Horpa language: Difference between revisions

Horpa
Horpa
Stau
Native to	China
Region	Garzê Prefecture, Sichuan Province
Native speakers	50,000 (2002–2004)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Qiangic Gyalrongic West Gyalrongic Horpa; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; ero – Horpa; jih – sTodsde (Shangzhai)
Glottolog	horp1240
ELP	Horpa; Nyagrong Minyag;

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Horpa (also known in some publications as Stau – Chinese: 道孚语 Daofu, 爾龔語 Ergong) are a cluster of closely related Gyalrongic languages of China. Horpa is better understood as a cluster of closely related yet unintelligible dialect groups/languages closely related to Horpa Shangzhai or Stodsde skad. The term Stodsde skad is a Tibetan name meaning "language of the upper village".

Names[edit]

Ethnologue lists alternate names and dialect names for Horpa as Stau/Daofuhua, Bawang, Bopa, Danba, Dawu, Geshitsa/Geshiza/Geshizahua, Hor, Huo’er, Hórsók, Nyagrong-Minyag, Pawang, Rgu, Western Gyarong/Western Jiarong, Xinlong-Muya, and rTa’u.^[2]

Classification[edit]

Horpa is a type of Gyalrongic language, a branch of the Qiangic languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. Gyalrong (proper), Khroskyabs, and Horpa are in the Gyalrongic subgroup.^[3] From a genetic perspective, Horpa is a branch within West Gyalrongic, the other being Khroskyabs. Shangzhai is a sub-type of Horpa. To date, the Horpa languages are the closest attested ones to the medieval language Tangut.^[4]

Geographic distribution[edit]

Horpa is spoken primarily in western Sichuan province, China, including in Dasang District, Danba County of Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan.^[5] There are about 50,000 Horpa speakers in the northwestern Sichuan. It is also spoken in nearby Dawu County, where it is called 'Stau', pronounced [stawuske].^[6]

The cluster of languages variously referred to as Stau, Ergong or Horpa in the literature are spoken over a large area from Ndzamthang county (in Chinese Rangtang 壤塘县) in Rngaba prefecture (Aba 阿坝州) to Rtau county (Dawu 道孚) in Dkarmdzes prefecture (Ganzi 甘孜州), in Sichuan province, China. At the moment of writing, it is still unclear how many unintelligible varieties belong to this group, but at least three must be distinguished: the language of Rtau county (referred to as ‘Stau’ in this paper), the Dgebshes language (Geshizha 格什扎话) spoken in Rongbrag county (Danba 丹巴), and the Stodsde language (Shangzhai 上寨) in Ndzamthang.^[7]

Ergong is a non-tonal language (Sun 2013).^[8]

Varieties[edit]

Varieties of Horpa include Shangzhai Horpa and Gexi Horpa (Sun 2013).^[9]

Jackson Sun (2018)^[10] lists the following five varieties of Horpa.

Central Horpa (Stau-Dgebshes) is widely spoken in Rta’u County (Daofu County 道孚县) and Rongbrag County (Danba County 丹巴县), Dkarmdzes Prefecture, as well as a few villages in western Chuchen County (Jinchuan County 金川县), Rngaba Prefecture. It consists of 3 dialects.
- Rta’u (Daofu 道孚) (non-tonal). Also documented in Genxia Wengmu (2019).^[11]
- Dgebshesrtsa (Geshezha 革什扎) (non-tonal)
- Upper Stongdgu (Shang Donggu 上东谷) (has constrative phonation)
Northern Horpa (Stodsde) is spoken in southern Dzamthang County (Rangtang County 壤塘县), Rngaba Prefecture. It is the most conservative Horpa variety, and preserves many archaic morphological features. There are 3 mutually intelligible dialects. For this lect, Ethnologue lists the name sTodsde (Shangzhai 上寨, Western Jiarong). According to Ethnologue, sTodsde is spoken in Shangzhai district, southern Rangtang County, where it is spoken in the townships of Puxi, Shili, and Zongke townships, and around the Duke and Zhongke rivers' confluence. There are 4,100 speakers as of 2004. Dialects are Dayili (Northern), Zongke (宗科乡; Western), and Puxi (蒲西乡; Eastern). Phonologically, the Northern and Western dialects are similar to each other, while the Eastern dialect is divergent. Additionally, Gates (2010)^[12] considers Erkai to be a "Western rGyalrongic" (Horpa-Shangzhai) language. Jackson Sun classifies Erkai as a variety of sTodsde (Shangzhai).^[13]
- Phosul (Puxi 蒲西)
- Yunasche (Dayili 大依里)
- Sili-Rtsangkhog (Shili-Zongke 石里-宗科)
Western Horpa is a tonal language scattered throughout several small areas of central and southern Nyagrong County (Xinlong County 新龙县), Dkarmdzes Prefecture. Although speakers refer to themselves as Minyag (mə̀ɲá, mə̀ ɲó, etc.), Western Horpa is not the same language as the Minyag or Muya language. There are 3 dialects that are significantly different from each other. The Nyagrong Minyag (Western Horpa) language has also been documented by Van Way (2018).^[14]
- rGyarwagshis (Jialaxi 甲拉西)
- Yangslagshis (Youlaxi 尤拉西)
- Bangsmad (Bomei 博美)
Northwestern Horpa, an endangered Horpa variety, is spoken in southern Brag’go County (Luhuo County 炉霍县) and adjacent areas of Rta’u County (Daofu County 道孚县). There is heavy Tibetan influence and minor internal diversity. It is non-tonal.
Eastern Horpa is a divergent Horpa variety spoken in Dpa’bo (Bawang 巴旺) and Nyindkar (Niega 聂嘎) townships, eastern Rongbrag County (Danba County 丹巴县). Beaudouin & Honkasalo (2023) suggest that Tangut is likely closely related to present-day Eastern Horpa varieties.^[15]

