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Charter 77 (Charta 77 in Czech and Slovak) was an informal civic initiative in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic from 1976 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members and architects were Jiří Němec, Václav Benda, Ladislav Hejdánek, Václav Havel, Jan Patočka, Zdeněk Mlynář, Jiří Hájek, Martin Palouš, Pavel Kohout, and Ladislav Lis. Spreading the text of the document was considered a political crime by the Czechoslovak government.^[1] After the 1989 Velvet Revolution, many of the members of the initiative played important roles in Czech and Slovak politics.

Founding and political aims[edit]

Motivated in part by the arrest of members of the rock band the Plastic People of the Universe, the text of Charter 77 was prepared in 1976. The first preparatory meeting took place on 10 December 1976 in Jaroslav Kořán's apartment, and initial signatures were collected.^[2]^[3]

The charter was published on 6 January 1977, along with the names of the first 242 signatories, which represented various occupations, political viewpoints, and religions.^[4] Although Václav Havel, Ludvík Vaculík, and Pavel Landovský were detained while trying to bring the charter to the Federal Assembly and the Czechoslovak government, and the original document was confiscated,^[5] copies circulated as samizdat and on 7 January were published in several western newspapers, including Le Monde, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and The Times, and transmitted within Czechoslovakia by Czechoslovak-banned radio broadcasters like Radio Free Europe and Voice of America. Almost three weeks later, on 27 January, it was also published in The New York Times.^[6]

Charter 77 criticized the government for failing to implement the human rights provisions of a number of documents it had signed, including the 1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia, the Final Act of the 1975 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Basket III of the Helsinki Accords), and the 1966 United Nations covenants on political, civil, economic, and cultural rights.^[7]^{: 209–212} The document also described the signatories as a "loose, informal, and open association of people . . . united by the will to strive individually and collectively for respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world". It emphasized that Charter 77 is not an organization, has no statutes or permanent organs, and "does not form the basis for any oppositional political activity". This final stipulation was a careful effort to stay within the bounds of Czechoslovak law, which made organized opposition illegal.

Many of the organization's activists and members gathered on 29 March 2007 at the Orange Tree Theatre in Richmond, London, to observe the movement's 30th anniversary and to discuss the historical impact their movement generated in modern European politics.^[8]

Reaction of the government[edit]

The government's reaction to the appearance of Charter 77 was harsh. The official press described the manifesto as "an anti-state, anti-socialist, and demagogic, abusive piece of writing",^[9] and individual signatories were variously described as "traitors and renegades", "a loyal servant and agent of imperialism", "a bankrupt politician", and "an international adventurer".^[10] As it was considered to be an illegal document, the full text of Charter 77 was never published in the official press. However, an official group of artists and writers mobilized into an "anti-charter" movement that included Czechoslovakia's foremost singer Karel Gott, as well as prominent comedic writer Jan Werich, who later claimed he was misled about the nature of the document he was signing. ^{[citation needed]}

Several means of retaliation were used against the signatories, including dismissal from work, denial of educational opportunities for their children, forced exile, loss of citizenship, and detention, trial, and imprisonment.^[11] Many members were forced to collaborate with the communist secret service (the StB, Czech: Státní bezpečnost).^{[citation needed]}

The treatment of Charter 77 signatories prompted the creation in April 1978 of a support group, the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted (Výbor na obranu nespravedlivě stíhaných – VONS), to publicize the fate of those associated with the charter. In October 1979, six leaders of this support group, including Václav Havel, were tried for subversion and sentenced to prison terms of up to five years.

Repression of Charter 77 and VONS members continued during the 1980s. Despite unrelenting harassment and arrests, however, the groups continued to issue reports on the government's violations of human rights. Until the Velvet Revolution, Charter 77 had approximately 1,900 signatories.^[5]

Influence[edit]

Under the Communist government, the influence of Charter 77 remained limited. It did not reach wide groups of people and most of its members were from Prague. The majority of Czechoslovak citizens knew of the initiative only because of the government's campaign against it.^[12]

In the late 1980s, as the Eastern Bloc Revolutions of 1989 gathered momentum, members of Charter 77 saw their opportunity and became more involved in organizing opposition against the ruling authority. During the days of the Velvet Revolution, members of the group negotiated the smooth transfer of political power from dictatorship to democracy. Many were elevated into high positions in the government (e.g., Václav Havel became the President of Czechoslovakia) but since most had no experience in active politics (such as skills in diplomacy or knowledge of capitalism), they met with mixed success.

