Merdjefare: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Egyptian pharaoh}} |
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{{Infobox pharaoh |
{{Infobox pharaoh |
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| name = Merdjefare |
| name = Merdjefare |
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| caption = Merdjefare (right) offering to the god [[Sopdu|Sopdharsopd]] (left)<ref name=yoyotte/> |
| caption = Merdjefare (right) offering to the god [[Sopdu|Sopdharsopd]] (left)<ref name=yoyotte/> |
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| role = |
| role = |
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| reign = 3 to 4 years, starting after c. 1704 BC and finishing 1699 BC <ref name="ryholt">[[Kim Ryholt|K.S.B. Ryholt]]: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC |
| reign = 3 to 4 years, starting after c. 1704 BC and finishing 1699 BC <ref name="ryholt">[[Kim Ryholt|K.S.B. Ryholt]]: ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC'', Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ANRi7cM5ZwsC&q=Merdjefare excerpts available online here.]</ref> |
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| dynasty = [[Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt|14th Dynasty]] |
| dynasty = [[Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt|14th Dynasty]] |
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| coregency = |
| coregency = |
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| notes = |
| notes = |
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| prenomen = Merdjefare<br>'' |
| prenomen = Merdjefare<br>''Mr-ḏf3-rˁ'' |
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| prenomen_hiero = <hiero>N5-mr:r-I10:f-G1-G41:G36</hiero> |
| prenomen_hiero = <hiero>N5-mr:r-I10:f-G1-G41:G36</hiero> |
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| nomen = Unknown, possibly [[Wazad]] (after Ryholt) |
| nomen = Unknown, possibly [[Wazad]] (after Ryholt) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Merdjefare''' was an [[ |
'''Merdjefare''' was an [[ancient Egypt]]ian [[pharaoh]] of the [[Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt|14th Dynasty of Egypt]] during the [[Second Intermediate Period]] c. 1700 BC.<ref name="ryholt"/> As a king of the 14th Dynasty, Merdjefare would have reigned from [[Avaris]] over the eastern [[Nile Delta]] and possibly over the western Delta as well.<ref name="ryholt"/> |
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__FORCETOC__ |
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== Attestation== |
== Attestation== |
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Merdjefare is one of only four pharaohs of the 14th Dynasty to have left any attestation beyond the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]], a king list compiled in the early [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Ramesside period]].<ref name="encyclo">Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN |
Merdjefare is one of only four pharaohs of the 14th Dynasty to have left any attestation beyond the [[Turin King List|Turin canon]], a king list compiled in the early [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Ramesside period]].<ref name="encyclo">Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, {{ISBN|978-1-905299-37-9}}, 2008, p. 203-204</ref> Indeed, Merdjefare is mentioned on the stele of a royal seal-bearer and [[Treasurer (Ancient Egypt)|treasurer]] named Ranisonb. The stele, discovered in 1988–89, shows Merdjefare making offerings to [[Sopdu|Sopdharsopd]] and probably originates from Ranisonb's tomb at [[Saft el-Hinna]] in the southeastern Nile Delta. The stele is now in the private Krief collection.<ref name=yoyotte>[[Jean Yoyotte]], "Le roi Mer-Djefa-Rê et le dieu Sopdu, Un monument de la XIVe dynastie", ''Bulletin de la Société française d'égyptologie'' 114 (1989), pp.17-63</ref><ref name="ryholt"/><ref name ="encyclo"/> |
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==Chronological Position== |
==Chronological Position== |
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==Identity== |
==Identity== |
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Since only Merdjefare's prenomen is known, attempts at attributing him any given nomen remain conjectural. Ryholt however proposed that Merdjefare's nomen may have been either [[Wazad]] or [[Sheneh (pharaoh)|Sheneh]]. Indeed, according to Ryholt, a [[Seriation (archaeology)|seriation]] of 14th Dynasty seals shows that both Wazad and Sheneh reigned after Nehesy. Since furthermore "only few of the kings who ruled between Nehesy and [[Yaqub-Har]] are attested by contemporary sources", Ryholt posits that Wazad may be identifiable with one of the successors of Nehesy with the longest reign, either Sehebre or Merdjefare. |