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

		Labial	Alveolar		Retroflex	Alveolo- palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
		Labial	plain	sibilant	Retroflex	Alveolo- palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n				ɲ	ŋ	(ɴ)
Stop/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	t͡ʂ	t͡ɕ	c	k	q	(ʔ)
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	t͡sʰ	t͡ʂʰ	t͡ɕʰ	cʰ	kʰ	qʰ
	voiced	b	d	d͡z	d͡ʐ	d͡ʑ	ɟ	ɡ	(ɢ)
Fricative	voiceless	(f)	ɬ	s	(ʂ)	ɕ		x	χ	(h)
Fricative	voiced	v	ɮ	z	(ʐ)	ʑ		ɣ	ʁ
Lateral			l
Sonorant		w	r				j

/q/ is heard as [ɢ] when following a nasal consonant.
A glottal stop [ʔ] is also heard, but only when occurring before word-initial onset-less vowel syllables.
/v/ can be heard as voiceless [f] when preceding or following voiceless consonants.
/x/ can also be heard as glottal [h] in free variation among speakers.
The uvular nasal [ɴ] is only heard when appearing together with uvular consonants /q/, /qʰ/ and [ɢ].

Rhotic consonant[edit]

/r/ has four allophones as either retroflex voiceless [ʂ] or voiced [ʐ] fricatives, as a trill [r], or as a result of vowel rhotacization [V˞]. It is heard as [ʂ] when preceding or following voiceless consonants or also as a word-final coda. It is heard as [ʐ] when in free variation in initial position or when preceding or following voiced consonants. The occurrence of it as a trill [r] is heard word-medially when after a vowel and before a consonant, but is for the most part less predictable in that it overlaps in distribution with [ʂ] and especially [ʐ]. When words with /r/ are heard in isolation, the sound is heard as [ʐ], but then it becomes a trill [r] when in word context or within compounds. [r] also alternates with [ʂ] when it is in context word-final position. The rhotacization of vowels [V˞] occurs on the preceding vowel before /r/ in word-final position, however it can also be heard word-medially when before a lateral approximant /l/. The rhotacization is attested on the vowels /ɛ/, /ə/, /u/ and /ɑ/.^[16]

Vowels[edit]

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e	ə	o
Open-mid	ɛ	ə
Open	æ		ɑ

/i/ is also heard as [ɪ], when in word-final position by a coda consonant.^[16]

Vocabulary[edit]

The following comparative table of Horpa diagnostic vocabulary items is from Sun (2018:4).^[10] The Central Horpa (Rta’u) data is from Niwan Village, Dgebshes Township, Rta’u County (Daofu County), Sichuan. The Rgyalrongic languages Khroskyabs and Rgyalrong are also provided for comparison, since Horpa is one of the Rgyalrongic languages. Cognates are highlighted in bold.