Charter 77 included people who had a wide range of opinions and, after reaching their common goal, the group's presence faded. An attempt to make the group the focal point of an all-encompassing political party (the Civic Forum) failed and in 1992, the initiative dissolved.

List of signatories[edit]

There are 1,882 known signatories of Charter 77. Notable names include:^[13]^[14]

Award[edit]

In 1984, Charter 77 received the first Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award.^[15]

References[edit]

^ Blažek, Petr (2006). "Stanovisko generálního prokurátora ČSSR, předsedy Nejvyššího soudu ČSSR, ministra spravedlnosti ČSR a generálního prokurátora ČSR k 'Prohlášení Charty 77'" [Opinion of the Attorney General of Czechoslovakia, President of the Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia, the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia to the 'Declaration of Charter 77']. PWSV (in Czech). 3 (1).
^ "Zemřel Jaroslav Kořán, překladatel a první polistopadový primátor Prahy". Aktuálně.cz. Czech News Agency. 2 June 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ "Charta 77: TOTALITA". totalita.cz.
^ "Charter 77: An original signatory on Communist Czechoslovakia's most important protest movement". Radio Prague International. 6 January 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Charta 77 – seznam podpisů: – Libri prohibiti". Archived from the original on 14 January 2007.
^ "Charter 77 After 30 Years". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. 6 January 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ Skilling, H. Gordon (1981). Charter 77 and human rights in Czechoslovakia. London ; Boston: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0043210260.^{[page needed]}
^ "Charter 77 - The 30th anniversary of the petition that gave a voice to opposition in Czechoslovakia". london.czechcentres.cz. Czech Centres. 29 March 2007.
^ "Editorial: Recalling Vaclav Havel, liberator". The Orange County Register. 23 December 2011.
^ Rusinow, Dennison I. (February 1977). "Some Observations Regarding "Chapter 77"" (PDF). icwa.org. American Universities Field Staff Inc. p. 3.
^ Naegele, Jolyon (9 January 1997). "Czech Republic/Slovakia: Charter 77 Marks 20th Anniversary". rferl.org. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
^ "Tajné služby USA sledovaly zrod Charty 77, její vliv na veřejnost (Secret services of USA observed the emergence of Charta 77 and its influence on public)". České noviny (in Czech). ČTK. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^ "Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů A–M" (PDF) (in Czech). Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ "Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů M–Ž" (PDF) (in Czech). Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ "Sakharov Freedom Award". Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

External links[edit]

Text of the Charter

(in Czech) Text of the declaration of Charter 77
(in Czech) Text and signatures of the declaration of Charter 77 (scanned originals) at Libri Prohibiti. Library of Samizdat and Exile Literature
(in English) Text of Charter 77, in: Czechoslovakia (Former), Library of Congress Country Studies
(in English) Declaration of Charter 77, translation, George Mason University

Further reading

Dissent and Independent Activity, in: Czechoslovakia (Former), Library of Congress Country Studies

[1] Blažek, Petr (2006). "Stanovisko generálního prokurátora ČSSR, předsedy Nejvyššího soudu ČSSR, ministra spravedlnosti ČSR a generálního prokurátora ČSR k 'Prohlášení Charty 77'" [Opinion of the Attorney General of Czechoslovakia, President of the Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia, the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia to the 'Declaration of Charter 77']. PWSV (in Czech). 3 (1).

[2] "Zemřel Jaroslav Kořán, překladatel a první polistopadový primátor Prahy". Aktuálně.cz. Czech News Agency. 2 June 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2022.

[3] "Charta 77: TOTALITA". totalita.cz.

[4] "Charter 77: An original signatory on Communist Czechoslovakia's most important protest movement". Radio Prague International. 6 January 2017.

[cuni-5] "Charta 77 – seznam podpisů: – Libri prohibiti". Archived from the original on 14 January 2007.

[6] "Charter 77 After 30 Years". nsarchive2.gwu.edu. 6 January 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

[skilling-7] Skilling, H. Gordon (1981). Charter 77 and human rights in Czechoslovakia. London ; Boston: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 0043210260.^{[page needed]}

[8] "Charter 77 - The 30th anniversary of the petition that gave a voice to opposition in Czechoslovakia". london.czechcentres.cz. Czech Centres. 29 March 2007.

