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{{Short description|Division of the U.S. Army, active intermittently between 1943 and 2010}}
{{Distinguish|7th Army Training Command|United States Army Europe}}
{{Distinguish|7th Army Training Command|United States Army Europe}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2020}}
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The '''Seventh Army''' was a United States army created during [[World War II]] that evolved into the [[United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR) during the 1950s and 1960s. It served in North Africa and Italy in the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]] and France and Germany in the [[European Theater of Operations|European theater]] between 1942 and 1945.
The '''Seventh Army''' was a United States army created during [[World War II]] that evolved into the [[United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR) during the 1950s and 1960s. It served in North Africa and Italy in the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations]] and France and Germany in the [[European Theater of Operations|European Theater]] between 1942 and 1945.


Originally the [[I Armored Corps (United States)|I Armored Corps]] under command of Lieutenant General [[George S. Patton]], it made landfall at Morocco during [[Operation Torch]] as the [[Western Task Force]], the first all-U.S. force to enter the European war. Following successful defeat of the [[Wehrmacht]] under Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]] in North Africa, the I Armored Corps was redesignated the Seventh Army on 10 July 1943 while at sea en route to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[Sicily]] as the spearhead of Operation Husky.
Originally the [[I Armored Corps (United States)|I Armored Corps]] under command of Lieutenant General [[George S. Patton]], it made landfall at Morocco during [[Operation Torch]] as the [[Western Task Force]], the first all-U.S. force to enter the European war. Following successful defeat of the [[Wehrmacht]] under Field Marshal [[Erwin Rommel]] in North Africa, the I Armored Corps was redesignated the Seventh Army on 10 July 1943 while at sea en route to the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[Sicily]] as the spearhead of [[Operation Husky]].


After the conquests of [[Palermo]] and [[Messina]] the Seventh Army prepared for the invasion of France by its Mediterranean coast as the lead element of [[Operation Dragoon]] in August 1944. It then drove a retreating German army north and then east toward the [[Alsace]], being absorbed into the newly created [[Sixth United States Army Group]] in mid-September. In January 1945 it repelled a fierce but brief enemy counter-offensive during the German [[Operation Nordwind]], then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March.
After the conquests of [[Palermo]] and [[Messina]] the Seventh Army prepared for the invasion of France by its Mediterranean coast as the lead element of [[Operation Dragoon]] in August 1944. It then drove a retreating German army north and then east toward the [[Alsace]], being absorbed into the newly created [[Sixth United States Army Group]] in mid-September. In January 1945 it repelled a fierce but brief enemy counter-offensive in the [[Colmar Pocket]] south of [[Strasbourg]] during the German [[Operation Nordwind]], then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March.


In a lead role in [[Operation Undertone]] launched 15 March, the Seventh Army fought its way across the [[Rhine]] into Germany, capturing [[Nuremberg]] and then [[Munich]]. Elements reached Austria and crossed the [[Brenner Pass]] into Italy by 4 May, followed shortly by war's end on [[VE-Day]], 8 May 1945.<ref name=Alps>Fifth Army History • Race to the Alps, Chapter VI : Conclusion [http://www.milhist.net/mto/racealps.html] "On 3 May the 85th and 88th [Infantry] Divisions sent task forces north over ice and snow 3 feet deep to seal the Austrian frontier and to gain contact with the American Seventh Army, driving southward from Germany. The 339th Infantry [85th Division] reached Austrian soil east of Dobbiaco at 0415, 4 May; the Reconnaissance Troop, 349th Infantry [88th Division], met troops from [103rd Infantry Division] VI Corps of Seventh Army at 1051 at Vipiteno, 9 miles south of Brenner."</ref>
In a lead role in [[Operation Undertone]] launched 15 March, the Seventh Army fought its way across the [[Rhine]] into Germany, capturing [[Nuremberg]] and then [[Munich]]. Elements reached Austria and crossed the [[Brenner Pass]] into Italy by 4 May, followed shortly by war's end on [[VE-Day]], 8 May 1945.<ref name=Alps>Fifth Army History • Race to the Alps, Chapter VI : Conclusion [http://www.milhist.net/mto/racealps.html] "On 3 May the 85th and 88th [Infantry] Divisions sent task forces north over ice and snow 3 feet deep to seal the Austrian frontier and to gain contact with the American Seventh Army, driving southward from Germany. The 339th Infantry [85th Division] reached Austrian soil east of Dobbiaco at 0415, 4 May; the Reconnaissance Troop, 349th Infantry [88th Division], met troops from [103rd Infantry Division] VI Corps of Seventh Army at 1051 at Vipiteno, 9 miles south of Brenner."</ref>

==Shoulder sleeve insignia==
The army's shoulder patch was approved on 23 June 1943.