Gloss	Central Horpa (Rta’u 道孚)	Northern Horpa (Rtsangkhog 宗科)	Western Horpa (Rgyarwagshis 甲拉西)	Eastern Horpa (Dpa’bo 巴旺)	Northwestern Horpa (Nyinmo)	Khroskyabs (’brongrdzong)	Rgyalrong (Tshobdun)
sun	ɣbə	ʁɟə̀	ɣbə̀	ʁʷbə	ɣbə	ɣnəʔ ~ ʁbjə	tɐ́-ŋɐ
water	ɣrə	grə̀	ɣrə̀	wrə	ɣrə	ɣdə	tə-ciʔ
person	vdzi	vdzì	vdzì	vdzi-sme	vdzi	vɟoʔ	kə-rnbjoʔ
mouth	jɑ	ɣmú	ɬó	ʁmo	ja	qʰo	tə-ɣmor
heart	zjar	zɟwàʶ	jzò-rdá	zdzʌr	zʒar	sjar	tə-sni
liver	sʰi	sʰə̀	sʰə̀	sʰi	si	fseʔ	tə-mtsʰi
meat	bjoŋnoŋ	bdʒànó	ntʰú	mdʒʌno	pcene	tʰəmʔ	ʃe
horse	rɣi	rì	rjí	rji	rji	breʔ	ⁿbri
chicken	ɣra	χsó-vjá	?	wə-rja	ɣə́-ra	pa-kuʔ	pɣe
yellow	rȵə-rȵə	ʁrɲə̀ʶ	rȵə̀-rȵə́	rɲə	rɲə	ʁrɲəɣ	kə-qɐ-rŋɛʔ
bitter	sȵa-sȵa	sɲáʶ	sɲà	sɲæ	sɲa	tʃʰaχ	kə-qjev
eat	ⁿgə	dzə́	dzə́	dzi	ⁿgə ~ tsə	dzeʔ	ⁿdze
ill	ŋo	ŋò	ŋú	ŋwa	ŋo	ⁿge	nⁿgiʔ
sleep	rgə	ⁿjáp ~ rgə́	rgə́	rgə	rgə	jəv	rⁿgu
one	ro	réɣ	ré	raw	rəɣ	rʌɣ	cet
ten	zʁa	zʁàʶ	zʁò	zʁa	zʁa	sɣə(t)	sqeʔ

Jacques et al. (2017)^[7] list the following words as lexical innovations shared by Stau and Khroskyabs (Lavrung), but not by the Core rGyalrong languages.

Gloss	Stau	Khroskyabs	Japhug
heart	zjar	sjɑ̂r	tɯ-sni
smoke	mkʰə	mkʰə́	tɤ-kʰɯ
be big	cʰe	cʰæ̂	wxti
bread	ləkʰi	lækʰí	qajɣi
writing	tɕədə	dʑədə́	tɤscoz
wind	χpərju	χpə̂rju	qale
skin	tɕədʑa	dʑədʑɑ̂	tɯ-ndʐi
water	ɣrə	jdə̂	tɯ-ci
experience	zdar	zdɑ̂r	rɲo
general classifier	ə-lɞ	ə̂-lo	tɯ-rdoʁ
human classifier	a-ʁi	ə̂-ʁæi	tɯ-rdoʁ
exist (animate)	ci/ɟi	ɟê	tu
exist (be put on)	stʰə	stî	tu

Grammar[edit]

Shangzhai Horpa (Puxi Shangzhai) is a dialect of the Horpa language noted by a single consistently non-syllabic causative prefix "s-", which exerts pressure on the already elaborate onset system and triggers multiple phonological adjustments (Sun 2007).^[17] Gexi Horpa language not only has split verbal agreement system like rGyalrong but also has a hybrid system involving a more intricate interplay of functional and syntactic factors (Sun 2013).^[9] The verbs in the rGylarongic family are marked for person and agreement, and Horpa language also has subtype of hierarchical agreement.