Since only Merdjefare's [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|prenomen]] is known, attempts at attributing him any given [[Nomen (Ancient Egypt)|nomen]] remain conjectural. Ryholt however proposed that Merdjefare's nomen may have been either [[Wazad]] or [[Sheneh (pharaoh)|Sheneh]]. Indeed, according to Ryholt, a [[Seriation (archaeology)|seriation]] of 14th Dynasty seals shows that both Wazad and Sheneh reigned after Nehesy. Since furthermore "only few of the kings who ruled between Nehesy and [[Yaqub-Har]] are attested by contemporary sources", Ryholt posits that Wazad may be identifiable with one of the successors of Nehesy with the longest reign, either Sehebre or Merdjefare. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Pharaohs}} |
{{Pharaohs}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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{{Persondata |
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| NAME = Merdjefare |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Egyptian pharaoh |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Merdjefare}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Merdjefare}} |
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[[Category:18th-century BC pharaohs]] |
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[[Category:17th-century BC pharaohs]] |
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[[Category:Pharaohs of the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt]] |
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt]] |
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[[Category:People from Avaris]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:02, 4 June 2024
| Merdjefare | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![Merdjefare (right) offering to the god Sopdharsopd (left)[1]](/wiki/File:Stele_Merdjefare_by_Khruner.png) Merdjefare (right) offering to the god Sopdharsopd (left)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pharaoh | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 3 to 4 years, starting after c. 1704 BC and finishing 1699 BC [2] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Sehebre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Sewadjkare III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Dynasty | 14th Dynasty | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Merdjefare was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 14th Dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1700 BC.[2] As a king of the 14th Dynasty, Merdjefare would have reigned from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the western Delta as well.[2]
Attestation[edit]
Merdjefare is one of only four pharaohs of the 14th Dynasty to have left any attestation beyond the Turin canon, a king list compiled in the early Ramesside period.[3] Indeed, Merdjefare is mentioned on the stele of a royal seal-bearer and treasurer named Ranisonb. The stele, discovered in 1988–89, shows Merdjefare making offerings to Sopdharsopd and probably originates from Ranisonb's tomb at Saft el-Hinna in the southeastern Nile Delta. The stele is now in the private Krief collection.[1][2][3]
Chronological Position[edit]
Merdjefare's relative position in the 14th Dynasty is somewhat secured by the Turin canon, which mentions him in column 9, line 5. According to this king list, Merdjefare reigned for 3 to 4 years, one of the longest reigns of the 14th Dynasty, and was preceded by Sehebre and succeeded by Sewadjkare III.[2]
At the opposite, Merdjefare's absolute chronological position is debated. According to egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Merdjefare was the tenth king of the 14th Dynasty, reigning c. 1700 BC for 3 to 4 years.[2] Ryholt's reconstruction of the early 14th Dynasty is controversial however and other specialists, such as Manfred Bietak and Jürgen von Beckerath, believe that the dynasty started shortly before Nehesy c. 1710 BC rather than c. 1805 BC as proposed by Ryholt. In this case, Merdjefare would only be the fifth king of the dynasty.[4][5]
Identity[edit]
Since only Merdjefare's prenomen is known, attempts at attributing him any given nomen remain conjectural. Ryholt however proposed that Merdjefare's nomen may have been either Wazad or Sheneh. Indeed, according to Ryholt, a seriation of 14th Dynasty seals shows that both Wazad and Sheneh reigned after Nehesy. Since furthermore "only few of the kings who ruled between Nehesy and Yaqub-Har are attested by contemporary sources", Ryholt posits that Wazad may be identifiable with one of the successors of Nehesy with the longest reign, either Sehebre or Merdjefare.
References[edit]
- ^ a b Jean Yoyotte, "Le roi Mer-Djefa-Rê et le dieu Sopdu, Un monument de la XIVe dynastie", Bulletin de la Société française d'égyptologie 114 (1989), pp.17-63
- ^ a b c d e f K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, excerpts available online here.
- ^ a b Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, Stacey International, ISBN 978-1-905299-37-9, 2008, p. 203-204
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46, Mainz am Rhein, 1997