⚫
{{quotation|On a blue isosceles triangular background, a seven-stepped letter "A," steps in yellow with the center in scarlet<ref>* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=John B. |date=1999 |title=Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-7/cmhPub_60-7-1.pdf |location=Washington, D.C. |format=PDF |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History|Center for Military History, U.S. Army]] |page=27 |isbn=0-16-049994-1 |access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref>}}


==History==
==History==
===World War II===
===World War II===
====2nd Armored Division ====
====I Armored Corps in North Africa====
⚫
The predecessor of Seventh Army was the [[I Armored Corps (United States)|I Armored Corps]], which was activated on 15 July 1940 at [[Fort Knox]], [[Kentucky]]. With the goal of stopping German expansion in Europe and Africa, it was decided that the first operation for United States Army forces would be to assist the British in driving German forces from North Africa. On 15 January 1942, [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[George S. Patton|George S. Patton Jr.]] assumed command of I Armored Corps and began planning for the invasion of North Africa.
The 2nd Armored Division (United States), the predecessor of Seventh Army, was formed on 15 July 1940 as the command element for armored forces of the United States Army. Its first commander was Major General [[Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.]], followed by Major General Charles L. Scott in November 1940. The United States officially entered [[World War II]] on 7 December 1941, after the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. This was followed four days later by the [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[German declaration of war against the United States (1941)|declaration of war on the United States]].


⚫
On March 6, 1943, following the defeat of the U.S. II Corps by the German [[Afrika Korps]], commanded by [[Erwin Rommel|Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel]], at the [[Battle of Kasserine Pass]], Patton replaced Major General Lloyd Fredendall as Commanding General of the II Corps and was promoted to lieutenant general.
⚫
With the goal of stopping German expansion in Europe and Africa, it was decided that the first operation for United States Army forces would be to assist the British in driving German forces from North Africa. On 15 January 1942, [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[George S. Patton|George S. Patton Jr.]] assume command of I Armored Corps and began planning for the invasion of North Africa.


{{quote box
⚫
From General Patton's Wikipedia page "On March 6, 1943, following the defeat of the U.S. II Corps by the German Afrika Korps, commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, at the Battle of Kasserine Pass, Patton replaced Major General Lloyd Fredendall as Commanding General of the II Corps and was promoted to lieutenant general.
⚫
|The Seventh Army arm patch was approved on June 23, 1943: On a blue isosceles triangular background, a seven-stepped letter "A," steps in yellow with the center in scarlet.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=John B. |date=1999 |title=Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-7/cmhPub_60-7-1.pdf |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History|Center for Military History, U.S. Army]] |page=27 |isbn=0-16-049994-1 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090811/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-7/cmhPub_60-7-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|align = right
⚫
On 8 November 1942, General Patton was in command of the [[Western Task Force]] (a temporary redesignation of I Armored Corps for tactical deception), the only all-American force landing for [[Operation Torch]], code name for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[French North Africa]]. I Armored Corps then began to drive east which complemented British forces driving from the west. The result was that Axis forces were trapped in Tunisia and were forced to surrender in May 1943.
|width = 250px
}}


⚫
On 8 November 1942, General Patton was in command of the [[Western Task Force]] (a temporary redesignation of I Armored Corps for tactical deception), the only all-American force landing for [[Operation Torch]], code name for the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[French North Africa]]. I Armored Corps then began to drive east which complemented British forces driving from the west. The result was that Axis forces were trapped in Tunisia and were forced to surrender in May 1943.