Stau is often used as an alternative name for Horpa, but in fact Stau is one of several Horpa languages (Jacques et al. 2014).^[18] The Stau language is primarily spoken in Daofu County of Ganzi Prefecture, but is also spoken in the southeastern corner of Luhuo County and in the village of Dangling of western Danba County. Currently Jesse P. Gates is writing a comprehensive grammar of the Stau language (Gates to appear). Other articles on aspects of Stau grammar include Gates (2017),^[19] Gates & Kim (2018),^[20] Gates et al. (2019),^[21] and Gates et al. (2022).^[22]

Stau (Horpa) language follows some traits of the Tibetan language (Bradley 2012).^[23] As a Qiangic language, Horpa has unique verb inflection and morphology such as the strategy of inverting the aspiration feature in the formation of the past and progressive stem(s) (Sun 2000).^[3]

Examples[edit]

Verb agreement The Horpa verb agrees with its subject. For example, zbəcʰa-i [zbəcʰe], means ‘you beat’, and zbəcʰa-u [zbəcʰo], means, 'I beat’.^[24]

References[edit]

^ Horpa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
sTodsde (Shangzhai) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ "Horpa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
^ ^a ^b Sun, Jackson T. S. (2000). "Stem Alternations in Puxi Verb Inflection: Toward Validating the rGyalrongic Subgroup in Qiangic" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 1 (2): 211–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
^ Beaudouin, Mathieu. "Tangut and Horpa languages: Some shared morphosyntactic features". Language and Linguistics. 24 (4).
^ "Chinese: 甘孜州丹巴县大桑区尔龚" "Tibetan-Burman Phonology and Lexicon" Writing Group (1991). Zàng Miǎn yǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì 藏缅语语音和词汇 [Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon] (in Chinese). Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. p. 211.
^ Gates, Jesse P. (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau རྟའུ (Mazi Dialect)". Transactions of the Philological Society. 115 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.
^ ^a ^b Jacques, Guillaume; Antonov, Anton; Nima, Lobsang; Lai, Yunfan (2017). "Stau (Ergong, Horpa)". In Thurgood, G.; LaPolla, R. (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 597–613. Archived from the original on 2020-08-28.
^ Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开 (2013). Bā Jiāng liúyù de Zàng Miǎn yǔ 八江流域的藏缅语 [Tibeto-Burman Languages of Eight Watersheds] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
^ ^a ^b Sun, Jackson T.-S.; Tian, Qianzi (2013). "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 203–223. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000120.
^ ^a ^b Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2018). "The Ancestry of Horpa: Further Morphological Evidence". Taipei: Academia Sinica.^{[dead link]}
^ Genxia, Wengmu 根呷翁姆 (2019). Sichuan Daofu Ergong yu 四川道孚尔龚语. Beijing: The Commercial Press. OCLC 1156349336.
^ Gates, Jesse (2010). On the Edge with Erkai: A Preliminary Investigation of Erkai's Place in Western rGyalrongic. Presentation at the 43rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 43), 15 Oct 2010, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
^ Gates, Jesse P. (2012). Situ in Situ: Towards a Dialectology of Jiāróng (rGyalrong) (M.A. thesis). Trinity Western University.
^ Van Way, John (2018). The Phonetics and Phonology of Nyagrong Minyag, an Endangered Language of Western China (PhD thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. hdl:10125/62509.
^ Beaudouin, Mathieu; Honkasalo, Sami (2023). Proto-Horpa and the Classification of Tangut. 56th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, 10-12 October 2023. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
^ ^a ^b Vanderveen, A. Chantel (2015). A phonology of Stau. Trinity Western University.
^ Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2007). "Morphological Causative Formation in Shangzhai Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2 (1): 211–232. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000031.
^ Jacques, Guillaume; Antonov, Anton; Lai, Yunfan; Nima, Lobsang (2014). "Person Marking in Stau". Himalayan Linguistics. 13 (1): 82–92. doi:10.5070/H913224068.
^ Gates, Jesse P. (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau (Mazi Dialect)". Transactions of the Philological Society. 115 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.
^ Gates, Jesse P.; Kim, Won Ho (2018). "Vowel Harmony in Stau". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1075/ltba.17016.gat.
^ Gates, Jesse P.; Tub.bstan Nyi.ma; Tshe.ring Rgyal.mtsan (2019). "Tibetan Dining Etiquette: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of a Normative Discourse Text in Stau". Himalayan Linguistics. 18 (2): 73–81. doi:10.5070/H918242739.
^ Gates, Jesse P.; Honkasalo, Sami; Lai, Yunfan (2022). "From Transitive to Intransitive and Voiceless to Voiced in Proto-Sino-Tibetan: New Evidence from Stau, Geshiza, and Khroskyabs". Language and Linguistics. 23 (2): 212–239. doi:10.1075/lali.00104.gat.
^ Bradley, David (2012). "Tibeto-Burman Languages of China" – via Academia.edu.
^ Sun, Jackson T. (2013). "Horpa Language in Xichuan Province [川西霍爾語格西話動詞對協初探]". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics.

