Jump to content

Qiangic languages: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Added archives
 
(18 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Qiangic
|name=Qiangic
|altname=Dzorgaic
|altname=Rmaic
|region=[[China]]
|region=[[China]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Burmo-Qiangic languages|Burmo-Qiangic]]?
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|fam3=[[Burmo-Qiangic languages|Burmo-Qiangic]] (?)
|child1=''[[Tangut language|Tangut]]'' †
|child1=''[[Tangut language|Tangut]]'' †
|child2=''[[Baima language|Baima]]'' ?
|child2=''[[Baima language|Baima]]'' ?
|child3=[[Qiang language|Qiang]]
|child3=[[Qiang language|Qiang]]
|child4=[[Rgyalrongic languages|Rgyalrongic]]
|child4=[[Gyalrongic languages|Gyalrongic]]
|child5=''[[Choyo language|Choyo]]''
|child5=''[[Choyo language|Choyo]]''
|child6=''[[Zhaba language|Zhaba]]''
|child6=''[[Zhaba language|Zhaba]]''
Line 15: Line 17:
|child8=''[[Muya language|Muya]]''
|child8=''[[Muya language|Muya]]''
|child9=[[Ersu languages|Ersuic]]
|child9=[[Ersu languages|Ersuic]]
|child10=[[Naic languages|Naic]]
|child10=[[Naic languages|Naic]] ?
|child11=''[[Pumi language|Prinmi]]''
|child11=''[[Pumi language|Prinmi]]''
|glotto=naqi1236
|glotto=naqi1236
Line 23: Line 25:
}}
}}


'''Qiangic''' (''Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang'', Chinese: 羌語支, "''Qiang'' language group"; formerly known as '''Dzorgaic''') is a group of related languages within the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language family]]. They are spoken mainly in [[Southwest China]], including [[Sichuan]], [[Tibet]] and [[Yunnan]]. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the [[List of prefectures in the People's Republic of China|prefectures]] of [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]], [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]], [[Ya'an]] and [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Liangshan]] in Sichuan with some in Northern [[Yunnan]] as well.
'''Qiangic''' (''Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang'', Chinese: 羌語支, "''Qiang'' language group"; also '''Rmaic''',<ref name="Tibetic">{{cite book |last=Tournadre |first=Nicolas |author-link=Nicolas Tournadre |last2=Suzuki |first2=Hiroyuki |date=2023 |title=The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan |url=https://lacito.cnrs.fr/en/tibetic-languages/ |location=Paris |publisher=LACITO |isbn=978-2-490768-08-0 |pages=694}}</ref> formerly known as '''Dzorgaic''') is a group of related languages within the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language family]]. They are spoken mainly in [[Southwest China]], including [[Sichuan]] and northern [[Yunnan]]. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the [[List of prefectures in the People's Republic of China|prefectures]] of [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]], [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]], [[Ya'an]] and [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Liangshan]] in Sichuan with some in Northern [[Yunnan]] as well.


Qiangic speakers are variously classified as part of the [[Qiang people|Qiang]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Pumi people|Pumi]], [[Nakhi people|Nakhi]], and [[Mongols|Mongol]] ethnic groups by the [[People's Republic of China]].
Qiangic speakers are variously classified as part of the [[Qiang people|Qiang]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Pumi people|Pumi]], [[Nakhi people|Nakhi]], and [[Mongols|Mongol]] ethnic groups by the [[People's Republic of China]].
Line 33: Line 35:
==Classification==
==Classification==
=== Sun (1983) ===
=== Sun (1983) ===
Sun Hongkai (1983)<ref>Sun, Hongkai. (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. ''Yunnan Minzuxuebao'', ''3'', 99-273. (Written in Chinese).</ref> proposes two branches, northern and southern:
Sun Hongkai (1983)<ref>Sun, Hongkai. (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. ''Yunnan Minzuxuebao'', ''3'', 99–273. (Written in Chinese).</ref> proposes two branches, northern and southern:

*Northern: [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] (Máwō), [[Pumi language|Pumi]] (Prinmi), [[Muya language|Muya]] (Minyag), [[Tangut language|Tangut]] (extinct; attested 1036–1502)
{{tree list}}
⚫
*Southern: [[Southern Qiang language|Southern Qiang]] (Táopíng).
⚫
*'''Qiangic'''
**Northern
⚫
***[[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] (Máwō)
⚫
***[[Pumi language|Pumi]] (Prinmi)
⚫
***[[Muya language|Muya]] (Minyag)
***[[Tangut language|Tangut]] (extinct; attested 1036–1502)
**Southern
⚫
***[[Southern Qiang language|Southern Qiang]] (Táopíng)
{{tree list/end}}


Sun groups other, poorly described Qiangic languages as:
Sun groups other, poorly described Qiangic languages as:

*[[Ersu languages|Ersu]] (Tosu), [[Shixing language|Shixing]], [[Namuzi language|Namuzi]] (Namuyi)
{{tree list}}
⚫
*[[Guiqiong language|Guiqiong]] (2–3 varieties with low intelligibility)
*[[Zhaba language|Zhaba]], [[Queyu language|Queyu]].
**[[Ersu languages|Ersu]] (Tosu), [[Shixing language|Shixing]], [[Namuzi language|Namuzi]] (Namuyi)
⚫
**[[Guiqiong language|Guiqiong]] (2–3 varieties with low intelligibility)
**[[Zhaba language|Zhaba]], [[Queyu language|Queyu]]
{{tree list/end}}


=== Matisoff (2004)===
=== Matisoff (2004)===
Matisoff (2004)<ref name="Matisoff2004"/> states that [[Jiarongic languages|Jiarongic]] is an additional branch:
Matisoff (2004)<ref name="Matisoff2004"/> states that [[Jiarongic languages|Jiarongic]] is an additional branch:

*[[Jiarongic languages|Jiarongic]]: [[Gyarung language|Gyarung]], [[Lavrung language|Lavrung]], [[Horpa language|Horpa]] (Ergong)
{{tree list}}
⚫
**[[Jiarongic languages|Jiarongic]]
***[[Gyarung language|Gyarung]]
***[[Lavrung language|Lavrung]]
***[[Horpa language|Horpa]] (Ergong)
{{tree list/end}}


Matisoff (2004) describes [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] *-a > -i as a typical sound change in many Qiangic languages, and refers to this vowel heightening as "brightening." Yu (2012)<ref name="Yu2012">Yu, Dominic. 2012. ''[https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dom/proto-ersuic.pdf Proto-Ersuic]''. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.</ref> also notes that "brightening" is a defining innovation in Proto-Ersuic, the reconstructed ancestor of the [[Ersuic languages]].
Matisoff (2004) describes [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]] *-a > -i as a typical sound change in many Qiangic languages, and refers to this vowel heightening as "brightening." Yu (2012)<ref name="Yu2012">Yu, Dominic. 2012. ''[https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dom/proto-ersuic.pdf Proto-Ersuic]''. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.</ref> also notes that "brightening" is a defining innovation in Proto-Ersuic, the reconstructed ancestor of the [[Ersuic languages]].
Line 52: Line 72:


Some other lesser-known, unclassified Qiangic peoples and languages include the following:<ref name="AsiaHarvest">{{cite web|url=http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/|title=China|work=asiaharvest.org}}</ref>
Some other lesser-known, unclassified Qiangic peoples and languages include the following:<ref name="AsiaHarvest">{{cite web|url=http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/|title=China|work=asiaharvest.org}}</ref>

