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Subdivision of Polish dialects according to Karol Dejna

Subdivision of Polish dialects according to Stanisław Urbańczyk

Translations:

Dialekt wielkopolski – Greater Poland dialect
Dialekt małopolski – Lesser Poland dialect
Dialekt mazowiecki – Masovian dialect
Dialekty mieszane – Mixed dialects
Nowe dialekty mieszane – New mixed dialects
Śląski – Silesian^[a]
Kaszubski – Kashubian

Polish dialects are regional vernacular varieties of the Polish language.

Four major dialect groups are typically recognized, each primarily associated with a particular geographical region, and often further subdivided into subdialectal groups (termed gwara in Polish).^[1]^[2] They are:

Greater Polish, spoken in the west
Lesser Polish, spoken in the south and southeast
Masovian, spoken throughout the central and eastern parts of the country
Silesian^[3]^[4] spoken in the southwest (sometimes also considered a separate language)

The regional differences correspond mainly to old ethnic or tribal divisions from around a thousand years ago. As a result of 19th century measures taken by occupying powers, of expulsions plus other displacements of Poles during and after World War II, as well as language policy in the Polish People's Republic, supplemented by broadcast media, the Polish language became more homogeneous than ever before in the second half of the 20th century.

Traditionally two additional dialect groups were treated alongside the aforementioned, adding to a total of six.^[5] These varieties have been put at risk of extinction due to historic geopolitical population movements. They are:

Northern Kresy, spoken along the border between Lithuania and Belarus^{[citation needed]}
Southern Kresy, spoken in isolated pockets in Ukraine^{[citation needed]}

Dialect and language distinctions[edit]

Although traditional linguistic divisions continue to be cited, especially in Polish sources, the current linguistic consensus tends to consider Kashubian a separate language, or at least as a distinct lect that cannot be grouped at the same level as the four major modern Polish dialects.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] Prior to World War II, Kashubian speakers were mainly surrounded by German speakers, with only a narrow border to the south with Polish speakers. Kashubian contains a number of features not found in other Polish dialects, e.g. nine distinct oral vowels (vs. the six of standard Polish), evolution of the Proto-Slavic TorT group to TarT (a feature not found in any other Slavic language) and (in the northern dialects) phonemic word stress, an archaic feature preserved from Common Slavic times and not found anywhere else among the West Slavic languages.

The two Kresy dialects are spoken in Kresy, the former eastern Polish territories annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 and currently absorbed into Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.^{[citation needed]} Both dialect groups have been in decline since World War II as a result of expulsions of millions of Poles from Kresy.^{[citation needed]} Poles living in Lithuania (particularly in the Vilnius region), in Belarus (particularly in the northwest), and in northeast Poland continue to speak the Northern Kresy dialect, which sounds (in Polish described as zaciąganie z ruska) as if speaking with a Russian drawl, and is quite distinctive.^{[citation needed]}

The majority of Poles expelled from Kresy were settled in newly annexed regions in northern and western Poland, and thereby their manner of speech evolved into so-called new mixed dialects. However, among the declining older generation there are still traces of Kresy dialect with its characteristic Ukrainian or Rusyn sounds, especially in the use of the East Slavic velarised L where standard Polish has it already vocalised (/w/) and of elongated vowels.

List of dialects[edit]

Greater Polish dialect[edit]

Descended from the Western Slavic language spoken by the Polans, the subdialects are:

Krajna dialect (Polish: gwara krajniacka)
Tuchola dialect (Polish: gwara tucholska)
Kociewie dialect (Polish: gwara kociewska)
Chełmno-Dobrzyń (Polish: gwara chełmińsko-dobrzyńska)
Cuyavian dialect (Polish: gwara kujawska)
Chojno (Southern Greater Poland) dialect (Polish: gwara chazacka)

Mazovian dialect[edit]

Descended from the language of the Mazovians,^[10]^[11] the sub dialects are:

Białystok dialect (Polish: gwara białostocka)
Suwałki dialect (Polish: gwara suwalska)
Warmia dialect (Polish: gwara warmińska)
Kurpie dialect (Polish: gwara kurpiowska)
Masurian dialects (Polish: gwara mazurska)
Malbork-Lubawa dialect (Polish: gwara malborsko-lubawska)
Ostróda dialect (Polish: gwara ostródzka)
Near Mazovian dialect (Polish: gwara mazowsze bliższe)
Far Mazovian dialect (Polish: gwara mazowsze dalsze)