[9] "Editorial: Recalling Vaclav Havel, liberator". The Orange County Register. 23 December 2011.

[10] Rusinow, Dennison I. (February 1977). "Some Observations Regarding "Chapter 77"" (PDF). icwa.org. American Universities Field Staff Inc. p. 3.

[11] Naegele, Jolyon (9 January 1997). "Czech Republic/Slovakia: Charter 77 Marks 20th Anniversary". rferl.org. RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.

[12] "Tajné služby USA sledovaly zrod Charty 77, její vliv na veřejnost (Secret services of USA observed the emergence of Charta 77 and its influence on public)". České noviny (in Czech). ČTK. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.

[13] "Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů A–M" (PDF) (in Czech). Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Retrieved 24 November 2022.

[14] "Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů M–Ž" (PDF) (in Czech). Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes. Retrieved 24 November 2022.

[15] "Sakharov Freedom Award". Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2014.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{For|the band|Charta 77 (band)}}
 {{short description|1977 civic initiative in Czechoslovakia}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
 [[File:Charta77 Memorial (5082).jpg|thumb|Charter 77 memorial in Prague]]
 {{Politics of Czechoslovakia}}
-'''Charter 77''' (''Charta 77'' in [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]) was an informal civic initiative in the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] from 1976 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members and architects were [[Jiří Němec (philosopher)|Jiří Němec]], [[Václav Benda]], [[Ladislav Hejdánek]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Jan Patočka]], [[Zdeněk Mlynář]], [[Jiří Hájek]], [[Martin Palouš]], [[Pavel Kohout]], and [[Ladislav Lis]]. Spreading the text of the document was considered a [[political crime]] by the Czechoslovak government.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.praguecoldwar.cz/rozborcharta.htm |title=Stanovisko generálního prokurátora ČSSR, předsedy Nejvyššího soudu ČSSR, ministra spravedlnosti ČSR a generálního prokurátora ČSR k 'Prohlášení Charty 77' |trans-title=Opinion of the Attorney General of Czechoslovakia, President of the Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia, the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia to the 'Declaration of Charter 77' |language=cs |first=Petr |last=Blažek |journal=PWSV |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2006 }}</ref> After the 1989 [[Velvet Revolution]], many of members of the initiative played important roles in Czech and Slovak politics.
+'''Charter 77''' (''Charta 77'' in [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]]) was an informal civic initiative in the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] from 1976 to 1992, named after the document Charter 77 from January 1977. Founding members and architects were Jiří Němec, [[Václav Benda]], [[Ladislav Hejdánek]], [[Václav Havel]], [[Jan Patočka]], [[Zdeněk Mlynář]], [[Jiří Hájek]], [[Martin Palouš]], [[Pavel Kohout]], and Ladislav Lis. Spreading the text of the document was considered a [[political crime]] by the Czechoslovak government.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.praguecoldwar.cz/rozborcharta.htm |title=Stanovisko generálního prokurátora ČSSR, předsedy Nejvyššího soudu ČSSR, ministra spravedlnosti ČSR a generálního prokurátora ČSR k 'Prohlášení Charty 77' |trans-title=Opinion of the Attorney General of Czechoslovakia, President of the Supreme Court of Czechoslovakia, the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia to the 'Declaration of Charter 77' |language=cs |first=Petr |last=Blažek |journal=PWSV |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2006 }}</ref> After the 1989 [[Velvet Revolution]], many of the members of the initiative played important roles in Czech and Slovak politics.
 ==Founding and political aims==
 {{Eastern Bloc sidebar}}