====Sicily====
====Sicily and the Italian Peninsula====
After succeeding in North Africa, Patton, now promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]], became commander of the newly formed Seventh Army, which was formed at midnight on 10 July 1943 by the redesignation of the I Armored Corps. The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] in July 1943, was conducted in conjunction with the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], commanded by [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Bernard Montgomery|Sir Bernard Montgomery]], Patton's rival. Patton commanded the Seventh Army until early 1944.
After succeeding in North Africa, Patton, now promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant General (United States)|Lieutenant General]], became commander of the newly formed Seventh Army, which was formed at midnight on 10 July 1943 by the redesignation of the I Armored Corps. The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] in July 1943, was conducted in conjunction with the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], commanded by [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Bernard Montgomery|Sir Bernard Montgomery]], Patton's rival. Patton commanded the Seventh Army until early 1944.

[[File:SC 335393 - View of Lt. Gen. George S. Patton's 7th Army staff. Aboard S.S. Monrovia, enroute to Sicily. (52121689715).jpg|thumb|left|View of Lieutenant General Patton's Seventh Army staff aboard [[SS Monrovia]], en route to Sicily, June/July 1943.]]


The Seventh Army landed on several beaches in southern Sicily on 10 July 1943 and captured the Sicilian capital of [[Palermo]] on 22 July and, along with the British Eighth Army, captured [[Messina]] on 16 August. During the fighting, the elements of the Seventh Army killed or captured thousands of enemy soldiers, mainly Italians. During the operation the Seventh and Eighth Armies came under the command of the [[15th Army Group]], under General [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]]. The headquarters of the Seventh Army remained relatively inactive at Palermo, Sicily, and [[Algiers]] until January 1944, when Lieutenant General [[Mark W. Clark]], then commanding the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] on the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Front]], was assigned as commander and the Seventh Army began planning for the [[Operation Dragoon|invasion of southern France]].
The Seventh Army landed on several beaches in southern Sicily on 10 July 1943 and captured the Sicilian capital of [[Palermo]] on 22 July and, along with the British Eighth Army, captured [[Messina]] on 16 August. During the fighting, the elements of the Seventh Army killed or captured thousands of enemy soldiers, mainly Italians. During the operation the Seventh and Eighth Armies came under the command of the [[15th Army Group]], under General [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]]. The headquarters of the Seventh Army remained relatively inactive at Palermo, Sicily, and [[Algiers]] until January 1944, when Lieutenant General [[Mark W. Clark]], then commanding the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] on the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Front]], was assigned as commander and the Seventh Army began planning for the [[Operation Dragoon|invasion of southern France]].


====France, Germany, and back into Italy====
The invasion was originally given the code name of "Operation Anvil", but was changed to "[[Operation Dragoon]]" before the landing. In March 1944, Major General [[Alexander Patch]], a highly experienced and competent commander, was assigned to command the Seventh Army, which moved to [[Naples]], [[Italy]], the following July. On 15 August 1944, elements of the Seventh Army assaulted the beaches of [[southern France]] in the [[St. Tropez]] and [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|St. Raphael]] area. (Patch was promoted to Lieutenant General three days later.) On 15 September, the Seventh was put under the field control of the [[Sixth United States Army Group|6th Army Group]], under Lieutenant General [[Jacob L. Devers]]. The 6th Army Group also included the [[First Army (France)|French First Army]]. Within one month, the Seventh Army, which by then employed three American [[Division (military)|divisions]], five French divisions and the [[1st Airborne Task Force (Allied)|1st Airborne Task Force]], had advanced 400 miles and joined with the Allied forces [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine|coming south from Normandy]]. In the process, the Seventh Army had liberated [[Marseilles]], [[Lyon]], [[Toulon]] and all of Southern France.
The invasion was originally given the code name of "Operation Anvil", but was changed to "[[Operation Dragoon]]" before the landing. In March 1944, Major General [[Alexander Patch]], a highly experienced and competent commander, was assigned to command the Seventh Army, which moved to [[Naples]], [[Italy]], the following July. On 15 August 1944, elements of the Seventh Army assaulted the beaches of [[southern France]] in the [[St. Tropez]] and [[Saint-Raphaël, Var|St. Raphael]] area. On 15 September, the Seventh was put under the field control of the [[Sixth United States Army Group|6th Army Group]], under Lieutenant General [[Jacob L. Devers]]. The 6th Army Group also included the [[First Army (France)|French First Army]]. Within one month, the Seventh Army, which by then employed three American [[Division (military)|divisions]], five French divisions and the [[1st Airborne Task Force (Allied)|1st Airborne Task Force]], had advanced 400 miles north and joined with the Allied forces [[Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine|coming south from Normandy]]. In the process, the Seventh Army had liberated [[Marseilles]], [[Lyon]], [[Toulon]] and all of Southern France.


