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{{Short description|Language of Hainan, China}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Jiamao
|name=Jiamao
|nativename=Sai 塞
|nativename=Tai 台
|altname=Sai 塞
|states=[[China]]
|states=[[China]]
|region=[[Hainan]]
|region=[[Hainan]]
|speakers= 52,000
|speakers= {{sigfig|52,300|1}}
|date=1987
|date=1987
|ref = e18
|ref = e25
|familycolor=Kradai
|familycolor=Kradai
|fam1=[[Kra-Dai]], [[mixed language|mixed]], or [[language isolate]]
|fam1=[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] or language isolate
|fam2=[[Hlai languages|Hlai-Jiamao]] (?)
|fam2=[[Hlai languages|Hlai]]–Jiamao?
|iso3=jio
|iso3=jio
|glotto=jiam1236
|glotto=jiam1236
Line 15: Line 17:
}}
}}


'''Jiamao''' ({{zh|c=加茂|p=Jiāmào}}, ''Jiamao''; also {{lang|zh|台}} ''Tái'' or {{lang|zh|塞}} ''Sāi'') is a possible [[language isolate]] spoken in southern [[Hainan]], China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miyake |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Miyake |date=September 20, 2011 |title=11.9.20.22:04: Is Jiamao Hlai? |url=http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804112844/http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 |archive-date=August 4, 2019 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=www.amritas.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Norquest|2015}}</ref> Jiamao speakers' [[exonym and endonym|autonym]] is ''{{IPA|tʰai}}<sup>1</sup>''.<ref name="tone">See [[Proto-Tai_language#Tones]] for an explanation of the tone codes.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yuanchao 刘援朝 |date=2008 |title=Líyǔ Jiāmàohuà gàikuàng |script-title=zh:黎语加茂话概况 |journal=Mínzú yǔwén |language=zh |volume=5 |script-journal=zh:民族語文}}</ref>
'''Jiamao''' ({{zh|c=加茂|p=Jiāmào}}; also {{lang|zh|台}} ''Tái'' or {{lang|zh|塞}} ''Sāi'') is a divergent [[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] language or possible language isolate<ref>{{harvp|Norquest|2015}}</ref> spoken in southern [[Hainan]], China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miyake |first=Marc |author-link=Marc Miyake |date=September 20, 2011 |title=11.9.20.22:04: Is Jiamao Hlai? |url=http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804112844/http://www.amritas.com/110924.htm#09202204 |archive-date=August 4, 2019 |access-date=May 25, 2018 |website=www.amritas.com |language=en}}</ref> Jiamao speakers' [[exonym and endonym|autonym]] is ''{{IPA|tʰai}}<sup>1</sup>''.<ref name="tone">See {{slink|Proto-Tai language|Tones}} for an explanation of the tone codes.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Yuanchao 刘援朝 |date=2008 |title=Líyǔ Jiāmàohuà gàikuàng |script-title=zh:黎语加茂话概况 |journal=Mínzú yǔwén |language=zh |volume=5 |script-journal=zh:民族語文}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
Jiamao was long thought to be one of the [[Hlai languages]], which are a subgrouping of the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai family]], but its many divergent words eventually lead Graham Thurgood (1992) to suggest that it might have an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] [[substratum]]. [[Peter K. Norquest|Norquest]] (2007) identified various lexical items in Jiamao that do not reconstruct to [[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]] and later firmly established it as a non-Hlai language.<ref name="Norquest 2015 p 3">{{harvp|Norquest|2015|page=3}}</ref> Hsiu (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsiu |first=Andrew |date=December 2017 |title=The Origins of Jiamao |url=https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/jiamao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009124542/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/jiamao |archive-date=2020-10-09 |website=MSEA Languages |language=en}}</ref> notes that Jiamao also contains various words borrowed from an unknown, currently extinct [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] branch.
Jiamao is often classified one of the [[Hlai languages]], which constitute a primary branch of the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai language family]], but Norquest (2007, 2015) and others note that Jiamao has a non-Hlai substratum.
[[Graham Thurgood]] (1992) suggested that Jiamao might have an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]]. [[Peter K. Norquest|Norquest]] (2007) identified various lexical items in Jiamao that do not reconstruct to [[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]] and later firmly established it as a non-Hlai language.<ref name="Norquest 2015 p 3">{{harvp|Norquest|2015|page=3}}</ref> Hsiu (2018) notes that Jiamao also contains various words borrowed from an unknown, currently extinct [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] branch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsiu |first=Andrew |date=December 2017 |title=The Origins of Jiamao |url=https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/jiamao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009124542/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/jiamao |archive-date=2020-10-09 |website=MSEA Languages |language=en}}</ref>