Lesser Polish dialect[edit]

Descended from the language of the Vistulans, is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.^[12] It includes the following sub-groups:

Łowicz dialect (Polish: gwara łowicka)
Sieradz-Łęczyca dialect (Polish: gwara sieradzko-łęczycka)
Holy Cross Mountains dialects (Polish: gwary świętokrzyskie), often associated with the ancient tribe of the Lędzianie
Lasowian dialect (Polish: gwara lasowska)

The Goral dialects (the colloquial name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals), which include mainly:

Orawa dialect (Polish: gwara orawska)
Spisz dialect (Polish: gwara spiska)
Podhale dialect (Polish: gwara podhalańska)
Żywiec dialect (Polish: gwary żywieckie)

Northern Borderlands dialect[edit]

In modern times the dialect is still spoken mainly by the Polish minorities in Lithuania and in northwestern Belarus.^[13]^[14]

Wilno dialect (Polish: gwara wileńska)^{[citation needed]}

Southern Borderlands dialect[edit]

Often considered a derivative of a mixture of Old Polish and Old Ruthenian, as was spoken in Red Ruthenia in the Middle Ages.^[13]^[15] See especially, the Lwów dialect, Polish: gwara lwowska.^[15]

New mixed dialects[edit]

Northern new mixed dialect
Northwestern new mixed dialect
Southern new mixed dialect

Silesian[edit]

Silesian (Silesian: ślōnskŏ gŏdka, Polish: język śląski, dialekt śląski) is a lect spoken in the regions of Upper Silesia. Some regard it as one of the four major dialects of Polish,^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19] while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish.^[20]^[21]^[22] Many Silesians consider themselves a separate ethnicity and have been advocating the recognition of Silesian as a distinct language. In the 2021 Polish census, about 460 thousand people declared that they speak Silesian.^[23]

Language organizations such as SIL International and various linguistic resources such as Ethnologue recognize Silesian as a distinct language.^[24]^[25] In 2007, Silesian was assigned its language code szl within the ISO 639-3 standard.

Cieszyn Silesian dialect
Niemodlin Silesian dialect
Gliwice Silesian dialect
Jabłonków Silesian dialect
Kluczbork Silesian dialect
Prudnik Silesian dialect
Opole Silesian dialect
Sulkovian Silesian dialect

Those who regard Silesian as a separate language tend to include the Lach dialects (Polish: gwary laskie) of the Czech Republic as part of this language. However, other linguistic sources on Slavic languages normally describe them as dialects of the Czech language,^[26]^[27] or sometimes as transitional Polish–Czech dialects.

Notes[edit]

^ Also considered a separate language

References[edit]

^ Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. P. 530.
^ Robert A. Rothstein (1994). "Polish". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 754–756.
^ Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 105.
^ Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 128.
^ Zofia Kurzowa (2007). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Z przeszłości i teraźniejszości języka polskiego (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. p. 726. ISBN 978-83-242-0691-9.
^ Jadwiga Wronicz (March–April 2007). "Pozycja dialektu wobec innych odmian polszczyzny". Język polski (in Polish). LXXXVII (2): 91–96.
^ Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 531–532.
^ Gerald Stone (1994). "Cassubian". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 759–794.
^ Bronisław Jakubowski (1999). "Język czy dialekt?". Wiedza i Życie (in Polish) (4).
^ Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
^ Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, Dialects and gwary in Poland Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Stanisław Urbańczyk, ed. (1992). "Dialekt małopolski". Encyklopedia języka polskiego (in Polish) (II ed.). Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Ossolineum. p. 60.
^ ^a ^b Zofia Kurzowa (2007). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Ze studiów nad polszczyzną kresową (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. p. 518. ISBN 978-83-242-0683-4.
^ Zofia Kurzowa (2006). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Język polski Wileńszczyzny i kresów północno-wschodnich (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. ISBN 83-242-0738-4.
^ ^a ^b Zofia Kurzowa (2006). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Polszczyzna Lwowa i kresów południowo-wschodnich do 1939 (in Polish). Kraków: UNIVERSITAS. p. 439. ISBN 83-242-0656-6.
^ Gwara Śląska – świadectwo kultury, narzędzie komunikacji. Jolanta Tambor (eds.); Aldona Skudrzykowa. Katowice: „Śląsk". 2002. ISBN 83-7164-314-4. OCLC 830518005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ „Słownik gwar Śląskich". Opole, Bogusław Wyderka (eds.)
^ „Dialekt śląski" author: Feliks Pluta, publication: Wczoraj, Dzisiaj, Jutro. – 1996, no 1/4, pp 5–19
^ „Fenomen śląskiej gwary" author: Jan Miodek publication: Śląsk. – 1996, no 5, pp 52
^ Ptak, Alicja (2022-12-28). "Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs". Kraków: Notes from Poland. Retrieved 2023-04-14.
^ Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford 1996 pp 1233
^ Jolanta Tambor. Opinia merytoryczna na temat poselskiego projektu ustawy o zmianie Ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym, a także niektórych innych ustaw, Warszawa 3 maja 2011 r. (English: Substantive opinion on the parliamentary bill amending the Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional language, as well as some other acts, Warsaw, May 3, 2011.)
^ "585,7 tys. osób deklaruje się jako Ślązacy. "Je to blank dobry wynik"". oko.press (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-05-08.
^ "ISO documentation of Silesian language". SIL International. Archived from the original on 2012-10-03.
^ "List of languages with ISO codes". Ethnologue. SIL International.
^ Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. P. 533.
^ David Short (1994). "Czech". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. P. 530.