-Motivated in part by the arrest of members of the psychedelic band [[Plastic People of the Universe]], the text of Charter 77 was prepared in 1976. In December 1976, the first signatures were collected.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalita.cz/vysvetlivky/ch77.php|title=Charta 77: TOTALITA|website=www.totalita.cz}}</ref> The charter was published on 6 January 1977, along with the names of the first 242 signatories, which represented various occupations, political viewpoints, and religions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charter 77: An original signatory on Communist Czechoslovakia's most important protest movement |url=https://english.radio.cz/charter-77-original-signatory-communist-czechoslovakias-most-important-protest-8204191 |publisher=Radio Prague International |date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Although [[Václav Havel]], [[Ludvík Vaculík]], and [[Pavel Landovský]] were [[detention of suspects|detained]] while trying to bring the charter to the [[Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia|Federal Assembly]] and the [[Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia#Executive Branch|Czechoslovak government]], and the original document was confiscated,<ref name=cuni>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libpro.cz/en/charta-77-seznam-podpisu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114002852/http://libpro.cts.cuni.cz/charta/|url-status=dead|title=Charta 77 – seznam podpisů: – Libri prohibiti|archive-date=14 January 2007}}</ref> copies circulated as [[samizdat]] and on 7 January were published in several western newspapers (including ''[[Le Monde]]'', ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', ''[[The Times]]'', and ''[[The New York Times]]'') and transmitted within Czechoslovakia by Czechoslovak-banned [[radio broadcaster]]s like [[Radio Free Europe]] and [[Voice of America]].
+Motivated in part by the arrest of members of the rock band [[the Plastic People of the Universe]], the text of Charter 77 was prepared in 1976. The first preparatory meeting took place on 10 December 1976 in [[Jaroslav Kořán]]'s apartment, and initial signatures were collected.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zemřel Jaroslav Kořán, překladatel a první polistopadový primátor Prahy |url=https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/zemrel-prvni-polistopadovy-primator-prahy-jaroslav-koran-s-v/r~09987c24478311e78f16002590604f2e/ |publisher=[[Czech News Agency]]|work=Aktuálně.cz|date=2 June 2017|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totalita.cz/vysvetlivky/ch77.php|title=Charta 77: TOTALITA|website=totalita.cz}}</ref>
+The charter was published on 6 January 1977, along with the names of the first 242 signatories, which represented various occupations, political viewpoints, and religions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charter 77: An original signatory on Communist Czechoslovakia's most important protest movement |url=https://english.radio.cz/charter-77-original-signatory-communist-czechoslovakias-most-important-protest-8204191 |publisher=Radio Prague International |date=6 January 2017}}</ref> Although [[Václav Havel]], [[Ludvík Vaculík]], and [[Pavel Landovský]] were [[Detention of suspects|detained]] while trying to bring the charter to the [[Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia|Federal Assembly]] and the [[Government structure of Communist Czechoslovakia#Executive Branch|Czechoslovak government]], and the original document was confiscated,<ref name=cuni>{{Cite web|url=https://www.libpro.cz/en/charta-77-seznam-podpisu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114002852/http://libpro.cts.cuni.cz/charta/|url-status=dead|title=Charta 77 – seznam podpisů: – Libri prohibiti|archive-date=14 January 2007}}</ref> copies circulated as [[samizdat]] and on 7 January were published in several western newspapers, including ''[[Le Monde]]'', ''[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]'', and ''[[The Times]]'', and transmitted within Czechoslovakia by Czechoslovak-banned [[radio broadcaster]]s like [[Radio Free Europe]] and [[Voice of America]]. Almost three weeks later, on 27 January, it was also published in ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charter 77 After 30 Years |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB213/index.htm |website=nsarchive2.gwu.edu |date=6 January 2007 |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