The Seventh Army then assaulted the German forces in the [[Vosges Mountains]] and broke into the [[Alsatian Plain]]. During the [[Battle of the Bulge]] in late December, it extended its flanks to take over much of the area that had been the responsibility of [[United States Army Central|U.S. Third Army]], then commanded by Patton who had previously commanded the Seventh, which allowed the Third to relieve surrounded American forces [[siege of Bastogne|besieged at Bastogne]]. In mid-January 1945, the Seventh engaged in pitched battle seeking to regain ground lost to Germany's [[Operation Nordwind]] New Year's offensive. Along with the French First Army, the Seventh went on the offensive in February 1945 and eliminated the [[Colmar Pocket]]. After capturing the city of [[Strasbourg]], the Seventh went into the [[Saarland|Saar]], assaulted the [[Siegfried Line]], and reached the [[Rhine|River Rhine]] during the first week of March, 1945.
The Seventh Army then assaulted the German forces in the [[Vosges Mountains]] and broke into the [[Alsatian Plain]]. During the [[Battle of the Bulge]] in late December, it extended its flanks to take over much of the area that had been the responsibility of [[United States Army Central|U.S. Third Army]] then under the command of Patton, which allowed the Third to relieve surrounded American forces [[siege of Bastogne|besieged at Bastogne]]. In mid-January 1945, the Seventh engaged in pitched battle seeking to regain ground lost to Germany's [[Operation Nordwind]] New Year's offensive. Along with the French First Army, the Seventh went on the offensive in February 1945 and eliminated the [[Colmar Pocket]]. After capturing the city of [[Strasbourg]], the Seventh went into the [[Saarland|Saar]], assaulted the [[Siegfried Line]], and reached the [[Rhine|River Rhine]] during the first week of March, 1945.


In a lead role in [[Operation Undertone]], the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, captured [[Nuremberg]] and then [[Munich]]. Finally it crossed the [[Brenner Pass]] and made contact with Lieutenant General [[Lucian Truscott]]'s U.S. Fifth Army at [[Vipiteno]]<ref name=Alps/> – once again on Italian soil.
In a lead role in [[Operation Undertone]], the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, captured [[Nuremberg]] and then [[Munich]]. Finally it crossed the [[Brenner Pass]] and made contact with Lieutenant General [[Lucian Truscott]]'s U.S. Fifth Army at [[Vipiteno]]<ref name=Alps/> – once again on Italian soil.


In less than nine months of continuous fighting, the Seventh Army had advanced over 1,000 miles and for varying times had commanded 24 U.S. and Allied divisions, including the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd]], [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|36th]], [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd]], [[44th Infantry Division (United States)|44th]], [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th]], [[63rd Infantry Division (United States)|63rd]], [[70th Infantry Division (United States)|70th]], [[100th Infantry Division (United States)|100th]], and [[103rd Infantry Division (United States)|103rd Infantry Divisions]].
In less than nine months of continuous fighting, the Seventh Army had advanced over 1,000 miles and for varying times had commanded 24 U.S. and Allied divisions, including the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd]], [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|36th]], [[42nd Infantry Division (United States)|42nd]], [[44th Infantry Division (United States)|44th]], [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|45th]], [[63rd Infantry Division (United States)|63rd]], [[70th Infantry Division (United States)|70th]], [[100th Infantry Division (United States)|100th]], and [[103rd Infantry Division (United States)|103rd Infantry Divisions]].