[1] Also considered a separate language

[Paul_Cubberley_2006_P._530-2] Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. P. 530.

[Robert_A._Rothstein_1994_Pp._754-756-3] Robert A. Rothstein (1994). "Polish". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 754–756.

[:12-4] Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 105.

[:0-5] Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples. Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. p. 128.

[Kurzowa-zprzeszłości-6] Zofia Kurzowa (2007). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Z przeszłości i teraźniejszości języka polskiego (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. p. 726. ISBN 978-83-242-0691-9.

[Wronicz-7] Jadwiga Wronicz (March–April 2007). "Pozycja dialektu wobec innych odmian polszczyzny". Język polski (in Polish). LXXXVII (2): 91–96.

[8] Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 531–532.

[9] Gerald Stone (1994). "Cassubian". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 759–794.

[Jakubowski-10] Bronisław Jakubowski (1999). "Język czy dialekt?". Wiedza i Życie (in Polish) (4).

[Wieczorkiewicz-11] Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.

[gwary-12] Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, Dialects and gwary in Poland Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine

[Urbańczyk-13] Stanisław Urbańczyk, ed. (1992). "Dialekt małopolski". Encyklopedia języka polskiego (in Polish) (II ed.). Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Ossolineum. p. 60.

[Kurzowa-kresy-14] Zofia Kurzowa (2007). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Ze studiów nad polszczyzną kresową (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. p. 518. ISBN 978-83-242-0683-4.

[Kurzowa-Wilno-15] Zofia Kurzowa (2006). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Język polski Wileńszczyzny i kresów północno-wschodnich (in Polish). Kraków: Universitas. ISBN 83-242-0738-4.

[Kurzowa-Lwów-16] Zofia Kurzowa (2006). Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław (ed.). Polszczyzna Lwowa i kresów południowo-wschodnich do 1939 (in Polish). Kraków: UNIVERSITAS. p. 439. ISBN 83-242-0656-6.

[17] Gwara Śląska – świadectwo kultury, narzędzie komunikacji. Jolanta Tambor (eds.); Aldona Skudrzykowa. Katowice: „Śląsk". 2002. ISBN 83-7164-314-4. OCLC 830518005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[18] „Słownik gwar Śląskich". Opole, Bogusław Wyderka (eds.)

[19] „Dialekt śląski" author: Feliks Pluta, publication: Wczoraj, Dzisiaj, Jutro. – 1996, no 1/4, pp 5–19

[20] „Fenomen śląskiej gwary" author: Jan Miodek publication: Śląsk. – 1996, no 5, pp 52

[NFP12-21] Ptak, Alicja (2022-12-28). "Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs". Kraków: Notes from Poland. Retrieved 2023-04-14.

[22] Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford 1996 pp 1233

[23] Jolanta Tambor. Opinia merytoryczna na temat poselskiego projektu ustawy o zmianie Ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym, a także niektórych innych ustaw, Warszawa 3 maja 2011 r. (English: Substantive opinion on the parliamentary bill amending the Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional language, as well as some other acts, Warsaw, May 3, 2011.)