 Charter 77 criticized the government for failing to implement the [[human rights]] provisions of a number of documents it had signed, including the [[1960 Constitution of Czechoslovakia]], the Final Act of the 1975 [[Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (Basket III of the [[Helsinki Accords]]), and the 1966 [[United Nations]] [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|covenants on political, civil]], [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|economic, and cultural rights]].<ref name=skilling>{{Cite book| publisher = Allen & Unwin| isbn = 0043210260| last = Skilling| first = H. Gordon| title = Charter 77 and human rights in Czechoslovakia| location = London ; Boston| year = 1981| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/charter77humanri0000skil}}{{page needed|date=January 2017}}</ref>{{rp|209–212}} The document also described the signatories as a "loose, informal, and open association of people . . . united by the will to strive individually and collectively for respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world". It emphasized that Charter 77 is not an organization, has no statutes or permanent organs, and "does not form the basis for any oppositional political activity". This final stipulation was a careful effort to stay within the bounds of [[Czechoslovak law]], which made organized opposition illegal.
@@ Line 26: / Line 28: @@
 ==Influence==
-Under the Communist government, the influence of Charter 77 remained limited, and only 1,065 people ever signed the document.<ref name=Hitchcock>{{Cite book| publisher = Anchor Books| isbn = 9780385497992| last = Hitchcock| first = William | author-link = William I. Hitchcock| title = The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present| location = New York| year = 2003 |page=302}}</ref> It did not reach wide groups of people and most of its members were from Prague. The majority of Czechoslovak citizens knew of the organization only because of the government's campaign against it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tajné služby USA sledovaly zrod Charty 77, její vliv na veřejnost (Secret services of USA observed the emergence of Charta 77 and its influence on public)|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/tajne-sluzby-usa-sledovaly-zrod-charty-77-jeji-vliv-na-verejnost/1425919|access-date=9 January 2017|work=České noviny|agency=ČTK|date=11 December 2016|language=cs}}</ref>
+Under the Communist government, the influence of Charter 77 remained limited. It did not reach wide groups of people and most of its members were from Prague. The majority of Czechoslovak citizens knew of the initiative only because of the government's campaign against it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tajné služby USA sledovaly zrod Charty 77, její vliv na veřejnost (Secret services of USA observed the emergence of Charta 77 and its influence on public)|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/tajne-sluzby-usa-sledovaly-zrod-charty-77-jeji-vliv-na-verejnost/1425919|access-date=9 January 2017|work=České noviny|agency=ČTK|date=11 December 2016|language=cs}}</ref>
 In the late 1980s, as the [[Eastern Bloc]] [[Revolutions of 1989]] gathered momentum, members of Charter 77 saw their opportunity and became more involved in organizing opposition against the ruling authority. During the days of the [[Velvet Revolution]], members of the group negotiated the smooth transfer of political power from dictatorship to democracy. Many were elevated into high positions in the government (e.g., Václav Havel became the President of Czechoslovakia) but since most had no experience in active politics (such as skills in diplomacy or knowledge of [[capitalism]]), they met with mixed success. <!--can someone elaborate on that statement?-->
-Charter 77 included people who had a wide range of opinions and, after reaching their common goal, the group's presence faded. An attempt to make the group the focal point of an all-encompassing political party (the [[Civic Forum]]) failed and in 1992, the organization dissolved.
+Charter 77 included people who had a wide range of opinions and, after reaching their common goal, the group's presence faded. An attempt to make the group the focal point of an all-encompassing political party (the [[Civic Forum]]) failed and in 1992, the initiative dissolved.
 =={{anchor|Signatories}} List of signatories==