===Cold War===
===Cold War===
{{ external media | align = center |audio1 = You may listen members of the [[Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra]] broadcasting on the radio in Europe from 1956–2006 [https://www.7aso.org/htmldocs/asaudiop.html '''here on 7aso.org''']}}
{{ external media | float = center |audio1 = You may listen members of the [[Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra]] broadcasting on the radio in Europe from 1956–2006 [https://www.7aso.org/htmldocs/asaudiop.html '''here on 7aso.org''']}}
The Seventh Army was inactivated in March 1946, in Germany, reactivated for a short time at [[Atlanta, Georgia]], then inactivated again. It was reactivated by the [[United States European Command]] (EUCOM) with headquarters at [[Patch Barracks]], [[Stuttgart]]-Vaihingen, Germany, on 24 November 1950 and assigned to command the ground and service forces of [[United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/units/hqusareur/USAREUR_HqUSAREUR.htm|title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945–1989|website=www.usarmygermany.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> For over a decade contained the [[Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra]] founded by the conductor [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]] in support of the United States Army's [[cultural diplomacy]] initiatives throughout Germany and Europe in the aftermath of World War II (1952–1962).<ref>[http://journal.juilliard.edu/journal/1310/samuel-adler ''The Julilliard Journal'' Faculty Portraits of Samuel Adler at the Juilliard School of Music, New York, October 2013 on Juilliard.edu]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lIfhsSoI-9YC&pg=PA14&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAuviTi4bdAhUtrVkKHe7aARk4FBDoAQg_MAU#v=onepage&q=Seventh%20Army%20Symphony%20Orchestra%20Samuel%20Adler&f=false ''A Conductor's Guide to Choral-Orchestral Works, Part 1''] Jonathan D. Green, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 1994, Chapter II – Survey of Works p. 14 {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4720-0}} Samuel Adler on books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=L3WyZ9A4_XEC&pg=PA198&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGr83up4bdAhUGy1kKHTBxDZMQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Seventh%20Army%20Symphony%20Orchestra&f=false ''The Directory of the Armed Forces Radio Service Series''] Harry MacKenzie, Greeenwood Press, CT. 1999, p. 198 {{ISBN|0-313-30812-8}} "Seventh Army Symphony on Armed Forces Radio in 1961 performing works by Vivaldi and Dvorak" on books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlxeykrIbdAhXOslkKHXP1A5MQ6AEIQDAF#v=onepage&q=Seventh%20Army%20Symphony%20Orchestra&f=false ''New Music New Allies''] Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49, {{ISBN|978-0-520-24755-0}} "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9SOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA311&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ_s-XgYbdAhUHvlkKHU4nCjgQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=Seventh%20Army%20Symphony%20Orchestra%20Samuel%20Adler&f=false ''A Dictionary for the Modern Composer''], Emily Freeman Brown, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 2015, p. 311 {{ISBN|9780810884014}} ''Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra'' founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 on books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ogj6v4lo8HwC&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQ_s-XgYbdAhUHvlkKHU4nCjgQ6AEISTAH ''Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Orchestra''] John Canaria, University of Rochester Press 1998 {{ISBN|9781580460 194}} Seventh Army Symphony on books.google.com]</ref>
The Seventh Army was inactivated in March 1946, in Germany, reactivated for a short time at [[Atlanta, Georgia]], then inactivated again. It was reactivated by the [[United States European Command]] (EUCOM) with headquarters at [[Patch Barracks]], [[Stuttgart]]-Vaihingen, Germany, on 24 November 1950 and assigned to command the ground and service forces of [[United States Army Europe]] (USAREUR).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/units/hqusareur/USAREUR_HqUSAREUR.htm|title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945–1989|website=www.usarmygermany.com|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> For over a decade the [[Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra]] performed in support of the United States Army's [[cultural diplomacy]] initiatives throughout Germany and Europe in the aftermath of World War II (1952–1962).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwkDQAAQBAJ&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra&pg=PA49 ''New Music New Allies''] Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49, {{ISBN|978-0-520-24755-0}} "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on books.google.com</ref>


On 30 November 1966, the Seventh Army was relocated from Patch Barracks to [[Heidelberg]]. Following French disagreements with certain [[NATO]] policies, [[United States European Command]] relocated from Paris the following year. From that time forward the Seventh Army has been the headquarters for all Army units under the [[European Command]]. Its major subordinate elements were the [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] and [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] (Inactivated 1992.) From 1 December 1966 to present, the commander of Seventh Army has been "dual hatted" as Commanding General, [[United States Army Europe]].
On 30 November 1966, the Seventh Army was relocated from Patch Barracks to [[Heidelberg]]. Following French disagreements with certain [[NATO]] policies, [[United States European Command]] relocated from Paris the following year. From that time forward the Seventh Army has been the headquarters for all Army units under the [[European Command]]. Its major subordinate elements were the [[V Corps (United States)|V Corps]] and [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] (Inactivated 1992.) From 1 December 1966 to present, the commander of Seventh Army has been "dual hatted" as Commanding General, [[United States Army Europe]].


