Slavic dialects of Greece: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian}} |
{{short description|Dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian}} |
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{{South Slavic languages sidebar}} |
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}} |
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[[Image:Greece linguistic minorities.svg|thumb|right|250px|Traditional non-Greek languages zones in Greece. |
[[Image:Greece linguistic minorities.svg|thumb|right|250px|Traditional non-Greek languages zones in Greece. Greek is the dominant language throughout Greece; inclusion in a non-Greek language zone does not necessarily imply that the relevant minority language is still spoken there.<ref>See Ethnologue ([http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=MK&seq=10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505233236/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=MK&seq=10 |date=2008-05-05 }}); Euromosaic, ''Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce'', ''L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce'', ''Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce'', and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, ''The Turkish language in education in Greece''. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), ''Language and nationalism in Europe'', Oxford University Press 2000.</ref>]] |
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[[File:Lerin 27 Jan 1926b.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Proclamation of Greek nationalists from 1926, per which the ''Bulgarian language'' is forbidden for the locals.]] |
[[File:Lerin 27 Jan 1926b.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Proclamation of Greek nationalists from 1926, per which the ''Bulgarian language'' is forbidden for the locals.]] |
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[[File:Slavianomakedonski glas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"Slavomacedonian voice" newspaper from March 25, 1944. The newspaper was published in a non-standardized [[Kostur dialect]] by the [[Slavomacedonian National Liberation Front ]] during the WWII.]] |
[[File:Slavianomakedonski glas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|"Slavomacedonian voice" newspaper from March 25, 1944. The newspaper was published in a non-standardized [[Kostur dialect]] by the [[Slavomacedonian National Liberation Front ]] during the WWII.]] |
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The '''Slavic dialects of Greece''' are the [[Eastern South Slavic]] dialects of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] spoken by [[Minorities in Greece|minority groups]] in the regions of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace (Greece)|Thrace]] in northern Greece. Usually, dialects in [[Western Thrace|Thrace]] are classified as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], while the dialects in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] are classified as [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], with the exception of some eastern dialects which can also be classified as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. |
The '''Slavic dialects of Greece''' are the [[Eastern South Slavic]] dialects of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] spoken by [[Minorities in Greece|minority groups]] in the regions of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace (Greece)|Thrace]] in northern Greece. Usually, dialects in [[Western Thrace|Thrace]] are classified as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], while the dialects in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]] are classified as [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], with the exception of some eastern dialects which can also be classified as [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]. Before World War II, most linguists<ref>{{cite book |last=Hupchick |first=Dennis P. |author-link=Dennis P. Hupchick |date=1995 |title=Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe |url= |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=143 |isbn=0312121164 |quote=The obviously plagiarized historical argument of the Macedonian nationalists for a separate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that worked against them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language was mandated by the communist-led partisan movement from Macedonia in 1944, most outside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spoken by the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian}}</ref> considered all of these dialects to be [[Bulgarian dialects]].<ref>Mladenov, Stefan. Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache, Berlin, Leipzig, 1929, § 207-209.</ref><ref>Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.</ref><ref>Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968, с. 580-582.</ref><ref>Die Slaven in Griechenland von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands, p.324.</ref> However, other linguists opposed this view and considered Macedonian dialects as comprising an independent language distinct from both Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.<ref>''Antoine Meillet (French, linguist, 1928): Their dialects, differing among themselves, are not truly Serbian nor truly Bulgarian, especially if one is thinking of written Bulgarian, which is based on dialects quite far removed from the Macedonian dialects. In reality these dialects do not properly belong to either the one or the other of the two groups under dispute.''<br />1. Todor Dimitrovski, Blaže Koneski, Trajko Stamatoski. About the Macedonian language; "Krste Misirkov" Institute of the Macedonian Language, 1978; p.31.<br />2. Kulturen Život. Macedonian Review, Volume 10; Kulturen Zhivot., 1980; p.105</ref><ref>Vaillant, André (1938), ''"Le Problème du slave macédonien'', Bulletin de la Société linguistique, 39, 2(# 116): 194–210, cited in Fishman, J. A. (ed) (1993), ''The Earliest Stage of Language Planning'', New York, p. 164.</ref><ref>Małecki, M. (1938), ''Z zagadnień dialektologii macedońskiej'', Rocznik slawistyczny, 14: 119–144, cited in Fishman, J. A. (ed) (1993), ''The Earliest Stage of Language Planning'', New York, p. 164.</ref><ref>"Несмотря на значительное диаметральное разнообразие, македонские говоры представляют собою единство и заметно отличаются от народных говоров Фракии, Родоп, Мизии и Балкан" [''Despite their considerable diametrical diversity, Macedonian dialects represent a [linguistic] whole and differ markedly from the folk dialects of [[Northern Thrace|Thrace]], [[Rhodope Mountains|the Rhodopes]], [[Northern Bulgaria|Moesia]] and [[Balkan Mountains|the Balkans]]'']. Berstein, S. (1938), ''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'', no. 36, p. 743, cited in Bernstein (1944), ''Несколько замечаний о македонском литературном языке'' [Some remarks on the Macedonian literary language].</ref><ref>Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History, Taylor & Francis, 2021, {{ISBN|9780429266362}}, pp. 152–153.</ref> |
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== Slavic dialects spoken in the region of Greek Macedonia == |
== Slavic dialects spoken in the region of Greek Macedonia == |
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The continuum of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] is spoken today in the prefectures of [[Florina (regional unit)|Florina]] and [[Pella (regional unit)|Pella]], and to a lesser extent in [[Kastoria (regional unit)|Kastoria]], [[Imathia]], [[Kilkis (regional unit)|Kilkis]], [[Thessaloniki (regional unit)|Thessaloniki]], [[Serres (regional unit)|Serres]] and [[Drama (regional unit)|Drama]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The European Union and Lesser-Used Languages |date=2002 |publisher=European Parliament |page=77 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/document_travail/educ/2002/0108/04A-EDUC_DT(2002)0108_EN.doc |quote=Macedonian and Bulgarian are the two standard languages of the eastern group of south Slavonic languages. In Greek Macedonia several dialectal varieties, very close to both standard Macedonian and Bulgarian, are spoken ... The two words (Macedonian and Bulgarian) are used here primarily because they are the names the speakers use to refer to the way they speak. In fact, many speak of ‘our language’ (nasi) or ‘the local language’ (ta dopia): the use of actual names is a politically charged national issue ... Yet (Slavo)Macedonian/ Bulgarian is still spoken by considerable numbers in Greek Macedonia, all along its northern borders, specially in the Prefectures of Florina, Pella, and to a lesser extent in Kastoria, Kilkis, Imathia, Thessalonika, Serres and Drama.}}</ref> |
The continuum of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] is spoken today in the prefectures of [[Florina (regional unit)|Florina]] and [[Pella (regional unit)|Pella]], and to a lesser extent in [[Kastoria (regional unit)|Kastoria]], [[Imathia]], [[Kilkis (regional unit)|Kilkis]], [[Thessaloniki (regional unit)|Thessaloniki]], [[Serres (regional unit)|Serres]] and [[Drama (regional unit)|Drama]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The European Union and Lesser-Used Languages |date=2002 |publisher=European Parliament |page=77 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/document_travail/educ/2002/0108/04A-EDUC_DT(2002)0108_EN.doc |quote=Macedonian and Bulgarian are the two standard languages of the eastern group of south Slavonic languages. In Greek Macedonia several dialectal varieties, very close to both standard Macedonian and Bulgarian, are spoken ... The two words (Macedonian and Bulgarian) are used here primarily because they are the names the speakers use to refer to the way they speak. In fact, many speak of ‘our language’ (nasi) or ‘the local language’ (ta dopia): the use of actual names is a politically charged national issue ... Yet (Slavo)Macedonian/ Bulgarian is still spoken by considerable numbers in Greek Macedonia, all along its northern borders, specially in the Prefectures of Florina, Pella, and to a lesser extent in Kastoria, Kilkis, Imathia, Thessalonika, Serres and Drama. |access-date=2019-01-13 |archive-date=2018-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120211325/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/document_travail/educ/2002/0108/04A-EDUC_DT(2002)0108_EN.doc |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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According to Riki van Boeschoten, the Slavic dialects of Greek Macedonia are divided into three main dialects (Eastern, Central and Western), of which the [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect|Eastern dialect]] is used in the areas of [[Serres]] and [[Drama]], and is closest to [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], the Western dialect is used in [[Florina]] and [[Kastoria]], and is closest to [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], the [[Solun-Voden dialect|Central dialect]] is used in the area between [[Edessa]] and [[Salonica]] and is an intermediate between Macedonian and Bulgarian.