+There are 1,882 known signatories of Charter 77. Notable names include:<ref>{{cite web |title=Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů A–M|url=https://www.ustrcr.cz/data/pdf/charta77/panel19.pdf|publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes]]|language=cs|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seznam všech zveřejněných signatářů M–Ž|url=https://www.ustrcr.cz/data/pdf/charta77/panel20.pdf|publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes]]|language=cs|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
-{{section expand|date=July 2021}}
-{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
+{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
+* [[Milan Balabán]]
-* [[Rudolf Battěk]]<ref name=pdm>{{cite news|title=Former dissident, post-1989 politician Battěk dies|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2013/03/18/former-dissident-post-1989-politician-batt%C4%9Bk-dies-aged-88|work=[[Prague Daily Monitor]]|date=18 March 2013|access-date=20 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190350/http://praguemonitor.com/2013/03/18/former-dissident-post-1989-politician-batt%C4%9Bk-dies-aged-88|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
+* [[Jaroslav Bašta]]
-* [[Jiří Hanák]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lidovky.cz/lide/zemrel-jiri-hanak-novinar-a-komentator-lidovych-novin.A200605_083519_lide_tmr|title=Ve věku 82 let zemřel Jiří Hanák, novinář a komentátor Lidových novin &#124; Lidé|date=5 June 2020|website=Lidovky.cz}}</ref>
+* [[Rudolf Battěk]]
-* [[Miloš Hájek]]<ref name=pdm16>{{cite news|title=Historian, former Charter 77 spokesman Milos Hajek dies |url=http://praguemonitor.com/2016/02/26/historian-former-charter-77-spokesman-milos-hajek-dies |work=[[Prague Daily Monitor]]|date=25 February 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref>
+* [[Otta Bednářová]]
-* [[Jaroslav Kořán]]<ref name=akt>{{cite news |title=Zemřel Jaroslav Kořán, překladatel a první polistopadový primátor Prahy |url=https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/zemrel-prvni-polistopadovy-primator-prahy-jaroslav-koran-s-v/r~09987c24478311e78f16002590604f2e/ |work=[[Czech News Agency]] |publisher=[[Aktuálně.cz]] |date=2 June 2017 |access-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>
+* [[Jarmila Bělíková]]
-* Rudolf Kučera<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ff.ujep.cz/28-stalo-se/8508-zemrel-doc-phdr-rudolf-kucera-csc|title=Zemřel doc. PhDr. R. Kučera, CSc. (10. 4. 1947 - 15. 1. 2019)|website=ff.ujep.cz}}</ref>
+* [[Václav Benda]]
-* [[Ivan Mašek]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/ivan-masek-signatar-charta-77-poslanec-oda-listopad-obcanske-forum.A190108_161935_domaci_lesa|title=Zemřel bývalý poslanec a signatář Charty 77 Ivan Mašek, bylo mu 70 let|date=8 January 2019|website=iDNES.cz}}</ref>
+* [[Rudolf Bereza]]
-* Stanislav Milota<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/ve-veku-85-let-zemrel-kameraman-stanislav-milota/1723087|title=Ve věku 85 let zemřel kameraman Stanislav Milota - ČeskéNoviny.cz|website=www.ceskenoviny.cz}}</ref>
+* [[Pavel Bergmann]]
-* [[Jan Patočka]]<ref name=patocka>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326512930|title=Patočka, Charter 77, the state and morality: "May it all be for the benefit of the community!"}}</ref>
+* [[Ivan Bierhanzl]]
-* [[Jan Petránek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/mediahub/jan-petranek-komenator-rozhlas-rusko.A181111_082328_mediahub_brzy|title=Zemřel komentátor Jan Petránek. Vysílal během okupace v srpnu 68|date=11 November 2018|website=iDNES.cz}}</ref>
+* [[Tereza Boučková]]
-* [[Jaroslav Šabata]]<ref name=pm>{{cite news|title=Former dissident Jaroslav Šabata dies aged 84|url=http://praguemonitor.com/2012/06/15/former-dissident-jaroslav-%C5%A1abata-dies-aged-84|work=[[Prague Monitor]]|date=15 June 2012|access-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190338/http://praguemonitor.com/2012/06/15/former-dissident-jaroslav-%C5%A1abata-dies-aged-84|archive-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>
+* [[Vratislav Brabenec]]
+* [[Toman Brod]]
+* [[František Bublan]]
+* [[Václav Černý]]
+* [[Mikoláš Chadima]]
+* [[Vlasta Chramostová]]
+* [[Petr Cibulka]]
+* [[Ivan Dejmal]]
+* [[Jiří Dienstbier]]
+* [[Luboš Dobrovský]]
+* [[Bohumil Doležal]]
+* [[Vratislav Effenberger]]
+* [[Anna Fárová]]
+* [[Jiří Gruša]]
+* [[Jiří Hájek]]
+* [[Miloš Hájek]]
+* [[Jiří Hanák]]
+* [[Jiří Hanzelka]]
+* [[Václav Havel]]
+* [[Olga Havlová]]