*'''Bolozi 玻璃哦子/博罗子''': 2,000 people; in Xiao Heshui Village 小河水村, west of [[Songpan County|Songpan]]; also as far south as Wenchuan Township 汶川乡.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/B/Bolozi.pdf|title=Bolozi|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 Nov 2021}}</ref> Sun Hongkai (2013:80-82)<ref name="Sun2013">Sun Hongkai. 2013. ''Tibeto-Burman languages of eight watersheds'' [八江流域的藏缅语]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.</ref> identifies Bolozi 博罗子 as a [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] variety, belonging to the Cimulin 茨木林 dialect.
{{tree list}}
⚫
*'''Ming 命''': 10,000 people; mixed Chinese in [[Mao County]] and [[Wenchuan County]], Sichuan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/M/Ming.pdf|format=PDF|title=Ming|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
*'''Xiangcheng 乡城''': 10,000 people in and around Xiangcheng Township 乡城, [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê Prefecture]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/X/Xiangcheng-OC.pdf|format=PDF|title=Xiangcheng|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/X/Xiangcheng-PBW.pdf|format=PDF|title=Xiangcheng|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
**'''Bolozi 玻璃哦子/博罗子''': 2,000 people; in Xiao Heshui Village 小河水村, west of [[Songpan County|Songpan]]; also as far south as Wenchuan Township 汶川乡.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/B/Bolozi.pdf|title=Bolozi|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 Nov 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211101152446/https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/B/Bolozi.pdf |archive-date= 1 Nov 2021 }}</ref> Sun Hongkai (2013:80–82)<ref name="Sun2013">Sun Hongkai. 2013. ''Tibeto-Burman languages of eight watersheds'' [八江流域的藏缅语]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.</ref> identifies Bolozi 博罗子 as a [[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]] variety, belonging to the Cimulin 茨木林 dialect.
⚫
**'''Ming 命''': 10,000 people; mixed Chinese in [[Mao County]] and [[Wenchuan County]], Sichuan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/M/Ming.pdf|format=PDF|title=Ming|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
**'''Xiangcheng 乡城''': 10,000 people in and around Xiangcheng Township 乡城, [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê Prefecture]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/X/Xiangcheng-OC.pdf|format=PDF|title=Xiangcheng|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://people-groups.asiaharvest.org/China/chinaPeoples/X/Xiangcheng-PBW.pdf|format=PDF|title=Xiangcheng|website=Asiaharvest.org|access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
{{tree list/end}}


===Sun (2001)===
===Sun (2001)===
Line 60: Line 83:
Qiāngyǔzhī yǔyán [On language of the Qiangic branch in Tibeto-Burman]. Language and
Qiāngyǔzhī yǔyán [On language of the Qiangic branch in Tibeto-Burman]. Language and
linguistics 2:157–181.</ref> groups the Qiangic languages are follows.
linguistics 2:157–181.</ref> groups the Qiangic languages are follows.

{{tree list}}
*'''Qiangic'''
*'''Qiangic'''
**Northern
**Northern
Line 78: Line 103:
***''[[Choyo language|Choyo]]'' 却隅
***''[[Choyo language|Choyo]]'' 却隅
***''[[Zhaba language|nDrapa]]'' 扎巴
***''[[Zhaba language|nDrapa]]'' 扎巴
{{tree list/end}}


===Jacques & Michaud (2011)===
===Jacques & Michaud (2011)===
[[Guillaume Jacques]] & [[Alexis Michaud]] (2011)<ref name="Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "[http://www.benjamins.nl/series/dia/28-4/02jac.additional.pdf Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." ''Diachronica'' 28:468-498.</ref> argue for a Na–Qiangic branch which itself forms a [[Burmo-Qiangic languages|Burmo-Qiangic]] branch together with [[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]. Na–Qiangic comprises three primary branches, which are Ersuish (or Ersuic), [[Naic languages|Naic]] (or Naxish), and [core] Qiangic. Similarly, [[David Bradley (linguist)|David Bradley]] (2008)<ref>Bradley, David. 2008. ''The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman''.</ref> also proposed an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes Burmic ({{a.k.a.}} [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]) and Qiangic. The position of [[Guiqiong language|Guiqiong]] is not addressed.
[[Guillaume Jacques]] & [[Alexis Michaud]] (2011)<ref name="Jacques">Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "[http://www.benjamins.nl/series/dia/28-4/02jac.additional.pdf Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages]{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." ''Diachronica'' 28:468–498.</ref> argue for a Na–Qiangic branch which itself forms a [[Burmo-Qiangic languages|Burmo-Qiangic]] branch together with [[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]. Na–Qiangic comprises three primary branches, which are Ersuish (or Ersuic), [[Naic languages|Naic]] (or Naxish), and [core] Qiangic. Similarly, [[David Bradley (linguist)|David Bradley]] (2008)<ref>Bradley, David. 2008. ''The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman''.</ref> also proposed an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes Burmic ({{a.k.a.}} [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]) and Qiangic. The position of [[Guiqiong language|Guiqiong]] is not addressed.