<ref>Boeschoten, Riki van (1993): Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels) "The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ioannidou |first1=Alexandra |title=Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia |journal=Ars Philologica: Festschrift für Baldur Panzer zum 65. Geburstag. Karsten Grünberg, Wilfried Potthoff |date=1999 |pages=59, 63 |url=https://www.academia.edu/784444 |publisher=Peterlang |location=Athens |isbn=9783631350652|quote=In September 1993 ... the European Commission financed and published an interesting report by Riki van Boeschoten on the "Minority Languages in Northern Greece", in which the existence of a "Macedonian language" in Greece is mentioned. The description of this language is simplistic and by no means reflective of any kind of linguistic reality; instead it reflects the wish to divide up the dialects comprehensibly into geographical (i.e. political) areas. According to this report, Greek Slavophones speak the "Macedonian" language, which belongs to the "Bulgaro-Macedonian" group and is divided into three main dialects (Western, Central and Eastern) - a theory which lacks a factual basis.}}</ref> Trudgill classifies certain peripheral dialects in the far east of Greek Macedonia as part of the [[Bulgarian language]] area and the rest as [[Macedonian dialects]].<ref name=Trudgill>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref> [[Victor Friedman]] considers those [[Macedonian dialects]], particularly those spoken as west as [[Kilkis]], to be transitional to the neighbouring South Slavic language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heine |first1=Bernd |last2=Kuteva |first2=Tania |title=Language Contact and Grammatical Change |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521608282 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npOCs6LP4RgC&pg=PA118 |language=en |quote=in the modern northern and eastern Macedonian dialects that are transitional to Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, e.g. in Kumanovo and Kukus/Kilkis, object reduplication occurs with less consistency than in the west-central dialects}}</ref> |
According to Riki van Boeschoten, the Slavic dialects of Greek Macedonia are divided into three main dialects (Eastern, Central and Western), of which the [[Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect|Eastern dialect]] is used in the areas of [[Serres]] and [[Drama]], and is closest to [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], the Western dialect is used in [[Florina]] and [[Kastoria]], and is closest to [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], the [[Solun-Voden dialect|Central dialect]] is used in the area between [[Edessa]] and [[Salonica]] and is an intermediate between Macedonian and Bulgarian.<ref>Boeschoten, Riki van (1993): Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels) "The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ioannidou |first1=Alexandra |title=Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia |journal=Ars Philologica: Festschrift für Baldur Panzer zum 65. Geburstag. Karsten Grünberg, Wilfried Potthoff |date=1999 |pages=59, 63 |url=https://www.academia.edu/784444 |publisher=Peterlang |location=Athens |isbn=9783631350652 |quote=In September 1993 ... the European Commission financed and published an interesting report by Riki van Boeschoten on the "Minority Languages in Northern Greece", in which the existence of a "Macedonian language" in Greece is mentioned. The description of this language is simplistic and by no means reflective of any kind of linguistic reality; instead it reflects the wish to divide up the dialects comprehensibly into geographical (i.e. political) areas. According to this report, Greek Slavophones speak the "Macedonian" language, which belongs to the "Bulgaro-Macedonian" group and is divided into three main dialects (Western, Central and Eastern) - a theory which lacks a factual basis. |access-date=2019-01-28 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428043324/https://www.academia.edu/784444 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trudgill classifies certain peripheral dialects in the far east of Greek Macedonia as part of the [[Bulgarian language]] area and the rest as [[Macedonian dialects]].<ref name=Trudgill>Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.</ref> [[Victor Friedman]] considers those [[Macedonian dialects]], particularly those spoken as west as [[Kilkis]], to be transitional to the neighbouring South Slavic language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heine |first1=Bernd |last2=Kuteva |first2=Tania |title=Language Contact and Grammatical Change |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521608282 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npOCs6LP4RgC&pg=PA118 |language=en |quote=in the modern northern and eastern Macedonian dialects that are transitional to Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, e.g. in Kumanovo and Kukus/Kilkis, object reduplication occurs with less consistency than in the west-central dialects |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427155902/https://books.google.com/books?id=npOCs6LP4RgC&pg=PA118 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Macedonian dialectologists Božidar Vidoeski and [[Blaže Koneski]] |
Macedonian dialectologists [[Božidar Vidoeski]] and [[Blaže Koneski]] considered the eastern [[Macedonian dialects]] to be transitional to [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], including the [[Maleševo-Pirin dialect]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fodor |first1=István |last2=Hagège |first2=Claude |title=Language reform : history and future |date=309 |publisher=Buske |isbn=9783871189142 |quote=The northern dialects are transitional to Serbo-Croatian, whereas the eastern (especially Malesevo) are transitional to Bulgarian. (For further details see Vidoeski 1960-1961, 1962-1963, and Koneski 1983).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vidoeski |first1=Božo |title=Dialects of Macedonian |publisher=Slavica |isbn=9780893573157 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twR-AAAAIAAJ&q=transitional+dialects |quote=the northern border zone and the extreme southeast towards Bulgarian linguistic territory. It was here that the formation of transitional dialect belts between Macedonian and Bulgarian in the east, and Macedonian and Serbian in the north began. |year=2005 |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427155728/https://books.google.com/books?id=twR-AAAAIAAJ&q=transitional+dialects |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Bulgarian dialectologists claim all dialects and do not recognize the Macedonian. They divide [[Bulgarian dialects]] mainly into Eastern and Western by a [[:File:Bgmap yat.png|separating isogloss]](''dyado, byal/dedo, bel'' "grandpa, white"(m., sg.)) stretching from [[Salonica]] to the meeting point of [[Iskar (river)|Iskar]] and [[Danube]], except for the isolated phenomena of the [[Korçë|Korcha]] dialect as an of Eastern Bulgarian [[Rup dialects]] in the western fringes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Карта на диалектната делитба на българския език |url=http://ibl.bas.bg//bulgarian_dialects/ |publisher=Bulgarian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> |
Bulgarian dialectologists claim all dialects and do not recognize the Macedonian. They divide [[Bulgarian dialects]] mainly into Eastern and Western by a [[:File:Bgmap yat.png|separating isogloss]](''dyado, byal/dedo, bel'' "grandpa, white"(m., sg.)) stretching from [[Salonica]] to the meeting point of [[Iskar (river)|Iskar]] and [[Danube]], except for the isolated phenomena of the [[Korçë|Korcha]] dialect as an of Eastern Bulgarian [[Rup dialects]] in the western fringes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Карта на диалектната делитба на българския език |url=http://ibl.bas.bg//bulgarian_dialects/ |publisher=Bulgarian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2019-01-13 |archive-date=2019-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123091320/http://ibl.bas.bg/bulgarian_dialects/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The [[nasal vowels]] are absent in all Slavic dialects except for the dialects of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] in Greece and the [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] dialects ([[Polabian language|Polabian]], [[Slovincian language|Slovincian]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethin |first1=Christina Y. |
The [[nasal vowels]] are absent in all Slavic dialects except for the dialects of [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] in Greece and the [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] dialects ([[Polabian language|Polabian]], [[Slovincian language|Slovincian]], [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethin |first1=Christina Y. |title=Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory |last2=Bethin |first2=Christina y |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521591485 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xN_8himuvQYC&pg=PA84 84]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=xN_8himuvQYC&pg=PA87 87]}}</ref> This, along with the preservation of the paroxitonic in the [[Kostur dialect]] and Polish, is part of a series of [[isogloss]]es shared with the Lechitic dialects, which led to the thesis of a [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetic relationship]] between Proto-Bulgarian and Proto-Macedonian with Proto-[[Polish language|Polish]] and Proto-[[Kashubian language|Kashubian]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ireteslaw.ispan.waw.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/33/H_Popowska-Taborska_-_Wczesne_dzieje_S%C5%82owian.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |first1=Hanna |last1=Popowska-Taborska |title=Wczesne dzieje Słowian w świetle ich języka |publisher=Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk |date=2014 |pages=99–100 |isbn=978-83-64031-10-6 |quote=Chodzi o wnioskowanie na podstawie różnego rodzaju zbieżności językowych o domniemanym usytuowaniu przodków współczesnych reprezentantów języków słowiańskich w ich słowiańskiej praojczyźnie. Trzy najbardziej popularne w tym względzie koncepcje dotyczą: 1. domniemanych związków genetycznych Słowian północnych (nadbałtyckich) z północnym krańcem Słowiańszczyzny wschodniej, 2. domniemanych związków genetycznych Protopolaków (Protokaszubów) z Protobułgarami i Protomacedończykami oraz … Również żywa jest po dzień dzisiejszy wysunięta w 1940 r. przez Conewa [Conev 1940] teza o domniemanych genetycznych związkach polsko-bułgarskich, za którymi świadczyć mają charakteryzująca oba języki szeroka wymowa kontynuantów ě, nagłosowe o- poprzedzone protezą, zachowanie samogłosek nosowych w języku polskim i ślady tych samogłosek w języku bułgarskim, akcent paroksytoniczny cechujący język polski i dialekty kosturskie. Za dawnymi związkami lechicko-bułgarsko-macedońskimi opowiada się też Bernsztejn [Bernštejn 1961, 1965], który formułuje tezę, że przodkowie Bułgarów i Macedończyków żyli w przeszłości na północnym obszarze prasłowiańskim w bliskich związkach z przodkami Pomorzan i Polaków. Do wymienionych wyżej zbieżności fonetycznych dołącza Bernsztejn zbieżności leksykalne bułgarsko-kaszubskie; podobnie czynią Kurkina [Kurkina 1979] oraz Schuster-Šewc [Schuster-Šewc 1988], którzy– opowiadając się za tezą Conewa i Bernsztejna – powołują się na mój artykuł o leksykalnych nawiązaniach kaszubsko-południowosłowiańskich [Popowska-Taborska 1975a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123022856/http://www.ireteslaw.ispan.waw.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/33/H_Popowska-Taborska_-_Wczesne_dzieje_S%C5%82owian.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y |archive-date= Nov 23, 2018 }}</ref> |