+* [[Zbyněk Hejda]]
+* [[Ladislav Hejdánek]]
+* [[Josef Hiršal]]
+* [[Vladimír Hučín]]
+* [[Jaroslav Hutka]]
+* [[Ludmila Jankovcová]]
+* [[Zdeněk Jičínský]]
+* [[Ivan Martin Jirous]]
+* [[Juliana Jirousová]]
+* [[Pavel Juráček]]
+* [[Petr Kabeš]]
+* [[Eva Kantůrková]]
+* [[Svatopluk Karásek]]
+* [[Alexandr Kliment]]
+* [[Vladimír Klokočka]]
+* [[Milan Kohout]]
+* [[Pavel Kohout]]
+* [[Jiří Kolář]]
+* [[Božena Komárková]]
+* [[Jan Křen]]
+* [[František Kriegel]]
+* [[Jiří Křižan]]
+* [[Andrej Krob]]
+* [[Marta Kubišová]]
+* [[Miroslav Kusý]]
+* [[Pavel Landovský]]
+* [[Miroslav Lehký]]
+* [[František Lízna]]
+* [[Václav Malý]]
+* [[Ivan Mašek]]
+* [[Ivan Medek]]
+* [[Zdeněk Mlynář]]
+* [[Ján Mlynárik]]
+* [[Dana Němcová]]
+* [[Eduard Ovčáček]]
+* [[Martin Palouš]]
+* [[Radim Palouš]]
+* [[Jan Patočka]]
+* [[Jan Petránek]]
+* [[Petr Pithart]]
+* [[Hana Ponická]]
+* [[Vladimír Príkazský]]
+* [[Lenka Procházková]]
+* [[Jan Ruml]]
+* [[Pavel Rychetský]]
+* [[Jaroslav Šabata]]
+* [[Anna Šabatová]]
+* [[Vojtěch Sedláček]]
+* [[Jaroslav Seifert]]
+* [[Gertruda Sekaninová-Čakrtová]]
+* [[Karol Sidon]]
+* [[Jiřina Šiklová]]
+* [[Vladimír Škutina]]
+* [[Otakar Slavík]]
+* [[Jan Sokol (philosopher)|Jan Sokol]]
+* [[Petruška Šustrová]]
+* [[Dominik Tatarka]]
+* [[Jan Tesař (historian)|Jan Tesař]]
+* [[Zdena Tominová]]
+* [[Jáchym Topol]]
+* [[Josef Topol]]
+* [[Jan Trefulka]]
+* [[Vlastimil Třešňák]]
+* [[Milan Uhde]]
 * [[Petr Uhl]]
+* [[Růžena Vacková]]
-* [[Jan Vodňanský]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irozhlas.cz/kultura/literatura/jan-vodnansky-charta-77-koronavirus_2103110838_pj|title=Ve věku 79 let zemřel na covid spisovatel, písničkář a signatář Charty 77 Jan Vodňanský|website=iROZHLAS}}</ref>
+* [[Ludvík Vaculík]]
-* [[Jiří Wolf]]<ref name="idnes">{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/havel-uzavrel-smlouvu-s-komunisty-rika-byvaly-politicky-vezen-ps6-/domaci.aspx?c=A070816_164912_domaci_dp|title= Havel uzavřel smlouvu s komunisty, říká bývalý politický vězeň|date=21 August 2007|work=[[Mladá fronta DNES]]|publisher=iDNES|language=cs|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>
+* [[Jan Vodňanský]]
-* [[Rudolf Zeman]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visegradgroup.eu/news/czech-dissident|title=The Visegrad Group: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia &#124; Czech dissident, journalist Rudolf Zeman dies|first=Webra International|last=Kft|date=11 June 2021|website=www.visegradgroup.eu}}</ref>
+* [[Dáša Vokatá]]
-{{Div col end}}
+* [[Alexandr Vondra]]
-Pepik Janicek
+* [[Jiří Wolf]]
+* [[Pavel Zajíček]]
+{{div col end}}
 ==Award==
-In 1984, Charter 77 received the first [[Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://nhc.no/en/our_work/sakharov_freedom_award/|title =Sakharov Freedom Award|access-date =6 October 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013211/http://nhc.no/en/our_work/sakharov_freedom_award/#|archive-date =11 May 2018|url-status =dead}}</ref>
+In 1984, Charter 77 received the first [[Andrei Sakharov Freedom Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://nhc.no/en/our_work/sakharov_freedom_award/|title =Sakharov Freedom Award|access-date =6 October 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180511013211/http://nhc.no/en/our_work/sakharov_freedom_award/|archive-date =11 May 2018|url-status =dead}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 66: / Line 155: @@
 ==External links==
 '''Text of the Charter'''
 {{Wikisource|cs:Prohlášení Charty 77|Text of Charter 77 at Wikisource (Czech)}}
 {{Wikisource|en:Declaration of Charter 77|Text of Charter 77 at Wikisource (English)}}
 * {{in lang|cs}} [http://www.totalita.cz/txt/txt_ch77_dok_1977_01_01.php Text of the declaration of Charter 77]
 * {{in lang|cs}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20161229030845/http://www.libpro.cz/cs/archiv/charta77/podpisy/ Text and signatures of the declaration of Charter 77 (scanned originals)] at ''Libri Prohibiti. Library of Samizdat and Exile Literature''
@@ Line 81: / Line 170: @@
 [[Category:Velvet Revolution]]
 [[Category:Charter 77 signatories| ]]
+[[Category:Counterculture of the 1970s]]
+[[Category:Counterculture of the 1980s]]
 [[Category:Organizations based in Czechoslovakia]]
 [[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]

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