{{tree list}}
;Na–Qiangic
*'''Na–Qiangic'''
⚫
*[[Ersu languages|Ersuish]]
**''[[Ersu language|Ersu]]''
**[[Ersu languages|Ersuish]]
**''[[Lizu language|Lizu]]''
***''[[Ersu language|Ersu]]''
**''[[Tosu language|Tosu]]''
***''[[Lizu language|Lizu]]''
*[[Naic languages|Naic]]
***''[[Tosu language|Tosu]]''
**''[[Namuyi language|Namuyi]]''
**[[Naic languages|Naic]]
**''[[Shixing language|Shixing]]''
***''[[Namuyi language|Namuyi]]''
**[[Naish languages|Naish]]
***''[[Shixing language|Shixing]]''
***''[[Naxi language|Naxi]]''
***[[Naish languages|Naish]]
***''[[Na language|Na]]'' (''Mosuo'')
****''[[Naxi language|Naxi]]''
***''[[Laze language|Laze]]''
****''[[Na language|Na]]'' (''Mosuo'')
****''[[Laze language|Laze]]''
⚫
*Qiangic
**Qiangic
⚫
**''[[Choyo language|Queyu]]''
**''[[Zhaba language|Zhaba]]'' (?)
***''[[Choyo language|Queyu]]''
**''[[Tangut language|Tangut]]''
***''[[Zhaba language|Zhaba]]'' (?)
**[[Pumi language|Pumi]]
***''[[Tangut language|Tangut]]''
***''Northern Pumi''
***[[Pumi language|Pumi]]
***''Southern Pumi''
****''Northern Pumi''
****''Southern Pumi''
⚫
**[[Muya language|Muya]]
***''Northern Muya''
***[[Muya language|Muya]]
***''Southern Muya''
****''Northern Muya''
****''Southern Muya''
⚫
**[[Qiang language|Qiang]]
***''[[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]]''
***[[Qiang language|Qiang]]
****''[[Northern Qiang language|Northern Qiang]]''
***''[[Southern Qiang language|Southern Qiang]]''
****''[[Southern Qiang language|Southern Qiang]]''
**[[Jiarongic languages|rGyalrongic]]
***[[Jiarongic languages|rGyalrongic]]
***[[Jiarong language|rGyalrongish]]
****[[Jiarong language|rGyalrongish]]
****''[[Situ language|Situ]]''
*****''[[Situ language|Situ]]''
****''[[Japhug language|Japhug]]''
*****''[[Japhug language|Japhug]]''
****''[[Tshobdun language|Tshobdun]]''
*****''[[Tshobdun language|Tshobdun]]''
****''[[Zbu language|Zbu]]''
*****''[[Zbu language|Zbu]]''
***[[Lavrung language|Lavrung]]
****[[Lavrung language|Lavrung]]
****''Thugsrjechenmo''
*****''Thugsrjechenmo''
****''Njorogs''
*****''Njorogs''
***[[Horpa language|Horpa]]
****[[Horpa language|Horpa]]
****''Rtau''
*****''Rtau''
****''Stodsde''
*****''Stodsde''
{{tree list/end}}


===Chirkova (2012)===
===Chirkova (2012)===
However, Chirkova (2012) casts doubt on the validity of Qiangic as a coherent branch, instead considering Qiangic to be a diffusion area. Chirkova considers the following four languages to be part of four separate Tibeto-Burman branches:<ref name="Chirkova2012">{{cite journal | given = Katia | surname = Chirkova | title = The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: a case study of languages of Muli | journal = Language and Linguistics | year = 2012 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–170 | url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.1/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf }}</ref>
However, Chirkova (2012) casts doubt on the validity of Qiangic as a coherent branch, instead considering Qiangic to be a diffusion area. She considers the following four languages to be part of four separate Tibeto-Burman branches:<ref name="Chirkova2012">{{cite journal | given = Katia | surname = Chirkova | title = The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: a case study of languages of Muli | journal = Language and Linguistics | year = 2012 | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 133–170 | url = http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.1/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf | access-date = 2018-05-07 | archive-date = 2018-05-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085902/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/13.1/j2012_1_07_5631.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>