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The [[Old Church Slavonic language]], the earliest recorded Slavic language, was based on the [[Salonica]] dialects.<ref>{{cite book |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080877754 |page=663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=salonica+dialect+old+church+slavonic&pg=PA663 |language=en}}</ref> Church Slavonic, long-used as a state language further north in East and West Slavic states and as the only one in [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] until the 18th century,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crișan |first1=Marius-Mircea |title=Dracula: An International Perspective |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319633664 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6x0-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |language=en}}</ref> influenced other Slavic languages on all levels, including [[morphonology]] and [[vocabulary]].<ref name="Halbband2">{{cite book|title=Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2|date=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=9783110215472|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GACTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1326}}</ref> 70% of Church Slavonic words are common to all Slavic languages,<ref name="Bennett">{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Brian P.|title=Religion and Language in Post-Soviet Russia|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136736131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHmsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56}}</ref> the influence of Church Slavonic is especially pronounced in [[Russian language|Russian]], which today consists of mixed native and Church Slavonic [[vocabulary]]. |
The [[Old Church Slavonic language]], the earliest recorded Slavic language, was based on the [[Salonica]] dialects.<ref>{{cite book |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |date=2010 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080877754 |page=663 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=salonica+dialect+old+church+slavonic&pg=PA663 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708170757/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=salonica+dialect+old+church+slavonic&pg=PA663 |url-status=live }}</ref> Church Slavonic, long-used as a state language further north in East and West Slavic states and as the only one in [[Wallachia]] and [[Moldavia]] until the 18th century,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crișan |first1=Marius-Mircea |title=Dracula: An International Perspective |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319633664 |page=114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6x0-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-03 |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427155706/https://books.google.com/books?id=6x0-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> influenced other Slavic languages on all levels, including [[morphonology]] and [[vocabulary]].<ref name="Halbband2">{{cite book|title=Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2|date=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|isbn=9783110215472|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GACTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1326|access-date=2020-10-03|archive-date=2024-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427155712/https://books.google.com/books?id=GACTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1326#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 70% of Church Slavonic words are common to all Slavic languages,<ref name="Bennett">{{cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Brian P.|title=Religion and Language in Post-Soviet Russia|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136736131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHmsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|access-date=2020-10-03|archive-date=2024-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427155734/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHmsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> the influence of Church Slavonic is especially pronounced in [[Russian language|Russian]], which today consists of mixed native and Church Slavonic [[vocabulary]]. |
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=== Fringe views === |
=== Fringe views === |
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A series of ethnological and pseudo-linguistic works were published by three Greek teachers, notably Boukouvalas and Tsioulkas, whose publications demonstrate common ideological and methodological similarities. They published etymological lists tracing every single Slavic word to [[Ancient Greek]] with fictional correlations, and they were ignorant of the dialects and the Slavic languages entirely.<ref name="Ioannidou">{{cite book|last1=Ioannidou |first1=Alexandra |title=Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia |journal=Ars Philologica: Festschrift für Baldur Panzer zum 65. Geburstag. Karsten Grünberg, Wilfried Potthoff |date=1999 |pages=56–58 |url=https://www.academia.edu/784444 |publisher=Peterlang |location=Athens |isbn=9783631350652 |quote=(A) series of etymological and pseudo-linguistic publications ... appeared in Greece ... by "specialists", such as the teachers Giorgos Boukouvalas and Konstantinos Tsioulkas. Boukouvalas published in 1905 in Cairo a brief brochure under the title "The language of the Bulgarophones in Macedonia" (1905). This essay, which assumed the Slav character of the foreign-language idioms of Greek Macedonia by naming them "Bulgarian", included a long list of Slavic words with Greek roots which are used in the dialects. ... Konstantinos Tsioulkas published in 1907 in Athens a book over 350 pages in length to prove the ancient Greek character of the idioms in Greek Macecionia!... : "Contributions to the bilinguism of the Macedonians by comparison of the Slav'-like Macedonian language to Greek" ... Tsioulkas "proved" through a series of "etymological" lists that the inhabitants of Greece's Macedonia spoke a pure Ancient-Greek dialect. ... In 1948 by a third teacher, Giorgos Georgiades, (wrote) under the promising title "The mixed idiom in Macedonia and the ethnological situation of the Macedonians who speak it". Here it is stated that many words from the dialects maintain their "Ancient Greek character". Still, the language itself was presented as a mixture of Greek, Turkish and words borrowed from other languages. As a result, the author found himself incapable of defining it as either Greek or Slav. In examining such publications, one will easily recognise ideological and methodological similarities. One common factor for all the authors is that they ignored not only the dialects they wrote about, but also the Slavic languages entirely. This fact did not hinder them in creating or republishing etymological lists tracing every Slavic word back to Ancient Greek with fictional correlations.}}</ref> Among them, Boukouvalas promoted an enormous influence of the [[Greek language]] on a Bulgarian idiom and a discussion about their probable Greek descent.<ref name="Ioannidou"/> Tsioulkas followed him by publishing a large book, where he "proved" through an "etymological" approach, that these idioms are a pure [[Ancient Greek]] dialect.<ref name="Ioannidou"/> A publication of the third teacher followed, Giorgos Georgiades, who presented the language as a mixture of Greek, Turkish and other loanwords, but was incapable of |
