 | symbol_type            = Emblem
 | image_map              = Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg
 | common_languages       = [[French language|French]], [[Kituba language|Kituba]], [[Lingala]]
 | capital                = [[Brazzaville]]
+| religion               = [[State atheism]]
 | government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[one-party state|one-party]] [[socialist republic]]
 | title_leader           = [[List of presidents of the Republic of the Congo|Head of State]]
@@ Line 51: / Line 53: @@
 The '''People's Republic of the Congo''' ({{lang-fr|République populaire du Congo}}) was a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[socialist state]] that existed in the [[Republic of the Congo]] from 1969 to 1992.
-The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 1969 as the first Marxist-Leninist state in Africa three months after the government of [[Alphonse Massamba-Débat]] was overthrown in the [[1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état|September 1968 coup d'état]]. The ruling [[Congolese Party of Labour]] ({{lang-fr|Parti congolais du travail}}, ''PCT'') appointed [[Marien Ngouabi]] as president who established the Congo as a [[One-party state|one-party]] [[communist]] government aligned with the [[Soviet Union]]. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and succeeded by [[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]] until he was overthrown in 1979. [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] succeeded Yhombi-Opango, confirmed the PCT's rule in the Congo with a new [[constitution]], formed closer relations with [[France]], and allowed greater foreign investment in the country. The People's Republic of the Congo transitioned into a [[capitalist]] [[multi-party democracy]] following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, restoring the country's earlier name and flag, and ceased to exist by March 1992. [[André Milongo]] was appointed as transitional prime minister while Sassou remained as president.
+The People's Republic of the Congo was founded in December 1969 as the first Marxist-Leninist state in Africa, three months after the government of [[Alphonse Massamba-Débat]] was overthrown in the [[1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état|September 1968 coup d'état]]. The ruling [[Congolese Party of Labour]] ({{lang-fr|Parti congolais du travail}}, ''PCT'') appointed [[Marien Ngouabi]] as president, who established the Congo as a [[One-party state|one-party]] [[communist]] government aligned with the [[Soviet Union]]. Ngouabi was assassinated in 1977 and succeeded by [[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]] until he was overthrown in 1979. [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] succeeded Yhombi-Opango, confirmed the PCT's rule in the Congo with a new [[constitution]], formed closer relations with [[France]], and allowed greater foreign investment in the country. The People's Republic of the Congo transitioned into a [[multi-party democracy|multi-party]] following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, restoring the country's earlier name and flag, and ceased to exist by March 1992. [[André Milongo]] was appointed as transitional prime minister while Sassou remained as president.
 == Demographics ==
@@ Line 76: / Line 78: @@
 File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1982-0922-029, Bennewitz, Besuch einer kongolesischen Delegation.jpg|A PR Congo delegation during an official visit to [[East Germany]] (1982)
 File:Flag of the Congo Army (1970-1992).svg|Flag of the PR Congo Army (1970–1992)
-File:Roundel of Congo 1970.svg|Roundel of the PRC Air Force (1970–1990)
+File:Roundel of Congo 1970.svg|Roundel of the PRC Air Force (1970–1992)
 </gallery>
@@ Line 96: / Line 98: @@
 [[Category:States and territories established in 1969]]
 [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1992]]
-[[Category:1969 establishments in Africa]]
+[[Category:1969 establishments in the Republic of the Congo]]
 [[Category:1992 disestablishments in Africa]]
-[[Category:History of the Republic of the Congo]]
 [[Category:Communism in the Republic of the Congo]]
 [[Category:Communist states]]