*[[Lizu language|Lizu]] ([[Ersu languages|Ersu]] group)
*[[Lizu language|Lizu]] ([[Ersu languages|Ersu]] group)
Line 131: Line 159:


===Yu (2012)===
===Yu (2012)===
Yu (2012:218)<ref name="Yu2012"/> notes that [[Ersuic languages|Ersuic]] and [[Naish languages|Naish]] languages share some forms that are not found in Lolo-Burmese or “core” Qiangic (Qiang, [[Pumi language|Prinmi]], and [[Muya language|Minyak]]). As a result, “Southern Qiangic” (Ersuic, [[Namuyi language|Namuyi]], and [[Shixing language|Shixing]]) may be closer to Naish than it is to “core” Qiangic. Together, Southern Qiangic and Naish could form a wider “Naic” group that has links to both Lolo-Burmese to the south and other Qiangic languages to the north.
Yu (2012:218)<ref name="Yu2012"/> notes that [[Ersuic languages|Ersuic]] and [[Naish languages|Naish]] languages share some forms that are not found in Lolo-Burmese or "core" Qiangic (Qiang, [[Pumi language|Prinmi]], and [[Muya language|Minyak]]). As a result, "Southern Qiangic" (Ersuic, [[Namuyi language|Namuyi]], and [[Shixing language|Shixing]]) may be closer to Naish than it is to "core" Qiangic. Together, Southern Qiangic and Naish could form a wider "Naic" group that has links to both Lolo-Burmese to the south and other Qiangic languages to the north.


=={{anchor|Obsolete names}}Obsolete names==
=={{anchor|Obsolete names}}Obsolete names==
Line 150: Line 178:


{{gallery
{{gallery
|lines=3
|width=200
|width=200
|File:Jialingrivermap.png|[[Jialing River|Jialing]] 嘉陵江 watershed
|File:Jialingrivermap.png|[[Jialing River|Jialing]] 嘉陵江 watershed
Line 172: Line 199:
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110129.htm#01242359 Danger a-head for the 2 X 2 hypothesis].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110129.htm#01242359 Danger a-head for the 2 X 2 hypothesis].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110723.htm#07192350 ''fm-''].
*[[Marc Miyake|Miyake, Marc]]. 2011. [http://www.amritas.com/110723.htm#07192350 ''fm-''].
*Sun, Hongkai (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. ''Yunnan Minzuxuebao'', ''3'', 99-273. (Written in Chinese).
*Sun, Hongkai (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. ''Yunnan Minzuxuebao'', ''3'', 99–273. (Written in Chinese).
*Sun Hongkai ([[Academy of Social Sciences (China)|Academy of Social Sciences of China]] Institute of Nationality Studies) (1990). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080856/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sun1990languages.pdf Languages of the Ethnic Corridor in Western Sichuan]" (" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080856/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sun1990languages.pdf Archive]). ''[[Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area]]'', 13(1), 1-31. English translation by [[Jackson T.-S. Sun]] ([[University of California Berkeley]] and [[Academia Sinica]]).
*Sun Hongkai ([[Academy of Social Sciences (China)|Academy of Social Sciences of China]] Institute of Nationality Studies) (1990). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080856/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sun1990languages.pdf Languages of the Ethnic Corridor in Western Sichuan]" (" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150616080856/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sun1990languages.pdf Archive]). ''[[Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area]]'', 13(1), 1–31. English translation by [[Jackson T.-S. Sun]] ([[University of California Berkeley]] and [[Academia Sinica]]).
*Sun Hongkai 孙宏开. 2016. ''Zangmian yuzu Qiang yuzhi yanjiu'' 藏缅语族羌语支研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. {{ISBN|9787516176566}}
*Sun Hongkai 孙宏开. 2016. ''Zangmian yuzu Qiang yuzhi yanjiu'' 藏缅语族羌语支研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. {{ISBN|9787516176566}}