A series of ethnological and pseudo-linguistic works were published by three Greek teachers, notably Boukouvalas and Tsioulkas, whose publications demonstrate common ideological and methodological similarities. They published etymological lists tracing every single Slavic word to [[Ancient Greek]] with fictional correlations, and they were ignorant of the dialects and the Slavic languages entirely.<ref name="Ioannidou">{{cite book |last1=Ioannidou |first1=Alexandra |title=Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia |journal=Ars Philologica: Festschrift für Baldur Panzer zum 65. Geburstag. Karsten Grünberg, Wilfried Potthoff |date=1999 |pages=56–58 |url=https://www.academia.edu/784444 |publisher=Peterlang |location=Athens |isbn=9783631350652 |quote=(A) series of etymological and pseudo-linguistic publications ... appeared in Greece ... by "specialists", such as the teachers Giorgos Boukouvalas and Konstantinos Tsioulkas. Boukouvalas published in 1905 in Cairo a brief brochure under the title "The language of the Bulgarophones in Macedonia" (1905). This essay, which assumed the Slav character of the foreign-language idioms of Greek Macedonia by naming them "Bulgarian", included a long list of Slavic words with Greek roots which are used in the dialects. ... Konstantinos Tsioulkas published in 1907 in Athens a book over 350 pages in length to prove the ancient Greek character of the idioms in Greek Macecionia!... : "Contributions to the bilinguism of the Macedonians by comparison of the Slav'-like Macedonian language to Greek" ... Tsioulkas "proved" through a series of "etymological" lists that the inhabitants of Greece's Macedonia spoke a pure Ancient-Greek dialect. ... In 1948 by a third teacher, Giorgos Georgiades, (wrote) under the promising title "The mixed idiom in Macedonia and the ethnological situation of the Macedonians who speak it". Here it is stated that many words from the dialects maintain their "Ancient Greek character". Still, the language itself was presented as a mixture of Greek, Turkish and words borrowed from other languages. As a result, the author found himself incapable of defining it as either Greek or Slav. In examining such publications, one will easily recognise ideological and methodological similarities. One common factor for all the authors is that they ignored not only the dialects they wrote about, but also the Slavic languages entirely. This fact did not hinder them in creating or republishing etymological lists tracing every Slavic word back to Ancient Greek with fictional correlations. |access-date=2019-01-28 |archive-date=2023-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428043324/https://www.academia.edu/784444 |url-status=live }}</ref> Among them, Boukouvalas promoted an enormous influence of the [[Greek language]] on a Bulgarian idiom and a discussion about their probable Greek descent.<ref name="Ioannidou"/> Tsioulkas followed him by publishing a large book, where he "proved" through an "etymological" approach, that these idioms are a pure [[Ancient Greek]] dialect.<ref name="Ioannidou"/> A publication of the third teacher followed, Giorgos Georgiades, who presented the language as a mixture of Greek, Turkish and other loanwords, but was incapable of defining the dialects as either Greek or Slav.<ref name="Ioannidou"/> |
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Serbian dialectology does not usually extend the Serbian dialects to Greek Macedonia, but an unconventional classification has been |
Serbian dialectology does not usually extend the Serbian dialects to Greek Macedonia, but an unconventional classification has been made by [[Aleksandar Belić]], a convinced Serbian nationalist, who regarded the dialects as [[Serbian dialects|Serbian]].<ref name="Ioannidou"/> In [[:File:Balkan dialects belic 1914.jpg|his classification]] he distinguished three categories of dialects in Greek Macedonia: a Serbo-Macedonian dialect, a Bulgaro-Macedonian territory where Serbian is spoken and a Non-Slavic territory. |
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=== Ban for use, language shift and language death=== |
=== Ban for use, language shift and language death=== |
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| year =1994 |
| year =1994 |
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| page = 65 |
| page = 65 |
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| isbn = 0-646-20462-9}}</ref> Many people who broke the rule were deported,<ref>The Rising Sun In the Balkans: The Republic of Macedonia, International Affairs Agency, Sydney, Pollitecon Publications, 1995; p.33</ref> or arrested, and beaten.<ref name="Nettle 2000 175"/> During the [[Cold War]] cases of discrimination against people who spoke in local dialects had been reported. In 1959 the inhabitants of three villages adopted a 'language oath', renouncing their Slavic dialect on the initiative of local government officials.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Van Boeschoten |first=Riki |year=2006 |title= Code-switching, Linguistic Jokes and Ethnic Identity,Reading Hidden Transcripts in a Cross-Cultural Context |journal=Journal of Modern Greek Studies |volume=25 |issue= 2|pages= 347–377|doi=10.1353/mgs.2006.0018|s2cid=145446614 }}</ref> After the [[fall of Communism]] the issue has continued. In 1994 report by the [[Human Rights Watch]], Greece implemented a program, which refuses the teaching of any Slavic language. The Greek state continues to exclude the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia from operating TV-, or radio-stations in local Slavic |
| isbn = 0-646-20462-9}}</ref> Many people who broke the rule were deported,<ref>The Rising Sun In the Balkans: The Republic of Macedonia, International Affairs Agency, Sydney, Pollitecon Publications, 1995; p.33</ref> or arrested, and beaten.<ref name="Nettle 2000 175"/> During the [[Cold War]] cases of discrimination against people who spoke in local dialects had been reported. In 1959 the inhabitants of three villages adopted a 'language oath', renouncing their Slavic dialect on the initiative of local government officials.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Van Boeschoten |first=Riki |year=2006 |title= Code-switching, Linguistic Jokes and Ethnic Identity, Reading Hidden Transcripts in a Cross-Cultural Context |journal=Journal of Modern Greek Studies |volume=25 |issue= 2|pages= 347–377|doi=10.1353/mgs.2006.0018|s2cid=145446614 }}</ref> After the [[fall of Communism]] the issue has continued. In 1994 report by the [[Human Rights Watch]], Greece implemented a program, which refuses the teaching of any Slavic language. The Greek state continues to exclude the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia from operating TV-, or radio-stations in local Slavic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhrmi.org/news/2008/january27_e.asp|title=MHRMI - Macedonian Human Rights Movement International|last=TJ-Hosting|website=Mhrmi.org|date=27 January 2008|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024144541/https://mhrmi.org/news/2008/january27_e.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> As result per Christian Voss in the Western and Central areas of Greek Macedonia is visible the typical situation of [[language shift]] and decreased proficiency from the Slavic vernacular to Greek as follows: "Households with almost monoglot Slavic-speaking grandparents, bilingual parents, and monoglot Greek-speaking children with a passive knowledge of Slavic." On the other hand, in [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace|Eastern Macedonia]] are a symptoms of full assimilation, which led to a [[language death]].<ref>Christian Voss, Language use and language attitudes of a phantom minority. Bilingual Northern Greece and the concept of "hidden minorities".</ref> |
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== Slavic dialects spoken in the region of [[Thrace (Greece)|Thrace]] == |
== Slavic dialects spoken in the region of [[Thrace (Greece)|Thrace]] == |
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{{Expand section|date=January 2019}} |
{{Expand section|date=January 2019}} |
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[[File:Bgmap yat.png|250px|thumb|right|The ''[[yat]]'' (*ě) split in the [[Eastern South Slavic]]. [[Jouko Lindstedt]] has assumed that this isogloss is the dividing line between Bulgarian and Macedonian.<ref>Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, Catherine Gibson as ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders, Springer, 2016; {{ISBN|1137348399}}, p. 436.</ref>]] |
[[File:Bgmap yat.png|250px|thumb|right|The ''[[yat]]'' (*ě) split in the [[Eastern South Slavic]]. [[Jouko Lindstedt]] has assumed that this isogloss is the dividing line between Bulgarian and Macedonian.<ref>Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, Catherine Gibson as ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders, Springer, 2016; {{ISBN|1137348399}}, p. 436.</ref>]] |
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Some of the [[Rup dialects]] of the [[Bulgarian language]] are spoken by the [[Pomaks]] in [[Western Thrace]] in Greece. These dialects are native also in [[Bulgaria]], and are classified as part of the [[Smolyan dialect|Smolyan subdialect]].<ref>Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002; [http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/jchorb/st/st_2_b_izt_3.htm pp.128-143]</ref> Not all Pomaks speak this dialect as their mother language.<ref>Иванов, Й. Българска диалектология. Пловдивско Университетско Издателство |
Some of the [[Rup dialects]] of the [[Bulgarian language]] are spoken by the [[Pomaks]] in [[Western Thrace]] in Greece. These dialects are native also in [[Bulgaria]], and are classified as part of the [[Smolyan dialect|Smolyan subdialect]].<ref>Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002; [http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/jchorb/st/st_2_b_izt_3.htm pp.128-143] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929123759/http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/jchorb/st/st_2_b_izt_3.htm |date=2013-09-29 }}</ref> Not all Pomaks speak this dialect as their mother language.<ref>Иванов, Й. Българска диалектология. Пловдивско Университетско Издателство "П. Хилендарски". Пловдив, 1994 г., с. 80 (Ivanov, J. Bulgarian Dialectology. Plovdiv University Press "P. Hilendarski". Plovdiv, 1994, p. 80)</ref> It is generally qualified by Bulgarian researchers as an "archaic dialect" with some conservative features, which bear witness to an intermediate state of transition from Old Bulgarian/[[Old Church Slavonic]] to the modern Bulgarian language.<ref name="Evangelia Adamou pp.40-65">[[Evangelia Adamou]], Davide Fanciullo. Why Pomak will not be the next Slavic literary language. D. Stern; M. Nomachi; B. Belić. Linguistic regionalism in Eastern Europe and beyond: minority, regional and literary microlanguages, Peter Lang, pp.40-65, 2018.</ref> |
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== Extinct Slavic dialects == |
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{{Expand section|date=January 2019}} |
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==Attempts of codification== |
==Attempts of codification== |
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{{Main|Abecedar}} |
{{Main|Abecedar}} |
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[[File:Abecedar 1925 frontpage.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Front page of the original Abecedar, published in 1925]] |
[[File:Abecedar 1925 frontpage.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Front page of the original Abecedar, published in 1925]] |
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Under the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]], Greece |