The Seventh Army was deactivated on 17 April 2010.
==See also==

* [[Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra]]
==Commanding generals==
*LTG [[George S. Patton]] (10 July 1943 - 1 January 1944)
*LTG [[Mark W. Clark]] (1 January 1944 - 2 March 1944)
*LTG [[Alexander Patch]] (2 March 1944 - 2 June 1945)
*LTG [[Wade H. Haislip]] (2 June 1945 - August 1945)
*LTG [[Geoffrey Keyes]] (8 September 1945 - 31 March 1946) (inactivated)
*LTG [[Oscar Griswold]] (11 June 1946 - 15 March 1947) (inactivated)
*LTG [[Manton S. Eddy]] (1950–1952)
*LTG [[Charles Bolte]] (1952–1953)
*LTG [[William M. Hoge]] (1953)
*LTG [[Anthony C. McAuliffe]] (1953–1954)
*LTG [[Henry I. Hodes]] (1954–1956)
*LTG [[Bruce C. Clarke]] (1956–1958)
*LTG [[Clyde D. Eddleman]] (1958–1959)
*LTG [[Francis William Farrell|Francis W. Farrell]] (1959–1960)
*LTG [[Garrison H. Davidson]] (1960–1962)
*LTG [[John Cogswell Oakes|John C. Oakes]] (1962–1963)
*LTG [[Hugh P. Harris]] (1963–1964)
*LTG [[William W. Quinn]] (1964–1966)

Note - Starting in 1966, the commander of the United States Seventh Army was "dual hatted" as the [[Commanding General, United States Army Europe]].

*GEN [[Andrew P. O'Meara]] (March 1, 1966 - June 1, 1967)
*GEN [[James H. Polk]] (June 1, 1967 - March 20, 1971)
*LTG [[Arthur S. Collins Jr.]] (March 20, 1971 - May 26, 1971) (acting)
*GEN [[Michael S. Davison]] (May 26, 1971 - June 29, 1975)
*GEN [[George S. Blanchard]] (June 30, 1975 - May 29, 1979)
*GEN [[Frederick J. Kroesen Jr.]] (May 29, 1979 - April 15, 1983)
*GEN [[Glenn K. Otis]] (April 15, 1983 - June 23, 1988)
*GEN [[Crosbie E. Saint]] (June 24, 1988 - July 9, 1992)
*GEN [[David M. Maddox]] (July 9, 1992 - December 19, 1994)
*GEN [[William W. Crouch]] (December 19, 1994 - August 5, 1997)
*GEN [[Eric K. Shinseki]] (August 5, 1997 - November 10, 1998)
*GEN [[Montgomery Meigs (born 1945)|Montgomery C. Meigs]] (November 10, 1998 - December 3, 2002)
*GEN [[Burwell B. Bell III]] (December 3, 2002 - December 14, 2005)
*GEN [[David D. McKiernan]] (December 3, 2002 - May 2, 2008)
*LTG [[Gary D. Speer]] (May 2, 2008 - August 28, 2008) (acting)
*GEN [[Carter F. Ham]] (August 28, 2008 - April 17, 2010)


==References==
==References==
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; Government
* [https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/army/usaeurope.htm Lineage and Honors Information] at the [[United States Army Center of Military History|U.S. Army Center of Military History]]
* [https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/army/usaeurope.htm Lineage and Honors Information] at the [[United States Army Center of Military History|U.S. Army Center of Military History]]
; General information
* [https://www.7aso.org/ 7th Army Symphony] at 7ASO.org
* [https://www.7aso.org/ 7th Army Symphony] at 7ASO.org
* [http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/7th%20Army/USAREUR_7th%20Army.htm Seventh United States Army] on USARMYGERMANY.com
* [http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/7th%20Army/USAREUR_7th%20Army.htm Seventh United States Army] on USARMYGERMANY.com
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Seventh Army}}
* {{Internet Archive author|name=Seventh Army}}
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n81035085}}
<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please follow the [[WP:EL]] guideline where possible and consider discussing on the talk page. Thank you. -->


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Latest revision as of 17:15, 11 June 2024

Not to be confused with 7th Army Training Command or United States Army Europe.