==Demographics==
==Demographics==
In the 1980s, Jiamao was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan, mostly in Jiamao Township (加茂镇) in [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County]]. It shares less than half of its lexicon with the Hlai languages.<ref name="norquest">{{harvp|Norquest|2007}}</ref>
In the 1980s, Jiamao was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan, mostly in Jiamao Township (加茂镇) in [[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County]]. It shares less than half of its lexicon with the Hlai languages.<ref name="norquest">{{harvp|Norquest|2007}}</ref>


In [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County]], Jiamao is spoken in Benhao (本号), Nanping (南平), Wenluo (文罗), Zuguan (祖关), Longguang (隆广), and Tianzi (田仔).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Alang 郎啊朗 |date=2006-09-27 |title=“Bǎotíng Jiāmào Lízú” shì zhēn dí Lízú ma? |script-title=zh:“保亭加茂黎族”是真的黎族吗？ |url=http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-360-1314-1.shtml |website=Tiānyá shèqū |language=zh}}</ref> In Lingshui County, Jiamao is known as ''Tái'' (台), and is also known as ''Sāi'' (塞) or ''Jiāwǒ'' (加我).{{cn|date=December 2020}} In [[Qiongzhong Li and Miao Autonomous County]], it is spoken in Zhongping Town (中平镇) and Shengpo Farm (乘坡农场), in a total of 30 villages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dong |first=Yaling 董亚岭 |date=2013-03-13 |title=Xiǎng liǎojiě Qióngzhōng Xiàn de yǔyán hé fāngyán fēnbù ma? |script-title=zh:想了解琼中县的语言和方言分布吗？ |trans-title=Want to Know the Distribution of Languages and Dialects in Qiongzhong County? |url=http://lizu.baike.com/article-1103157.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142055/http://lizu.baike.com/article-1103157.html |archive-date=2018-06-12 |website=Lízú bǎikē |language=zh}}</ref>
In [[Lingshui Li Autonomous County]], Jiamao is spoken in Benhao (本号), Nanping (南平), Wenluo (文罗), Zuguan (祖关), Longguang (隆广), and Tianzi (田仔).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Alang 郎啊朗 |date=2006-09-27 |title="Bǎotíng Jiāmào Lízú" shì zhēn dí Lízú ma? |script-title=zh:“保亭加茂黎族”是真的黎族吗？ |url=http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-360-1314-1.shtml |website=Tiānyá shèqū |language=zh}}</ref> In Lingshui County, Jiamao is known as ''Tái'' (台), and is also known as ''Sāi'' (塞) or ''Jiāwǒ'' (加我).{{cn|date=March 2023}}


There are four Jiamao dialects,<ref name="baike">{{Cite web |last=Xin |first=Shibiao 辛世彪. |date=2013-01-08 |title=“Jiāmào Líyǔ de sìdà fāngyán” yīwén kànguò ma |script-title=zh:《加茂黎语的四大方言》一文看过吗 |trans-title=Have You Read the Article "The Four Major Dialects of Jiamao" |url=http://lizu.baike.com/article-1004623.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054600/http://lizu.baike.com/article-1004623.html |archive-date=2017-10-10 |access-date=2017-12-30 |website=Lízú bǎikē}}</ref><ref name="sina">{{Cite web |last=Xin |first=Shibiao 辛世彪 |date=2009-02-14 |title=Jiāmào Líyǔ de sìdà fāngyán |script-title=zh:加茂黎语的四大方言 |trans-title=The Four Dialects of Jiamao |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49d8b2980100c9nf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222722/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49d8b2980100c9nf.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2017-12-30 |website=Xīnlàng bókè |language=zh}}</ref> namely Jiamao (加茂), Liugong (六弓), Tianzi (田仔), and Qunying (群英).{{cn|date=December 2020}}
There are four Jiamao dialects,<ref name="sina">{{Cite web |last=Xin |first=Shibiao 辛世彪 |date=2009-02-14 |title=Jiāmào Líyǔ de sìdà fāngyán |script-title=zh:加茂黎语的四大方言 |trans-title=The Four Dialects of Jiamao |url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49d8b2980100c9nf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222722/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_49d8b2980100c9nf.html |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2017-12-30 |website=Xīnlàng bókè |language=zh}}</ref> namely Jiamao (加茂), Liugong (六弓), Tianzi (田仔), and Qunying (群英).