Under the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]], Greece had agreed to open schools for minority-language children. In September 1924 Greece also agreed to a [[Politis–Kalfov Protocol|protocol with Bulgaria]] to place its [[Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia|Slavic-speaking minority]] under the protection of the [[League of Nations]] as [[Bulgarians]]. However, the [[Greek parliament]] refused to ratify the protocol due to objections from Serbia, and from Greeks who considered the Slavic-speakers to be Greeks rather than Slavic people.<ref name="danforth">Danforth, Loring M. ''The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World'', p. 70. Princeton University Press, 1995. {{ISBN|0-691-04356-6}}</ref> Vasilis Dendramis, the Greek representative in the League of the Nations, stated that the Macedonian Slav language was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian, but an independent language. The Greek government went ahead with the publication in May 1925 of the ''[[Abecedar]]'', described by contemporary Greek writers as a primer for "the children of Slav speakers in Greece ... printed in the Latin script and compiled in the Macedonian dialect."<ref>Andonovski, Hristo. "The First Macedonian Primer between the Two World Wars - The Abecedar". ''Macedonian Review''. 6:64-69.</ref> The book's publication sparked controversy in [[Greek Macedonia]], along with [[Bulgaria]] and [[Serbia]]. The Bulgarians and Serbs objected to the book being printed in [[Latin alphabet]].<ref name="poulton">Poulton, Hugh. ''Who are the Macedonians?'', pp. 88-89. C. Hurst & Co, 2000. {{ISBN|1-85065-534-0}}</ref> In January 1926, the region of [[Florina]] saw extensive protests by Greek and pro-Greek Slavic speakers campaigning against the primer's publication, demanding the government change its policies on minority education.<ref name="Roudometof">Roudometof, Victor. ''Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question'', p. 102. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. {{ISBN|0-275-97648-3}}</ref> As a result, although some books reached villages in Greek Macedonia, it was never used in their schools.<ref name="danforth" /> |
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===Greek |
===Greek communists' codification=== |
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{{See also|Macedonian alphabet}} |
{{See also|Macedonian alphabet|History of the Macedonian language}} |
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[[File:Primer_Nea_Elada.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Primer published by the Greek communist publisher "Nea Ellada" in Bucharest (1949).]] |
[[File:Primer_Nea_Elada.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Primer published by the Greek communist publisher "Nea Ellada" in Bucharest (1949).]] |
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[[File:Pomak language textbook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A textbooks in Pomak language printed in 2004 in Greece.]] |
[[File:Pomak language textbook.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A textbooks in Pomak language printed in 2004 in Greece.]] |
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After the [[ |
After the [[Tito–Stalin split]] in 1948, under the auspices of some Macedonian intellectuals in [[Bucharest]], anti-Yugoslav alphabet, grammar, and primer closer to Bulgarian, purported to be "purified" of the Serbo-Croatian loanwords of the "language of Skopje" were created.<ref>Keith Brown, Macedonia's Child-grandfathers: The Transnational Politics of Memory, Exile, and Return, 1948-1998; Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, 2003, p. 32.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies; BRILL, 2013; {{ISBN|900425076X}}, pp. 479–480.</ref> The [[Communist Party of Greece]] led by [[Nikos Zahariadis]] took the side of the [[Cominform]]. After the defeat of communists in the [[Greek Civil War]] in 1949, a hunt for [[Titoist]] spies began in the midst of Greek political immigrants - civil war refugees, living in socialist countries in Eastern Europe. As a result, the Greek communist publisher "Nea Ellada" issued a Macedonian grammar (1952) and developed a different alphabet. Between 1952 and 1956, the Macedonian Department of Nea Hellas published a number of issues in this literary standard, officially called "Macedonian language of the Slavomacedonians from Greek or Aegean Macedonia". This failed attempt of codification included the Ъ, Ь, Ю, Я, Й and was proclaimed as "non-serbianised." However, it was merely a form of Bulgarian.<ref>Euangelos Kōphos, Speros Basil Vryonis, Nationalism and communism in Macedonia: civil conflict, politics of mutation, national identity; Center for the Study of Hellenism, A. D. Caratzas, 1993, {{ISBN|0892415401}}, p. 203.</ref> This codification did not gain widespread acceptance.<ref>Sebastian Kempgen, Peter Kosta, Tilman Berger, Karl Gutschmidt as ed., The Slavic Languages. Volume 32 of Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) Walter de Gruyter, 2014; {{ISBN|3110215470}}, p. 1476.</ref> The Soviet-Yugoslav rapprochement from the mid-1950s probably helped to put this codification to an end.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The grammar was prepared by a team headed by Atanas Peykov.<ref>The Macedonian Times, issues 51–62; MI-AN, 1999, p. 141.</ref> Atanas Peykov himself came to Romania from Bulgaria, where until 1951 he had worked at the [[Informbiro period|Informbureau]] of ''Hellas Press''. The Aegean Macedonian norm made some Aegean emigrants unable to adopt the Macedonian standard language in Yugoslavia, where many of them settled.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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====Communist refugees from Greece in Australia ==== |
====Communist refugees from Greece in Australia ==== |
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The Macedonian [[Refugees of the Greek Civil War|Greek Civil War |
The Macedonian [[Refugees of the Greek Civil War|Greek Civil War refugees]] in Australia issued a ''[[Makedonska Iskra]]'' (Macedonian Spark). It was the first Macedonian newspaper published in Australia, from 1946 to 1957. The Makedonska Iskra was also thrown into confusion by the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the [[Cominform]].<ref>Miriam Gilson, Jerzy Zubrzycki, The Foreign-language Press in Australia, 1848-1964, Australian National University, 1967, p. 149.</ref> The newspaper was printed in the [[Latin alphabet]]. Its articles were not in standard Macedonian but in local Slavic dialects of Greece. Some of the Slavic texts were in mixed Bulgaro-Macedonian language or were written in [[Bulgarian language]].<ref>Voenno-istoricheski sbornik, Volume 64, Issues 1-2, Institut za voenna istoria, Ministerstvo na otbranata, Sofia, 1995, str. 49.</ref> A monthly with national distribution, it commenced in Perth and later moved to Melbourne and Sydney. |
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=== |
===Pomak language=== |
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{{Main|Pomak language}} |
{{Main|Pomak language}} |
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| ⚫ | In Greece, attempts to write the [[Pomak language]] in formal publications have been criticized because their script, whether it was in Greek or in Latin. Since the 1990s several publications in Pomak dialect have been issued using either script. Some criticisms to these publications were related to their funding sources. For example, by the cases using the [[Greek script]], two volumes of a textbooks were printed in 2004. Their author was Nikos Kokkas and publisher ''Pakethra''. Its funding was provided by a Greek businessman and directly through his company. The preface of a Pomak primer presents it as one of the "lesser-spoken languages" of Europe.<ref>Vemund Aarbakke, "Pomak Language Usage and the Spell of Nationalism—The Case of the Pomaks in Greece," Slavia Islamica: language, religion and identity, edited by Robert D. Greenberg, Motoki Nomachi, Slavic Eurasian studies; no. 25, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 149-177.</ref> The use of Pomak in writing is very limited. It is even not used in the local Pomak newspaper "Zagalisa", that is published in Greek. Recently, the use of Pomak is preferred in a new local newspaper "Natpresh". Pomak is not being actively promoted by either Pomak communities or by Greek authorities. The result is a strong language shift in Greece towards Turkish.<ref name="Evangelia Adamou pp.40-65"/> |
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In Greece, all attempts to write in [[Pomak language]] in formal publications have been criticized because their script, whether it was in Greek or in |
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| ⚫ | Latin. Since the 1990s several publications in Pomak dialect have been issued |
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== Features == |
== Features == |
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{| class="toccolours collapsible" style="width:80%;" |
{| class="toccolours collapsible" style="width:80%;" |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
!{{center|Comparison of the Slavic dialects of Greece with Standard Macedonian and Bulgarian}} |
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| Line 121: | Line 117: | ||
! Solun-Kukuš-Voden dialect |
! Solun-Kukuš-Voden dialect |
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! Lagadin-Ser-Drama dialect |
! Lagadin-Ser-Drama dialect |
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! Pomak dialect of |
! Pomak dialect of Komotini |
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! Bulgarian |
! Bulgarian |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Centre for the Macedonian Language in Greece]] |
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* [[Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia]] |
* [[Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia]] |
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* [[Eastern South Slavic]] |
* [[Eastern South Slavic]] |
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* [[Pomak language]] |
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* [[Fallmerayer's Greek theory]] |
* [[Fallmerayer's Greek theory]] |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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* [[Peter Trudgill|Trudgill P.]] (2000) "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity" in ''Language and Nationalism in Europe'' (Oxford |
* [[Peter Trudgill|Trudgill P.]] (2000) "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity" in ''Language and Nationalism in Europe'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press) |
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* Iakovos D. Michailidis (1996) "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer 'Abecedar'". Journal of Modern Greek Studies'' 14.2 |
* Iakovos D. Michailidis (1996) "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer 'Abecedar'". ''Journal of Modern Greek Studies'' 14.2 329–343 [http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/downloads/library/Michai01.pdf] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Latest revision as of 15:59, 27 April 2024