Seventh Army
Seventh Army Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
Active
  • 1943–March 1946
  • June 1946–1947
  • 1950–2010
Disbanded17 April 2010
Country United States
Branch Army
TypeField Army
RoleHeadquarters
Motto(s)Pyramid of Power
Colors   White and red
CampaignsWorld War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders
Insignia
Distinctive insignia
Flag

The Seventh Army was a United States army created during World War II that evolved into the United States Army Europe (USAREUR) during the 1950s and 1960s. It served in North Africa and Italy in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations and France and Germany in the European Theater between 1942 and 1945.

Originally the I Armored Corps under command of Lieutenant General George S. Patton, it made landfall at Morocco during Operation Torch as the Western Task Force, the first all-U.S. force to enter the European war. Following successful defeat of the Wehrmacht under Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in North Africa, the I Armored Corps was redesignated the Seventh Army on 10 July 1943 while at sea en route to the Allied invasion of Sicily as the spearhead of Operation Husky.

After the conquests of Palermo and Messina the Seventh Army prepared for the invasion of France by its Mediterranean coast as the lead element of Operation Dragoon in August 1944. It then drove a retreating German army north and then east toward the Alsace, being absorbed into the newly created Sixth United States Army Group in mid-September. In January 1945 it repelled a fierce but brief enemy counter-offensive in the Colmar Pocket south of Strasbourg during the German Operation Nordwind, then completed its reduction of the region by mid-March.

In a lead role in Operation Undertone launched 15 March, the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, capturing Nuremberg and then Munich. Elements reached Austria and crossed the Brenner Pass into Italy by 4 May, followed shortly by war's end on VE-Day, 8 May 1945.[1]

History[edit]

World War II[edit]

I Armored Corps in North Africa[edit]

The predecessor of Seventh Army was the I Armored Corps, which was activated on 15 July 1940 at Fort Knox, Kentucky. With the goal of stopping German expansion in Europe and Africa, it was decided that the first operation for United States Army forces would be to assist the British in driving German forces from North Africa. On 15 January 1942, Major General George S. Patton Jr. assumed command of I Armored Corps and began planning for the invasion of North Africa.

On March 6, 1943, following the defeat of the U.S. II Corps by the German Afrika Korps, commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel, at the Battle of Kasserine Pass, Patton replaced Major General Lloyd Fredendall as Commanding General of the II Corps and was promoted to lieutenant general.

The Seventh Army arm patch was approved on June 23, 1943: On a blue isosceles triangular background, a seven-stepped letter "A," steps in yellow with the center in scarlet.[2]

On 8 November 1942, General Patton was in command of the Western Task Force (a temporary redesignation of I Armored Corps for tactical deception), the only all-American force landing for Operation Torch, code name for the Allied invasion of French North Africa. I Armored Corps then began to drive east which complemented British forces driving from the west. The result was that Axis forces were trapped in Tunisia and were forced to surrender in May 1943.

Sicily and the Italian Peninsula[edit]

After succeeding in North Africa, Patton, now promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General, became commander of the newly formed Seventh Army, which was formed at midnight on 10 July 1943 by the redesignation of the I Armored Corps. The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943, was conducted in conjunction with the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery, Patton's rival. Patton commanded the Seventh Army until early 1944.

View of Lieutenant General Patton's Seventh Army staff aboard SS Monrovia, en route to Sicily, June/July 1943.

The Seventh Army landed on several beaches in southern Sicily on 10 July 1943 and captured the Sicilian capital of Palermo on 22 July and, along with the British Eighth Army, captured Messina on 16 August. During the fighting, the elements of the Seventh Army killed or captured thousands of enemy soldiers, mainly Italians. During the operation the Seventh and Eighth Armies came under the command of the 15th Army Group, under General Sir Harold Alexander. The headquarters of the Seventh Army remained relatively inactive at Palermo, Sicily, and Algiers until January 1944, when Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, then commanding the U.S. Fifth Army on the Italian Front, was assigned as commander and the Seventh Army began planning for the invasion of southern France.