Jiamao is spoken in the following villages and townships of southern Hainan.{{cn|date=March 2023}}
Jiamao is spoken in the following villages and townships of southern Hainan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dong |first=Yaling 董亚岭 |date=2012-10-23 |title=Xiǎng liǎojiě Hǎinán Lízú fāngyán jí qí fènbù ma? |script-title=zh:想了解海南黎族方言及其分布吗？ |trans-title=Want to Know the Hainan Li Dialect and Its Distribution? |url=http://lizu.baike.com/article-882075.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141613/http://lizu.baike.com/article-882075.html |archive-date=2018-06-12 |website=Lízú bǎikē |language=zh}}</ref>
*Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County (保亭黎族苗族自治县)
*[[Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County]] (保亭黎族苗族自治县)
**Jiamao Township (加茂乡)
**Jiamao Township (加茂乡)
**Liugong Township (六弓乡)
**Liugong Township (六弓乡)
**Shiling Town (什玲镇, in Jie 介村 and Shisheng 什胜村 villages)
**Shiling Town (什玲镇, in Jie 介村 and Shisheng 什胜村 villages)
*Lingshui Li Autonomous County (陵水黎族自治县)
*[[Lingshui Li Autonomous County]] (陵水黎族自治县)
**Longguang Town (隆广镇)
**Longguang Town (隆广镇)
**Benhao Town (本号镇)
**Benhao Town (本号镇)
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The Liaoergong (廖二弓) dialect is documented in Huang (2011).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yiqi 杨遗旗 |date=2014 |title=Líyǔ héxīn rénchēng dàicí yánjiū |script-title=zh:黎语核心人称代词研究 |trans-title=A Study of Core Personal Pronouns in Li Language |journal=Hǎinán shīfàn dàxué xuébào (Shèhuì kēxué bǎn) |language=zh |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=118–123 |doi=10.16061/j.cnki.cn46-1076/c.2014.07.051 |script-journal=zh:海南师范大学学报 (社会科学版)}}</ref>
The Liaoergong (廖二弓) dialect is documented in Huang (2011).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yiqi 杨遗旗 |date=2014 |title=Líyǔ héxīn rénchēng dàicí yánjiū |script-title=zh:黎语核心人称代词研究 |trans-title=A Study of Core Personal Pronouns in Li Language |journal=Hǎinán shīfàn dàxué xuébào (Shèhuì kēxué bǎn) |language=zh |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=118–123 |doi=10.16061/j.cnki.cn46-1076/c.2014.07.051 |script-journal=zh:海南师范大学学报 (社会科学版)}}</ref>

==Phonology==
===Tones===
Jiamao has 8 distinct tone categories (Norquest 2015:311):

{| class="wikitable"
! Tone category !! High register tone !! Low register tone
|-
| A (open) || /55/ (tone 1) || /11/ (tone 4)
|-
| X (glottalized) || /51/ (tone 5) || /31/ (tone 2)
|-
| DL (long closed) || /53/ (tone 9) || /31/ (tone 8)
|-
| DS (short closed) || /55/ (tone 7) || /22/ (tone 10)
|}

Like Proto-[[Be language|Be]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Chen |first=Yen-ling |title=Proto-Ong-Be |date=2018 |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |url=http://ling.hawaii.edu/wp-content/uploads/ChenYenlingFinal.pdf}}</ref> Jiamao does not distinguish between tone categories B and C, but rather only has an X category.