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The Slavic dialects of Greece are the Eastern South Slavic dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace in northern Greece. Usually, dialects in Thrace are classified as Bulgarian, while the dialects in Macedonia are classified as Macedonian, with the exception of some eastern dialects which can also be classified as Bulgarian. Before World War II, most linguists[2] considered all of these dialects to be Bulgarian dialects.[3][4][5][6] However, other linguists opposed this view and considered Macedonian dialects as comprising an independent language distinct from both Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian.[7][8][9][10][11]
Slavic dialects spoken in the region of Greek Macedonia[edit]
The continuum of Macedonian and Bulgarian is spoken today in the prefectures of Florina and Pella, and to a lesser extent in Kastoria, Imathia, Kilkis, Thessaloniki, Serres and Drama.[12]
According to Riki van Boeschoten, the Slavic dialects of Greek Macedonia are divided into three main dialects (Eastern, Central and Western), of which the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama, and is closest to Bulgarian, the Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria, and is closest to Macedonian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and is an intermediate between Macedonian and Bulgarian.[13][14] Trudgill classifies certain peripheral dialects in the far east of Greek Macedonia as part of the Bulgarian language area and the rest as Macedonian dialects.[15] Victor Friedman considers those Macedonian dialects, particularly those spoken as west as Kilkis, to be transitional to the neighbouring South Slavic language.[16]
Macedonian dialectologists Božidar Vidoeski and Blaže Koneski considered the eastern Macedonian dialects to be transitional to Bulgarian, including the Maleševo-Pirin dialect.[17][18]
Bulgarian dialectologists claim all dialects and do not recognize the Macedonian. They divide Bulgarian dialects mainly into Eastern and Western by a separating isogloss(dyado, byal/dedo, bel "grandpa, white"(m., sg.)) stretching from Salonica to the meeting point of Iskar and Danube, except for the isolated phenomena of the Korcha dialect as an of Eastern Bulgarian Rup dialects in the western fringes.[19]
The nasal vowels are absent in all Slavic dialects except for the dialects of Macedonian in Greece and the Lechitic dialects (Polabian, Slovincian, Polish and Kashubian).[20] This, along with the preservation of the paroxitonic in the Kostur dialect and Polish, is part of a series of isoglosses shared with the Lechitic dialects, which led to the thesis of a genetic relationship between Proto-Bulgarian and Proto-Macedonian with Proto-Polish and Proto-Kashubian.[21]
The Old Church Slavonic language, the earliest recorded Slavic language, was based on the Salonica dialects.[22] Church Slavonic, long-used as a state language further north in East and West Slavic states and as the only one in Wallachia and Moldavia until the 18th century,[23] influenced other Slavic languages on all levels, including morphonology and vocabulary.[24] 70% of Church Slavonic words are common to all Slavic languages,[25] the influence of Church Slavonic is especially pronounced in Russian, which today consists of mixed native and Church Slavonic vocabulary.
Fringe views[edit]
A series of ethnological and pseudo-linguistic works were published by three Greek teachers, notably Boukouvalas and Tsioulkas, whose publications demonstrate common ideological and methodological similarities. They published etymological lists tracing every single Slavic word to Ancient Greek with fictional correlations, and they were ignorant of the dialects and the Slavic languages entirely.[26] Among them, Boukouvalas promoted an enormous influence of the Greek language on a Bulgarian idiom and a discussion about their probable Greek descent.[26] Tsioulkas followed him by publishing a large book, where he "proved" through an "etymological" approach, that these idioms are a pure Ancient Greek dialect.[26] A publication of the third teacher followed, Giorgos Georgiades, who presented the language as a mixture of Greek, Turkish and other loanwords, but was incapable of defining the dialects as either Greek or Slav.[26]
Serbian dialectology does not usually extend the Serbian dialects to Greek Macedonia, but an unconventional classification has been made by Aleksandar Belić, a convinced Serbian nationalist, who regarded the dialects as Serbian.[26] In his classification he distinguished three categories of dialects in Greek Macedonia: a Serbo-Macedonian dialect, a Bulgaro-Macedonian territory where Serbian is spoken and a Non-Slavic territory.
Ban for use, language shift and language death[edit]
After the conclusion of the First World War a widespread policy of Hellenisation was implemented in the Greek region of Macedonia.[27][28][29] Personal and topographic names were forcibly changed to their Greek versions.[30] Cyrillic inscriptions across Northern Greece were removed from gravestones and churches.[30][31] Under the regime of Ioannis Metaxas a law was passed banning the Bulgarian language.[32][33] Many people who broke the rule were deported,[34] or arrested, and beaten.[28] During the Cold War cases of discrimination against people who spoke in local dialects had been reported. In 1959 the inhabitants of three villages adopted a 'language oath', renouncing their Slavic dialect on the initiative of local government officials.[35] After the fall of Communism the issue has continued. In 1994 report by the Human Rights Watch, Greece implemented a program, which refuses the teaching of any Slavic language. The Greek state continues to exclude the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia from operating TV-, or radio-stations in local Slavic.[36] As result per Christian Voss in the Western and Central areas of Greek Macedonia is visible the typical situation of language shift and decreased proficiency from the Slavic vernacular to Greek as follows: "Households with almost monoglot Slavic-speaking grandparents, bilingual parents, and monoglot Greek-speaking children with a passive knowledge of Slavic." On the other hand, in Eastern Macedonia are a symptoms of full assimilation, which led to a language death.[37]
Slavic dialects spoken in the region of Thrace[edit]
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Some of the Rup dialects of the Bulgarian language are spoken by the Pomaks in Western Thrace in Greece. These dialects are native also in Bulgaria, and are classified as part of the Smolyan subdialect.[39] Not all Pomaks speak this dialect as their mother language.[40] It is generally qualified by Bulgarian researchers as an "archaic dialect" with some conservative features, which bear witness to an intermediate state of transition from Old Bulgarian/Old Church Slavonic to the modern Bulgarian language.[41]
Attempts of codification[edit]
Greek governmental codification[edit]
Under the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres, Greece had agreed to open schools for minority-language children. In September 1924 Greece also agreed to a protocol with Bulgaria to place its Slavic-speaking minority under the protection of the League of Nations as Bulgarians. However, the Greek parliament refused to ratify the protocol due to objections from Serbia, and from Greeks who considered the Slavic-speakers to be Greeks rather than Slavic people.[42] Vasilis Dendramis, the Greek representative in the League of the Nations, stated that the Macedonian Slav language was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian, but an independent language. The Greek government went ahead with the publication in May 1925 of the Abecedar, described by contemporary Greek writers as a primer for "the children of Slav speakers in Greece ... printed in the Latin script and compiled in the Macedonian dialect."[43] The book's publication sparked controversy in Greek Macedonia, along with Bulgaria and Serbia. The Bulgarians and Serbs objected to the book being printed in Latin alphabet.[44] In January 1926, the region of Florina saw extensive protests by Greek and pro-Greek Slavic speakers campaigning against the primer's publication, demanding the government change its policies on minority education.[45] As a result, although some books reached villages in Greek Macedonia, it was never used in their schools.[42]
Greek communists' codification[edit]
After the Tito–Stalin split in 1948, under the auspices of some Macedonian intellectuals in Bucharest, anti-Yugoslav alphabet, grammar, and primer closer to Bulgarian, purported to be "purified" of the Serbo-Croatian loanwords of the "language of Skopje" were created.[46][47] The Communist Party of Greece led by Nikos Zahariadis took the side of the Cominform. After the defeat of communists in the Greek Civil War in 1949, a hunt for Titoist spies began in the midst of Greek political immigrants - civil war refugees, living in socialist countries in Eastern Europe. As a result, the Greek communist publisher "Nea Ellada" issued a Macedonian grammar (1952) and developed a different alphabet. Between 1952 and 1956, the Macedonian Department of Nea Hellas published a number of issues in this literary standard, officially called "Macedonian language of the Slavomacedonians from Greek or Aegean Macedonia". This failed attempt of codification included the Ъ, Ь, Ю, Я, Й and was proclaimed as "non-serbianised." However, it was merely a form of Bulgarian.[48] This codification did not gain widespread acceptance.[49] The Soviet-Yugoslav rapprochement from the mid-1950s probably helped to put this codification to an end.[47] The grammar was prepared by a team headed by Atanas Peykov.[50] Atanas Peykov himself came to Romania from Bulgaria, where until 1951 he had worked at the Informbureau of Hellas Press. The Aegean Macedonian norm made some Aegean emigrants unable to adopt the Macedonian standard language in Yugoslavia, where many of them settled.[47]
Communist refugees from Greece in Australia[edit]
The Macedonian Greek Civil War refugees in Australia issued a Makedonska Iskra (Macedonian Spark). It was the first Macedonian newspaper published in Australia, from 1946 to 1957. The Makedonska Iskra was also thrown into confusion by the expulsion of Yugoslavia from the Cominform.[51] The newspaper was printed in the Latin alphabet. Its articles were not in standard Macedonian but in local Slavic dialects of Greece. Some of the Slavic texts were in mixed Bulgaro-Macedonian language or were written in Bulgarian language.[52] A monthly with national distribution, it commenced in Perth and later moved to Melbourne and Sydney.