France, Germany, and back into Italy[edit]

The invasion was originally given the code name of "Operation Anvil", but was changed to "Operation Dragoon" before the landing. In March 1944, Major General Alexander Patch, a highly experienced and competent commander, was assigned to command the Seventh Army, which moved to Naples, Italy, the following July. On 15 August 1944, elements of the Seventh Army assaulted the beaches of southern France in the St. Tropez and St. Raphael area. On 15 September, the Seventh was put under the field control of the 6th Army Group, under Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers. The 6th Army Group also included the French First Army. Within one month, the Seventh Army, which by then employed three American divisions, five French divisions and the 1st Airborne Task Force, had advanced 400 miles north and joined with the Allied forces coming south from Normandy. In the process, the Seventh Army had liberated Marseilles, Lyon, Toulon and all of Southern France.

The Seventh Army then assaulted the German forces in the Vosges Mountains and broke into the Alsatian Plain. During the Battle of the Bulge in late December, it extended its flanks to take over much of the area that had been the responsibility of U.S. Third Army then under the command of Patton, which allowed the Third to relieve surrounded American forces besieged at Bastogne. In mid-January 1945, the Seventh engaged in pitched battle seeking to regain ground lost to Germany's Operation Nordwind New Year's offensive. Along with the French First Army, the Seventh went on the offensive in February 1945 and eliminated the Colmar Pocket. After capturing the city of Strasbourg, the Seventh went into the Saar, assaulted the Siegfried Line, and reached the River Rhine during the first week of March, 1945.

In a lead role in Operation Undertone, the Seventh Army fought its way across the Rhine into Germany, captured Nuremberg and then Munich. Finally it crossed the Brenner Pass and made contact with Lieutenant General Lucian Truscott's U.S. Fifth Army at Vipiteno[1] – once again on Italian soil.

In less than nine months of continuous fighting, the Seventh Army had advanced over 1,000 miles and for varying times had commanded 24 U.S. and Allied divisions, including the 3rd, 36th, 42nd, 44th, 45th, 63rd, 70th, 100th, and 103rd Infantry Divisions.

Cold War[edit]

External audio
audio icon You may listen members of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra broadcasting on the radio in Europe from 1956–2006 here on 7aso.org

The Seventh Army was inactivated in March 1946, in Germany, reactivated for a short time at Atlanta, Georgia, then inactivated again. It was reactivated by the United States European Command (EUCOM) with headquarters at Patch Barracks, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany, on 24 November 1950 and assigned to command the ground and service forces of United States Army Europe (USAREUR).[3] For over a decade the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra performed in support of the United States Army's cultural diplomacy initiatives throughout Germany and Europe in the aftermath of World War II (1952–1962).[4]

On 30 November 1966, the Seventh Army was relocated from Patch Barracks to Heidelberg. Following French disagreements with certain NATO policies, United States European Command relocated from Paris the following year. From that time forward the Seventh Army has been the headquarters for all Army units under the European Command. Its major subordinate elements were the V Corps and VII Corps (Inactivated 1992.) From 1 December 1966 to present, the commander of Seventh Army has been "dual hatted" as Commanding General, United States Army Europe.

The Seventh Army was deactivated on 17 April 2010.

Commanding generals[edit]

Note - Starting in 1966, the commander of the United States Seventh Army was "dual hatted" as the Commanding General, United States Army Europe.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Fifth Army History • Race to the Alps, Chapter VI : Conclusion [1] "On 3 May the 85th and 88th [Infantry] Divisions sent task forces north over ice and snow 3 feet deep to seal the Austrian frontier and to gain contact with the American Seventh Army, driving southward from Germany. The 339th Infantry [85th Division] reached Austrian soil east of Dobbiaco at 0415, 4 May; the Reconnaissance Troop, 349th Infantry [88th Division], met troops from [103rd Infantry Division] VI Corps of Seventh Army at 1051 at Vipiteno, 9 miles south of Brenner."
  2. ^ Wilson, John B. (1999). Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Center for Military History, U.S. Army. p. 27. ISBN 0-16-049994-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  3. ^ "USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945–1989". www.usarmygermany.com. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  4. ^ New Music New Allies Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49, ISBN 978-0-520-24755-0 "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on books.google.com

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seventh Army (United States).
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