[24] "585,7 tys. osób deklaruje się jako Ślązacy. "Je to blank dobry wynik"". oko.press (in Polish). Retrieved 2024-05-08.

[SIL-25] "ISO documentation of Silesian language". SIL International. Archived from the original on 2012-10-03.

[26] "List of languages with ISO codes". Ethnologue. SIL International.

[27] Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. P. 533.

[28] David Short (1994). "Czech". The Slavonic Languages, edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. P. 530.

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[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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[9]

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[13]

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[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{cleanup|reason=inadequately paragraphed/summarised, incomplete, contains list format|date=April 2015}}
 {{multiple image
- | align = right
+| align             = right
- | total_width = 360
+| total_width       = 360
- | direction = vertical
+| direction         = vertical
+| image1            = Polska-dialekty.png
+| caption1          = Subdivision of Polish dialects according to [[Karol Dejna]]
- | image1 = Polska-dialekty.png
+| image2            = Polska-dialekty wg Urbańczyka.PNG
- | caption1 = Subdivision of Polish dialects according to [[Karol Dejna]]
+| caption2          = Subdivision of Polish dialects according to [[Stanisław Urbańczyk]]
+| footer            = Translations:
- | image2 = Polska-dialekty wg Urbańczyka.PNG
- | caption2 = Subdivision of Polish dialects according to [[Stanisław Urbańczyk]]
- | footer = Translations:
 * {{lang|pl|Dialekt wielkopolski}} – [[Greater Poland dialect]]
 * {{lang|pl|Dialekt małopolski}} – [[Lesser Poland dialect]]
 * {{lang|pl|Dialekt mazowiecki}} – [[Masovian dialect]]
-* {{lang|pl|Dialekt śląski}} – [[Silesian language|Silesian dialect]]
-* {{lang|pl|Kaszubski}} – [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
 * {{lang|pl|Dialekty mieszane}} – Mixed dialects
 * {{lang|pl|Nowe dialekty mieszane}} – [[New mixed dialects]]
+* {{lang|pl|Śląski}} – [[Silesian language|Silesian]]{{efn|Also considered a separate language}}
+* {{lang|pl|Kaszubski}} – [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
 }}
 '''Polish dialects''' are regional [[vernacular]] [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of the [[Polish language]].
@@ Line 28: / Line 24: @@
 * [[Lesser Polish dialect|Lesser Polish]], spoken in the south and southeast
 * [[Masovian dialect|Masovian]], spoken throughout the central and eastern parts of the country
-* [[Silesian language|Silesian]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last1=Dillingham|first1=William Paul|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last1=Dillingham|first1=William Paul|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref> spoken in the southwest (sometimes also considered a separate language, see comment below)
+* [[Silesian language|Silesian]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/105/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last1=Dillingham|first1=William Paul|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|others=United States. Immigration Commission (1907–1910)|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=105}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich#page/128/mode/1up/search/Silesian|title=Dictionary of Races or Peoples|last1=Dillingham|first1=William Paul|last2=Folkmar|first2=Daniel|last3=Folkmar|first3=Elnora|publisher=Washington, Government Printing Office|year=1911|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=128}}</ref> spoken in the southwest (sometimes also considered a separate language)
-The regional differences correspond mainly to old ethnic or tribal divisions from around a thousand years ago. As a result of 19th century measures taken by occupying powers, of [[World War II population transfers|expulsions]] plus other displacements of Poles during and after [[World War II]], as well as language policy in the [[Polish People's Republic]], supplemented by broadcast media, the Polish language has become more homogeneous than ever before in the second half of the 20th century.
+The regional differences correspond mainly to old ethnic or tribal divisions from around a thousand years ago. As a result of 19th century measures taken by occupying powers, of [[World War II population transfers|expulsions]] plus other displacements of Poles during and after [[World War II]], as well as language policy in the [[Polish People's Republic]], supplemented by broadcast media, the Polish language became more homogeneous than ever before in the second half of the 20th century.