Pomak language[edit]
In Greece, attempts to write the Pomak language in formal publications have been criticized because their script, whether it was in Greek or in Latin. Since the 1990s several publications in Pomak dialect have been issued using either script. Some criticisms to these publications were related to their funding sources. For example, by the cases using the Greek script, two volumes of a textbooks were printed in 2004. Their author was Nikos Kokkas and publisher Pakethra. Its funding was provided by a Greek businessman and directly through his company. The preface of a Pomak primer presents it as one of the "lesser-spoken languages" of Europe.[53] The use of Pomak in writing is very limited. It is even not used in the local Pomak newspaper "Zagalisa", that is published in Greek. Recently, the use of Pomak is preferred in a new local newspaper "Natpresh". Pomak is not being actively promoted by either Pomak communities or by Greek authorities. The result is a strong language shift in Greece towards Turkish.[41]
Features[edit]
Comparison of the Slavic dialects of Greece with Standard Macedonian and Bulgarian
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See also[edit]
- Centre for the Macedonian Language in Greece
- Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia
- Eastern South Slavic
- Fallmerayer's Greek theory
References[edit]
- ^ See Ethnologue ([1] Archived 2008-05-05 at the Wayback Machine); Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press 2000.
- ^ Hupchick, Dennis P. (1995). Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 143. ISBN 0312121164.
The obviously plagiarized historical argument of the Macedonian nationalists for a separate Macedonian ethnicity could be supported only by linguistic reality, and that worked against them until the 1940s. Until a modern Macedonian literary language was mandated by the communist-led partisan movement from Macedonia in 1944, most outside observers and linguists agreed with the Bulgarians in considering the vernacular spoken by the Macedonian Slavs as a western dialect of Bulgarian
- ^ Mladenov, Stefan. Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache, Berlin, Leipzig, 1929, § 207-209.
- ^ Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
- ^ Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968, с. 580-582.
- ^ Die Slaven in Griechenland von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands, p.324.
- ^ Antoine Meillet (French, linguist, 1928): Their dialects, differing among themselves, are not truly Serbian nor truly Bulgarian, especially if one is thinking of written Bulgarian, which is based on dialects quite far removed from the Macedonian dialects. In reality these dialects do not properly belong to either the one or the other of the two groups under dispute.
1. Todor Dimitrovski, Blaže Koneski, Trajko Stamatoski. About the Macedonian language; "Krste Misirkov" Institute of the Macedonian Language, 1978; p.31.
2. Kulturen Život. Macedonian Review, Volume 10; Kulturen Zhivot., 1980; p.105 - ^ Vaillant, André (1938), "Le Problème du slave macédonien, Bulletin de la Société linguistique, 39, 2(# 116): 194–210, cited in Fishman, J. A. (ed) (1993), The Earliest Stage of Language Planning, New York, p. 164.
- ^ Małecki, M. (1938), Z zagadnień dialektologii macedońskiej, Rocznik slawistyczny, 14: 119–144, cited in Fishman, J. A. (ed) (1993), The Earliest Stage of Language Planning, New York, p. 164.
- ^ "Несмотря на значительное диаметральное разнообразие, македонские говоры представляют собою единство и заметно отличаются от народных говоров Фракии, Родоп, Мизии и Балкан" [Despite their considerable diametrical diversity, Macedonian dialects represent a [linguistic] whole and differ markedly from the folk dialects of Thrace, the Rhodopes, Moesia and the Balkans]. Berstein, S. (1938), Great Soviet Encyclopedia, no. 36, p. 743, cited in Bernstein (1944), Несколько замечаний о македонском литературном языке [Some remarks on the Macedonian literary language].
- ^ Alexis Heraclides, The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History, Taylor & Francis, 2021, ISBN 9780429266362, pp. 152–153.
- ^ "The European Union and Lesser-Used Languages". European Parliament. 2002: 77. Archived from the original on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
Macedonian and Bulgarian are the two standard languages of the eastern group of south Slavonic languages. In Greek Macedonia several dialectal varieties, very close to both standard Macedonian and Bulgarian, are spoken ... The two words (Macedonian and Bulgarian) are used here primarily because they are the names the speakers use to refer to the way they speak. In fact, many speak of 'our language' (nasi) or 'the local language' (ta dopia): the use of actual names is a politically charged national issue ... Yet (Slavo)Macedonian/ Bulgarian is still spoken by considerable numbers in Greek Macedonia, all along its northern borders, specially in the Prefectures of Florina, Pella, and to a lesser extent in Kastoria, Kilkis, Imathia, Thessalonika, Serres and Drama.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Boeschoten, Riki van (1993): Minority Languages in Northern Greece. Study Visit to Florina, Aridea, (Report to the European Commission, Brussels) "The Western dialect is used in Florina and Kastoria and is closest to the language used north of the border, the Eastern dialect is used in the areas of Serres and Drama and is closest to Bulgarian, the Central dialect is used in the area between Edessa and Salonica and forms an intermediate dialect"
- ^ Ioannidou, Alexandra (1999). Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia. Athens: Peterlang. pp. 59, 63. ISBN 9783631350652. Archived from the original on 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
In September 1993 ... the European Commission financed and published an interesting report by Riki van Boeschoten on the "Minority Languages in Northern Greece", in which the existence of a "Macedonian language" in Greece is mentioned. The description of this language is simplistic and by no means reflective of any kind of linguistic reality; instead it reflects the wish to divide up the dialects comprehensibly into geographical (i.e. political) areas. According to this report, Greek Slavophones speak the "Macedonian" language, which belongs to the "Bulgaro-Macedonian" group and is divided into three main dialects (Western, Central and Eastern) - a theory which lacks a factual basis.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
- ^ Heine, Bernd; Kuteva, Tania (2005). Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780521608282. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
in the modern northern and eastern Macedonian dialects that are transitional to Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian, e.g. in Kumanovo and Kukus/Kilkis, object reduplication occurs with less consistency than in the west-central dialects
- ^ Fodor, István; Hagège, Claude (309). Language reform : history and future. Buske. ISBN 9783871189142.
The northern dialects are transitional to Serbo-Croatian, whereas the eastern (especially Malesevo) are transitional to Bulgarian. (For further details see Vidoeski 1960-1961, 1962-1963, and Koneski 1983).
- ^ Vidoeski, Božo (2005). Dialects of Macedonian. Slavica. p. 33. ISBN 9780893573157. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
the northern border zone and the extreme southeast towards Bulgarian linguistic territory. It was here that the formation of transitional dialect belts between Macedonian and Bulgarian in the east, and Macedonian and Serbian in the north began.
- ^ "Карта на диалектната делитба на българския език". Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 2019-01-23. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- ^ Bethin, Christina Y.; Bethin, Christina y (1998). Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory. Cambridge University Press. pp. 84-87. ISBN 9780521591485.