As noted by Thurgood (1992) and Norquest (2015), these do not correspond to Hlai tones, but rather initials in [[Proto-Hlai language|Proto-Hlai]]. High register tones are derived from unvoiced initials, and low register tones from voiced initials.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 48: Line 72:
==Works cited==
==Works cited==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |publisher=Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies |year=1992 |editor-last=Ratliff |editor-first=Martha S. |pages=417-433 |language=en |chapter=The Aberrancy of the Jiamao Dialect of Hlai: Speculation on its Origins and History |editor-last2=Schiller |editor-first2=E.}}
* {{Cite book |last=Thurgood |first=Graham |title=Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |publisher=Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies |year=1992 |editor-last=Ratliff |editor-first=Martha S. |pages=417–433 |language=en |chapter=The Aberrancy of the Jiamao Dialect of Hlai: Speculation on its Origins and History |editor-last2=Schiller |editor-first2=E.}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Norquest |first=Peter Kristian |title=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai |date=2007 |degree=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Arizona |language=en |hdl=10150/194203 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Norquest |first=Peter Kristian |title=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai |date=2007 |degree=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Arizona |language=en |hdl=10150/194203 |hdl-access=free}}
* {{Cite book |last=Norquest |first=Peter K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6i8CgAAQBAJ |title=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30052-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Norquest |first=Peter K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d6i8CgAAQBAJ |title=A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai |date=2015 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-30052-1 |language=en}}
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite web |last=Dong |first=Yaling 董亚岭 |date=2012-06-16 |title=Xīnshǎngguò Lízú Sài fāngyán zhǎng diào ma? |script-title=zh:欣赏过黎族赛方言长调吗？ |url=http://lizu.baike.com/article-376257.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528205930/http://lizu.baike.com/article-376257.html |archive-date=2013-05-28 |website=Lízú bǎikē}}
* {{Cite book |last=Huang |first=Quan 黄权 |title=Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn (Sài fāngyán) |date=2011 |publisher=Yunnan minzu chubanshe |isbn=978-75367-4971-9 |language=zh |script-title=zh:汉黎字典 (赛方言) |trans-title=Chinese-Hlai Dictionary (Sai Dialect)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Huang |first=Quan 黄权 |title=Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn (Sài fāngyán) |date=2011 |publisher=Yunnan minzu chubanshe |isbn=978-75367-4971-9 |language=zh |script-title=zh:汉黎字典 (赛方言) |trans-title=Chinese-Hlai Dictionary (Sai Dialect)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Wenping 杨文平 |title=Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn: Tái fāngyán (Língshuǐ) |date=2016 |publisher=Nanhai chuban gongsi |isbn=978-7-5442-8130-0 |language=zh |script-title=zh:汉黎字典: 台方言 (陵水) |trans-title=Chinese-Hlai Dictionary: Tai Dialect (Lingshui)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Wenping 杨文平 |title=Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn: Tái fāngyán (Língshuǐ) |date=2016 |publisher=Nanhai chuban gongsi |isbn=978-7-5442-8130-0 |language=zh |script-title=zh:汉黎字典: 台方言 (陵水) |trans-title=Chinese-Hlai Dictionary: Tai Dialect (Lingshui)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zeng |first=Kewen 曾科文 |title=Lízú: Sài fāngyán |last2=Liang |first2=Zhenzhen 梁珍珍 |date=2016 |publisher=Nanhai chuban gongsi |isbn=978-7-5442-8364-9 |language=zh |script-title=zh:黎族: 赛方言 |trans-title=The Li Ethnic Group: Sai Dialect}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zeng |first1=Kewen 曾科文 |title=Lízú: Sài fāngyán |last2=Liang |first2=Zhenzhen 梁珍珍 |date=2016 |publisher=Nanhai chuban gongsi |isbn=978-7-5442-8364-9 |language=zh |script-title=zh:黎族: 赛方言 |trans-title=The Li Ethnic Group: Sai Dialect}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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[[Category:Kra–Dai languages]]
[[Category:Kra–Dai languages]]
[[Category:Unclassified languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Unclassified languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Languages of Hainan]]
[[Category:Li people]]
[[Category:Li people]]

Latest revision as of 06:28, 10 May 2024

Jiamao
Sai 塞
Tai 台
Native toChina
RegionHainan
Native speakers
(50,000 cited 1987)[1]
Kra-Dai or language isolate
  • Hlai–Jiamao?
    • Jiamao
Language codes
ISO 639-3jio
Glottologjiam1236

Jiamao (Chinese: 加茂; pinyin: Jiāmào; also 台 Tái or 塞 Sāi) is a divergent Kra-Dai language or possible language isolate[2] spoken in southern Hainan, China.[3] Jiamao speakers' autonym is tʰai1.[4][5]

Classification[edit]

Jiamao is often classified one of the Hlai languages, which constitute a primary branch of the Kra–Dai language family, but Norquest (2007, 2015) and others note that Jiamao has a non-Hlai substratum.

Graham Thurgood (1992) suggested that Jiamao might have an Austroasiatic substratum. Norquest (2007) identified various lexical items in Jiamao that do not reconstruct to Proto-Hlai and later firmly established it as a non-Hlai language.[6] Hsiu (2018) notes that Jiamao also contains various words borrowed from an unknown, currently extinct Tibeto-Burman branch.[7]

Demographics[edit]

In the 1980s, Jiamao was spoken by 50,000 people in central and south-central Hainan, mostly in Jiamao Township (加茂镇) in Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County. It shares less than half of its lexicon with the Hlai languages.[8]

In Lingshui Li Autonomous County, Jiamao is spoken in Benhao (本号), Nanping (南平), Wenluo (文罗), Zuguan (祖关), Longguang (隆广), and Tianzi (田仔).[9] In Lingshui County, Jiamao is known as Tái (台), and is also known as Sāi (塞) or Jiāwǒ (加我).[citation needed]

There are four Jiamao dialects,[10] namely Jiamao (加茂), Liugong (六弓), Tianzi (田仔), and Qunying (群英).