 Traditionally two additional dialect groups were treated alongside the aforementioned, adding to a total of six.<ref name="Kurzowa-zprzeszłości">{{cite book | author =Zofia Kurzowa | title =Z przeszłości i teraźniejszości języka polskiego | year =2007 | editor =Szpiczakowska Monika, Skarżyński Mirosław | pages =726 | publisher =Universitas | location =Kraków | isbn=978-83-242-0691-9 |language=pl}}</ref>
@@ Line 42: / Line 38: @@
 The two [[Kresy dialects]] are spoken in [[Kresy]], the former eastern Polish territories annexed by the [[Soviet Union]] in 1945 and currently absorbed into [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and [[Ukraine]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Both dialect groups have been in decline since [[World War II]] as a result of [[World War II population transfers|expulsions]] of millions of Poles from Kresy.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Poles living in [[Lithuania]] (particularly in the [[Vilnius]] region), in [[Belarus]] (particularly in the northwest), and in northeast Poland continue to speak the Northern Kresy dialect, which sounds (in Polish described as ''zaciąganie z ruska'') as if speaking with a Russian drawl, and is quite distinctive.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}
-The majority of Poles expelled from Kresy were settled in newly annexed regions in northern and western Poland, and thereby their manner of speech evolved into so-called ''new mixed dialects''. However, among the declining older generation there are still traces of Kresy dialect with its characteristic Ukrainian or [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] sounds, especially in the use of the [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] "L" where standard Polish uses "Ł" and of elongated vowels.
+The majority of Poles expelled from Kresy were settled in newly annexed regions in northern and western Poland, and thereby their manner of speech evolved into so-called [[new mixed dialects]]. However, among the declining older generation there are still traces of Kresy dialect with its characteristic Ukrainian or [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] sounds, especially in the use of the [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] velarised L where standard Polish has it already vocalised ({{IPA|/w/}}) and of elongated vowels.
-== Silesian ==
-Many linguistic sources relating to the Slavic languages describe Silesian as a dialect of Polish.<ref name="Paul Cubberley 2006 P. 530"/><ref name="Robert A. Rothstein 1994 Pp. 754-756"/> However, many Silesians consider themselves a separate ethnicity and have been advocating the recognition of Silesian as a distinct language. According to the last official census in Poland in 2011, over 500 thousand people declared Silesian as their native language. Many sociolinguistic sources (e.g. [[Tomasz Kamusella]] assert that the determination between a language or a dialect is ultimately a matter of extralinguistic criteria, such as national attachment or the political attitudes of its users, and this changes over time.<ref>"''Silesia and Central European Nationalisms''", 2007. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press {{ISBN|978 1 55753 371 5}}</ref> See: Agnieszka Pianka, Alfred F. Majewicz, [[Tomasz Wicherkiewicz]]<ref>[Języki świata i ich klasyfikowanie''"] (en: "''Languages of the world and their classification''"), [[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|Polish Scientific Publishers]], Warszawa 1989</ref><ref>"''Ekspertyza naukowa dr Tomasza Wicherkiewicza''", Language Policy and the Laboratory for Research on Minority, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 2008</ref>) Language organizations such as [[SIL International]] and various linguistic resources such as [[Ethnologue]], and Poland's [[Ministry of Administration and Digitization (Poland)|Ministry of Administration and Digitization]], recognize Silesian as a distinct language.<ref name="SIL">{{cite web|url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=szl |title=ISO documentation of Silesian language |publisher=[[SIL International]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003061821/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=szl |archive-date=2012-10-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org/codes/LanguageCodes.tab |title=List of languages with ISO codes |work=[[Ethnologue]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] }}</ref><ref name="MoAaD">[http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20120000309 Dz.U. 2012 nr 0 poz. 309] – Internet System of Legal Acts</ref> In 2007, Silesian was assigned its language code <code>szl</code> within the [[ISO 639-3]] standard.
 ==List of dialects==
@@ Line 52: / Line 45: @@
 {{Legend|#A02C2C|[[Mazurzenie]] (/{{IPA|s...}}/–/{{IPA|ʂ...}}/ merger)}}