- ^ Popowska-Taborska, Hanna (2014). Wczesne dzieje Słowian w świetle ich języka (PDF). Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-83-64031-10-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on Nov 23, 2018.
Chodzi o wnioskowanie na podstawie różnego rodzaju zbieżności językowych o domniemanym usytuowaniu przodków współczesnych reprezentantów języków słowiańskich w ich słowiańskiej praojczyźnie. Trzy najbardziej popularne w tym względzie koncepcje dotyczą: 1. domniemanych związków genetycznych Słowian północnych (nadbałtyckich) z północnym krańcem Słowiańszczyzny wschodniej, 2. domniemanych związków genetycznych Protopolaków (Protokaszubów) z Protobułgarami i Protomacedończykami oraz … Również żywa jest po dzień dzisiejszy wysunięta w 1940 r. przez Conewa [Conev 1940] teza o domniemanych genetycznych związkach polsko-bułgarskich, za którymi świadczyć mają charakteryzująca oba języki szeroka wymowa kontynuantów ě, nagłosowe o- poprzedzone protezą, zachowanie samogłosek nosowych w języku polskim i ślady tych samogłosek w języku bułgarskim, akcent paroksytoniczny cechujący język polski i dialekty kosturskie. Za dawnymi związkami lechicko-bułgarsko-macedońskimi opowiada się też Bernsztejn [Bernštejn 1961, 1965], który formułuje tezę, że przodkowie Bułgarów i Macedończyków żyli w przeszłości na północnym obszarze prasłowiańskim w bliskich związkach z przodkami Pomorzan i Polaków. Do wymienionych wyżej zbieżności fonetycznych dołącza Bernsztejn zbieżności leksykalne bułgarsko-kaszubskie; podobnie czynią Kurkina [Kurkina 1979] oraz Schuster-Šewc [Schuster-Šewc 1988], którzy– opowiadając się za tezą Conewa i Bernsztejna – powołują się na mój artykuł o leksykalnych nawiązaniach kaszubsko-południowosłowiańskich [Popowska-Taborska 1975a
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. p. 663. ISBN 9780080877754. Archived from the original on 2023-07-08. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
- ^ Crișan, Marius-Mircea (2017). Dracula: An International Perspective. Springer. p. 114. ISBN 9783319633664. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
- ^ Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2014. ISBN 9783110215472. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
- ^ Bennett, Brian P. (2011). Religion and Language in Post-Soviet Russia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136736131. Archived from the original on 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
- ^ a b c d e Ioannidou, Alexandra (1999). Questions on the Slavic Dialects of Greek Macedonia. Athens: Peterlang. pp. 56–58. ISBN 9783631350652. Archived from the original on 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
(A) series of etymological and pseudo-linguistic publications ... appeared in Greece ... by "specialists", such as the teachers Giorgos Boukouvalas and Konstantinos Tsioulkas. Boukouvalas published in 1905 in Cairo a brief brochure under the title "The language of the Bulgarophones in Macedonia" (1905). This essay, which assumed the Slav character of the foreign-language idioms of Greek Macedonia by naming them "Bulgarian", included a long list of Slavic words with Greek roots which are used in the dialects. ... Konstantinos Tsioulkas published in 1907 in Athens a book over 350 pages in length to prove the ancient Greek character of the idioms in Greek Macecionia!... : "Contributions to the bilinguism of the Macedonians by comparison of the Slav'-like Macedonian language to Greek" ... Tsioulkas "proved" through a series of "etymological" lists that the inhabitants of Greece's Macedonia spoke a pure Ancient-Greek dialect. ... In 1948 by a third teacher, Giorgos Georgiades, (wrote) under the promising title "The mixed idiom in Macedonia and the ethnological situation of the Macedonians who speak it". Here it is stated that many words from the dialects maintain their "Ancient Greek character". Still, the language itself was presented as a mixture of Greek, Turkish and words borrowed from other languages. As a result, the author found himself incapable of defining it as either Greek or Slav. In examining such publications, one will easily recognise ideological and methodological similarities. One common factor for all the authors is that they ignored not only the dialects they wrote about, but also the Slavic languages entirely. This fact did not hinder them in creating or republishing etymological lists tracing every Slavic word back to Ancient Greek with fictional correlations.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ HRW 1994, p. ?.
- ^ a b Nettle, Daniel; Suzanne Romaine (2000). Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press US. p. 175. ISBN 0-19-513624-1.
- ^ Pentzopoulos, Dimitri (2002). The Balkan exchange of minorities and its impact on Greece. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 132. ISBN 1-85065-674-6.
- ^ a b Forward, Jean S. (2001). Endangered peoples of Europe: struggles to survive and thrive. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 89. ISBN 0-313-31006-8.
- ^ Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Aristoc Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ^ Mackridge, Peter; Eleni Yannakakis (1997). Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912. Berg Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 0-646-20927-2.
- ^ Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Aristoc Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-646-20462-9.
- ^ The Rising Sun In the Balkans: The Republic of Macedonia, International Affairs Agency, Sydney, Pollitecon Publications, 1995; p.33
- ^ Van Boeschoten, Riki (2006). "Code-switching, Linguistic Jokes and Ethnic Identity, Reading Hidden Transcripts in a Cross-Cultural Context". Journal of Modern Greek Studies. 25 (2): 347–377. doi:10.1353/mgs.2006.0018. S2CID 145446614.
- ^ TJ-Hosting (27 January 2008). "MHRMI - Macedonian Human Rights Movement International". Mhrmi.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Christian Voss, Language use and language attitudes of a phantom minority. Bilingual Northern Greece and the concept of "hidden minorities".
- ^ Tomasz Kamusella, Motoki Nomachi, Catherine Gibson as ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders, Springer, 2016; ISBN 1137348399, p. 436.
- ^ Bulgarian dialectology; Stoyan Stoykov; 4th edition, 2002; pp.128-143 Archived 2013-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Иванов, Й. Българска диалектология. Пловдивско Университетско Издателство "П. Хилендарски". Пловдив, 1994 г., с. 80 (Ivanov, J. Bulgarian Dialectology. Plovdiv University Press "P. Hilendarski". Plovdiv, 1994, p. 80)
- ^ a b Evangelia Adamou, Davide Fanciullo. Why Pomak will not be the next Slavic literary language. D. Stern; M. Nomachi; B. Belić. Linguistic regionalism in Eastern Europe and beyond: minority, regional and literary microlanguages, Peter Lang, pp.40-65, 2018.
- ^ a b Danforth, Loring M. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, p. 70. Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-691-04356-6
- ^ Andonovski, Hristo. "The First Macedonian Primer between the Two World Wars - The Abecedar". Macedonian Review. 6:64-69.
- ^ Poulton, Hugh. Who are the Macedonians?, pp. 88-89. C. Hurst & Co, 2000. ISBN 1-85065-534-0
- ^ Roudometof, Victor. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, p. 102. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002. ISBN 0-275-97648-3
- ^ Keith Brown, Macedonia's Child-grandfathers: The Transnational Politics of Memory, Exile, and Return, 1948-1998; Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, 2003, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Roumen Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov, Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies; BRILL, 2013; ISBN 900425076X, pp. 479–480.
- ^ Euangelos Kōphos, Speros Basil Vryonis, Nationalism and communism in Macedonia: civil conflict, politics of mutation, national identity; Center for the Study of Hellenism, A. D. Caratzas, 1993, ISBN 0892415401, p. 203.
- ^ Sebastian Kempgen, Peter Kosta, Tilman Berger, Karl Gutschmidt as ed., The Slavic Languages. Volume 32 of Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) Walter de Gruyter, 2014; ISBN 3110215470, p. 1476.
- ^ The Macedonian Times, issues 51–62; MI-AN, 1999, p. 141.
- ^ Miriam Gilson, Jerzy Zubrzycki, The Foreign-language Press in Australia, 1848-1964, Australian National University, 1967, p. 149.
- ^ Voenno-istoricheski sbornik, Volume 64, Issues 1-2, Institut za voenna istoria, Ministerstvo na otbranata, Sofia, 1995, str. 49.
- ^ Vemund Aarbakke, "Pomak Language Usage and the Spell of Nationalism—The Case of the Pomaks in Greece," Slavia Islamica: language, religion and identity, edited by Robert D. Greenberg, Motoki Nomachi, Slavic Eurasian studies; no. 25, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, pp. 149-177.
Bibliography[edit]
- Trudgill P. (2000) "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity" in Language and Nationalism in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press)
- Iakovos D. Michailidis (1996) "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer 'Abecedar'". Journal of Modern Greek Studies 14.2 329–343 [2]