External links[edit]

Horpa at the Endangered Languages Project.
Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2015). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (18th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/horp1239

[e18-1] Horpa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
sTodsde (Shangzhai) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] "Horpa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-05-01.

[:1-3] Sun, Jackson T. S. (2000). "Stem Alternations in Puxi Verb Inflection: Toward Validating the rGyalrongic Subgroup in Qiangic" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 1 (2): 211–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2017-04-30.

[4] Beaudouin, Mathieu. "Tangut and Horpa languages: Some shared morphosyntactic features". Language and Linguistics. 24 (4).

[5] "Chinese: 甘孜州丹巴县大桑区尔龚" "Tibetan-Burman Phonology and Lexicon" Writing Group (1991). Zàng Miǎn yǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì 藏缅语语音和词汇 [Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon] (in Chinese). Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. p. 211.

[6] Gates, Jesse P. (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau རྟའུ (Mazi Dialect)". Transactions of the Philological Society. 115 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.

[Jacques-7] Jacques, Guillaume; Antonov, Anton; Nima, Lobsang; Lai, Yunfan (2017). "Stau (Ergong, Horpa)". In Thurgood, G.; LaPolla, R. (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 597–613. Archived from the original on 2020-08-28.

[8] Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开 (2013). Bā Jiāng liúyù de Zàng Miǎn yǔ 八江流域的藏缅语 [Tibeto-Burman Languages of Eight Watersheds] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.

[:0-9] Sun, Jackson T.-S.; Tian, Qianzi (2013). "Verb Agreement in Gexi Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 7 (2): 203–223. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000120.

[Sun2018-10] Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2018). "The Ancestry of Horpa: Further Morphological Evidence". Taipei: Academia Sinica.^{[dead link]}

[11] Genxia, Wengmu 根呷翁姆 (2019). Sichuan Daofu Ergong yu 四川道孚尔龚语. Beijing: The Commercial Press. OCLC 1156349336.

[12] Gates, Jesse (2010). On the Edge with Erkai: A Preliminary Investigation of Erkai's Place in Western rGyalrongic. Presentation at the 43rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 43), 15 Oct 2010, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

[13] Gates, Jesse P. (2012). Situ in Situ: Towards a Dialectology of Jiāróng (rGyalrong) (M.A. thesis). Trinity Western University.

[14] Van Way, John (2018). The Phonetics and Phonology of Nyagrong Minyag, an Endangered Language of Western China (PhD thesis). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. hdl:10125/62509.

[ICSTLL56-15] Beaudouin, Mathieu; Honkasalo, Sami (2023). Proto-Horpa and the Classification of Tangut. 56th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, 10-12 October 2023. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.

[:2-16] Vanderveen, A. Chantel (2015). A phonology of Stau. Trinity Western University.

[17] Sun, Jackson T.-S. (2007). "Morphological Causative Formation in Shangzhai Horpa". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2 (1): 211–232. doi:10.1163/2405478X-90000031.

[18] Jacques, Guillaume; Antonov, Anton; Lai, Yunfan; Nima, Lobsang (2014). "Person Marking in Stau". Himalayan Linguistics. 13 (1): 82–92. doi:10.5070/H913224068.

[19] Gates, Jesse P. (2017). "Verbal Triplication Morphology in Stau (Mazi Dialect)". Transactions of the Philological Society. 115 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12083.

[20] Gates, Jesse P.; Kim, Won Ho (2018). "Vowel Harmony in Stau". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 41 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1075/ltba.17016.gat.

[21] Gates, Jesse P.; Tub.bstan Nyi.ma; Tshe.ring Rgyal.mtsan (2019). "Tibetan Dining Etiquette: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of a Normative Discourse Text in Stau". Himalayan Linguistics. 18 (2): 73–81. doi:10.5070/H918242739.

[22] Gates, Jesse P.; Honkasalo, Sami; Lai, Yunfan (2022). "From Transitive to Intransitive and Voiceless to Voiced in Proto-Sino-Tibetan: New Evidence from Stau, Geshiza, and Khroskyabs". Language and Linguistics. 23 (2): 212–239. doi:10.1075/lali.00104.gat.

[23] Bradley, David (2012). "Tibeto-Burman Languages of China" – via Academia.edu.

[24] Sun, Jackson T. (2013). "Horpa Language in Xichuan Province [川西霍爾語格西話動詞對協初探]". Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics.

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