 {{Legend|#FF6600|[[Jabłonkowanie]] (/{{IPA|ʂ...}}/–/{{IPA|ɕ...}}/ merger)}}
-{{Legend|#FFCC00|Kaszubienie (/{{IPA|s...}}/–/{{IPA|ɕ...}}/ merger)}}]]
+{{Legend|#FFCC00|{{ill|Kaszubienie|pl|Kaszubienie|v=sup}} (/{{IPA|s...}}/–/{{IPA|ɕ...}}/ merger)}}]]
 ===Greater Polish dialect===
 {{main|Greater Poland dialect}}
-Derived from the Western Slavic language spoken by the [[Polans (western)|Polans]], the subdialects are:
+Descended from the Western Slavic language spoken by the [[Polans (western)|Polans]], the subdialects are:
 :* [[Krajna]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara krajniacka}})
 :* [[Tuchola]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara tucholska}})
@@ Line 66: / Line 59: @@
 ===Mazovian dialect===
 {{main|Masovian dialect}}
-Derived from the language of the [[Mazovians]]<ref name="Wieczorkiewicz">{{cite book | author =Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz | title =Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś | year =1968 | pages =516 | publisher =Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy | location =Warsaw |language=pl}}</ref><ref name=gwary>Halina Karas, ''Gwary Polskie'', [http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6 Dialects and gwary in Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414143918/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6 |date=2011-04-14 }}</ref>
+Descended from the language of the [[Mazovians]],<ref name="Wieczorkiewicz">{{cite book | author =Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz | title =Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś | year =1968 | pages =516 | publisher =Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy | location =Warsaw |language=pl}}</ref><ref name=gwary>Halina Karas, ''Gwary Polskie'', [http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6 Dialects and gwary in Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414143918/http://www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=6 |date=2011-04-14 }}</ref> the sub dialects are:
 :* Białystok dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara białostocka}})
 :* Suwałki dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara suwalska}})
@@ Line 79: / Line 72: @@
 ===Lesser Polish dialect===
 {{main|Lesser Polish dialect}}
-Derived from the language of the [[Vistulans]], is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.<ref name="Urbańczyk">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Stanisław Urbańczyk |encyclopedia=Encyklopedia języka polskiego |title=Dialekt małopolski |url=http://artur.czesak.webpark.pl/Stronica/Dialmlp.html |edition=II |year=1992 |publisher=Ossolineum |location=Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków |pages=60 |language=pl}}</ref> It includes the following sub-groups
+Descended from the language of the [[Vistulans]], is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.<ref name="Urbańczyk">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=Stanisław Urbańczyk |encyclopedia=Encyklopedia języka polskiego |title=Dialekt małopolski |url=http://artur.czesak.webpark.pl/Stronica/Dialmlp.html |edition=II |year=1992 |publisher=Ossolineum |location=Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków |pages=60 |language=pl}}</ref> It includes the following sub-groups:
 :* [[Łowicz]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara łowicka}})
 :* [[Sieradz]]-[[Łęczyca]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara sieradzko-łęczycka}})
 :* [[Holy Cross Mountains]] dialects ({{lang-pl|gwary świętokrzyskie}}), often associated with the ancient tribe of the [[Lędzianie]]
 :* [[Lasowians|Lasowian]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara lasowska}})
-The [[Gorals|Goral]] dialects (the colloquial name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals) which include mainly:
+The [[Gorals|Goral]] dialects (the colloquial name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals), which include mainly:
 :* [[Orava (region)|Orawa]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara orawska}})
 :* [[Spisz]] dialect ({{lang-pl|gwara spiska}})
 :* [[Podhale dialect]] ({{lang-pl|gwara podhalańska}})
 :* [[Żywiec|Żywiec dialect]] ({{lang-pl|gwary żywieckie}})
-===Silesian dialect===
-{{main|Silesian language}}
-Silesian ({{lang-pl|język śląski, dialekt śląski}}), derived from the language of the Slavic tribe called, [[Ślężanie]] {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}, in modern times spoken in the regions of [[Upper Silesia]]. The United States Immigration Commission in its "Dictionary of races or peoples" published in 1911 counted Silesian as one of the dialects of Polish.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":0" />
-:* [[Cieszyn Silesian dialect]]
-:*[[Niemodlin Silesian dialect]]
-:*Gliwice Silesian dialect
-:*Jabłonków Silesian dialect