Jiamao is spoken in the following villages and townships of southern Hainan.[citation needed]

  • Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County (保亭黎族苗族自治县)
    • Jiamao Township (加茂乡)
    • Liugong Township (六弓乡)
    • Shiling Town (什玲镇, in Jie 介村 and Shisheng 什胜村 villages)
  • Lingshui Li Autonomous County (陵水黎族自治县)
    • Longguang Town (隆广镇)
    • Benhao Town (本号镇)
  • Sanya (三亚市)
    • Haitangwan Town (海棠湾镇, northeastern part: in Longtoucai 龙头菜村, Xiepei 协配村, and Maohou 毛喉村 villages)

The Liaoergong (廖二弓) dialect is documented in Huang (2011).[11]

Phonology[edit]

Tones[edit]

Jiamao has 8 distinct tone categories (Norquest 2015:311):

Tone category High register tone Low register tone
A (open) /55/ (tone 1) /11/ (tone 4)
X (glottalized) /51/ (tone 5) /31/ (tone 2)
DL (long closed) /53/ (tone 9) /31/ (tone 8)
DS (short closed) /55/ (tone 7) /22/ (tone 10)

Like Proto-Be,[12] Jiamao does not distinguish between tone categories B and C, but rather only has an X category.

As noted by Thurgood (1992) and Norquest (2015), these do not correspond to Hlai tones, but rather initials in Proto-Hlai. High register tones are derived from unvoiced initials, and low register tones from voiced initials.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jiamao at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Norquest (2015)
  3. ^ Miyake, Marc (September 20, 2011). "11.9.20.22:04: Is Jiamao Hlai?". www.amritas.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  4. ^ See Proto-Tai language § Tones for an explanation of the tone codes.
  5. ^ Liu, Yuanchao 刘援朝 (2008). "Líyǔ Jiāmàohuà gàikuàng" 黎语加茂话概况. Mínzú yǔwén 民族語文 (in Chinese). 5.
  6. ^ Norquest (2015), p. 3
  7. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (December 2017). "The Origins of Jiamao". MSEA Languages. Archived from the original on 2020-10-09.
  8. ^ Norquest (2007)
  9. ^ Lang, Alang 郎啊朗 (2006-09-27). ""Bǎotíng Jiāmào Lízú" shì zhēn dí Lízú ma?" “保亭加茂黎族”是真的黎族吗？. Tiānyá shèqū (in Chinese).
  10. ^ Xin, Shibiao 辛世彪 (2009-02-14). "Jiāmào Líyǔ de sìdà fāngyán" 加茂黎语的四大方言 [The Four Dialects of Jiamao]. Xīnlàng bókè (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
  11. ^ Yang, Yiqi 杨遗旗 (2014). "Líyǔ héxīn rénchēng dàicí yánjiū" 黎语核心人称代词研究 [A Study of Core Personal Pronouns in Li Language]. Hǎinán shīfàn dàxué xuébào (Shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 海南师范大学学报 (社会科学版) (in Chinese). 27 (7): 118–123. doi:10.16061/j.cnki.cn46-1076/c.2014.07.051.
  12. ^ Chen, Yen-ling (2018). Proto-Ong-Be (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Works cited[edit]

  • Thurgood, Graham (1992). "The Aberrancy of the Jiamao Dialect of Hlai: Speculation on its Origins and History". In Ratliff, Martha S.; Schiller, E. (eds.). Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 417–433.
  • Norquest, Peter Kristian (2007). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (PhD dissertation thesis). University of Arizona. hdl:10150/194203.
  • Norquest, Peter K. (2015). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30052-1.

Further reading[edit]

  • Huang, Quan 黄权 (2011). Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn (Sài fāngyán) 汉黎字典 (赛方言) [Chinese-Hlai Dictionary (Sai Dialect)] (in Chinese). Yunnan minzu chubanshe. ISBN 978-75367-4971-9.
  • Yang, Wenping 杨文平 (2016). Hàn-Lí zìdiǎn: Tái fāngyán (Língshuǐ) 汉黎字典: 台方言 (陵水) [Chinese-Hlai Dictionary: Tai Dialect (Lingshui)] (in Chinese). Nanhai chuban gongsi. ISBN 978-7-5442-8130-0.
  • Zeng, Kewen 曾科文; Liang, Zhenzhen 梁珍珍 (2016). Lízú: Sài fāngyán 黎族: 赛方言 [The Li Ethnic Group: Sai Dialect] (in Chinese). Nanhai chuban gongsi. ISBN 978-7-5442-8364-9.
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