-:*Kluczbork Silesian dialect
-:*Prudnik Silesian dialect
-:*Opole Silesian dialect
-:*[[Sulkovian dialect|Sulkovian Silesian dialect]]
-Those who regard Silesian as a separate language tend to include the [[Lach dialects]] ({{lang-pl|gwary laskie}}) of the [[Czech Republic]] as part of this language. However, the standard linguistic sources on Slavic languages normally describe them as dialects of the [[Czech language]],or sometimes as transitional Polish–Czech dialects.<ref>Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). ''The Slavic Languages''. Cambridge University Press. P. 533.</ref><ref>David Short (1994). "Czech". ''The Slavonic Languages'', edited by [[Bernard Comrie]] and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. P. 530.</ref>
 ===Northern Borderlands dialect===
@@ Line 120: / Line 98: @@
 * Northwestern new mixed dialect
 * Southern new mixed dialect
+===Silesian===
+{{main|Silesian language}}
+Silesian ({{Lang-szl|ślōnskŏ gŏdka}}, {{lang-pl|język śląski, dialekt śląski}}) is a lect spoken in the regions of [[Upper Silesia]]. Some regard it as one of the [[Dialects of Polish|four major dialects]] of [[Polish language|Polish]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gwara Śląska – świadectwo kultury, narzędzie komunikacji |date=2002 |publisher=„Śląsk" |others=Jolanta Tambor (eds.); Aldona Skudrzykowa |isbn=83-7164-314-4 |location=Katowice |oclc=830518005}}</ref><ref>„Słownik gwar Śląskich". Opole, Bogusław Wyderka (eds.)</ref><ref>„Dialekt śląski" author: Feliks Pluta, publication: Wczoraj, Dzisiaj, Jutro. – 1996, no 1/4, pp 5–19</ref><ref>„Fenomen śląskiej gwary" author: Jan Miodek publication: Śląsk. – 1996, no 5, pp 52</ref> while others classify it as a separate regional language, distinct from Polish.<ref name="NFP12">{{Cite news |last=Ptak |first=Alicja |date=2022-12-28 |title=Supermarket introduces bilingual Polish-Silesian signs |url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/12/28/supermarket-introduces-bilingual-polish-silesian-signs/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |publisher=Notes from Poland |location=Kraków |language=en}}</ref><ref>Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford 1996 pp 1233</ref><ref>[https://d.polskatimes.pl/k/r/10/26/fe/4dd5396ff3179_z.pdf Jolanta Tambor. Opinia merytoryczna na temat poselskiego projektu ustawy o zmianie Ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym, a także niektórych innych ustaw, Warszawa 3 maja 2011 r. (English: Substantive opinion on the parliamentary bill amending the Act on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional language, as well as some other acts, Warsaw, May 3, 2011.)]</ref> Many Silesians consider themselves a separate ethnicity and have been advocating the recognition of Silesian as a distinct language. In the [[2021 Polish census]], about 460 thousand people declared that they speak Silesian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=585,7 tys. osób deklaruje się jako Ślązacy. "Je to blank dobry wynik" |url=https://oko.press/spis-powszechny-slazacy |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=oko.press |language=pl}}</ref>
+Language organizations such as [[SIL International]] and various linguistic resources such as [[Ethnologue]] recognize Silesian as a distinct language.<ref name="SIL">{{cite web |title=ISO documentation of Silesian language |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=szl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003061821/http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=szl |archive-date=2012-10-03 |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of languages with ISO codes |url=http://www.ethnologue.org/codes/LanguageCodes.tab |work=[[Ethnologue]] |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> In 2007, Silesian was assigned its language code <code>szl</code> within the [[ISO 639-3]] standard.
+:* [[Cieszyn Silesian dialect]]
+:*[[Niemodlin Silesian dialect]]
+:*Gliwice Silesian dialect
+:*Jabłonków Silesian dialect
+:*Kluczbork Silesian dialect
+:*Prudnik Silesian dialect
+:*Opole Silesian dialect
+:*[[Sulkovian dialect|Sulkovian Silesian dialect]]
+Those who regard Silesian as a separate language tend to include the [[Lach dialects]] ({{lang-pl|gwary laskie}}) of the [[Czech Republic]] as part of this language. However, other linguistic sources on Slavic languages normally describe them as dialects of the [[Czech language]],<ref>Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006). ''The Slavic Languages''. Cambridge University Press. P. 533.</ref><ref>David Short (1994). "Czech". ''The Slavonic Languages'', edited by [[Bernard Comrie]] and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. P. 530.</ref> or sometimes as transitional Polish–Czech dialects.
+== Notes ==
+{{Notelist}}
 ==References==