Line 185: Line 212:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qiangic Languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qiangic Languages}}
[[Category:Qiangic languages| ]]
[[Category:Qiangic languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]

Latest revision as of 04:24, 30 March 2024

Qiangic
Rmaic
Geographic
distribution		China
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Subdivisions
Glottolognaqi1236  (Na–Qiangic)
qian1263  (Qiangic)

Qiangic (Ch'iang, Kyang, Tsiang, Chinese: 羌語支, "Qiang language group"; also Rmaic,[1] formerly known as Dzorgaic) is a group of related languages within the Sino-Tibetan language family. They are spoken mainly in Southwest China, including Sichuan and northern Yunnan. Most Qiangic languages are distributed in the prefectures of Ngawa, Garzê, Ya'an and Liangshan in Sichuan with some in Northern Yunnan as well.

Qiangic speakers are variously classified as part of the Qiang, Tibetan, Pumi, Nakhi, and Mongol ethnic groups by the People's Republic of China.

The extinct Tangut language of the Western Xia is considered to be Qiangic by some linguists, including Matisoff (2004).[2] The undeciphered Nam language of China may possibly be related to Qiangic.

Lamo, Larong and Drag-yab, or the Chamdo languages, a group of three closely related Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Chamdo, Eastern Tibet, may or may not be Qiangic.[3][4][5]

Classification[edit]

Sun (1983)[edit]

Sun Hongkai (1983)[6] proposes two branches, northern and southern:

Sun groups other, poorly described Qiangic languages as:

Matisoff (2004)[edit]

Matisoff (2004)[2] states that Jiarongic is an additional branch:

Matisoff (2004) describes Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-a > -i as a typical sound change in many Qiangic languages, and refers to this vowel heightening as "brightening." Yu (2012)[7] also notes that "brightening" is a defining innovation in Proto-Ersuic, the reconstructed ancestor of the Ersuic languages.

Thurgood and La Polla (2003)[edit]

Thurgood and La Polla (2003) state that the inclusion of Qiang, Prinmi, and Muya is well supported, but that they do not follow Sun's argument for the inclusion of Tangut. Matisoff (2004), however, claims Tangut demonstrates a clear relationship.[8] The unclassified language Baima may also be Qiangic or may retain a Qiangic substratum after speakers shifted to Tibetan.[9]

Some other lesser-known, unclassified Qiangic peoples and languages include the following:[10]

    • Bolozi 玻璃哦子/博罗子: 2,000 people; in Xiao Heshui Village 小河水村, west of Songpan; also as far south as Wenchuan Township 汶川乡.[11] Sun Hongkai (2013:80–82)[12] identifies Bolozi 博罗子 as a Northern Qiang variety, belonging to the Cimulin 茨木林 dialect.
    • Ming 命: 10,000 people; mixed Chinese in Mao County and Wenchuan County, Sichuan[13]
    • Xiangcheng 乡城: 10,000 people in and around Xiangcheng Township 乡城, Garzê Prefecture[14][15]

Sun (2001)[edit]

Sun Hongkai (2001)[16] groups the Qiangic languages are follows.

Jacques & Michaud (2011)[edit]

Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)[17] argue for a Na–Qiangic branch which itself forms a Burmo-Qiangic branch together with Lolo–Burmese. Na–Qiangic comprises three primary branches, which are Ersuish (or Ersuic), Naic (or Naxish), and [core] Qiangic. Similarly, David Bradley (2008)[18] also proposed an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes Burmic (a.k.a. Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. The position of Guiqiong is not addressed.

Chirkova (2012)[edit]

However, Chirkova (2012) casts doubt on the validity of Qiangic as a coherent branch, instead considering Qiangic to be a diffusion area. She considers the following four languages to be part of four separate Tibeto-Burman branches:[19]

Both Shixing and Namuzi are both classified as Naic (Naxi) by Jacques & Michaud (2011), but Naic would not be a valid genetic unit in Chirkova's classification scheme since Shixing and Namuzi are considered by Chirkova to not be part of a single branch.

Yu (2012)[edit]

Yu (2012:218)[7] notes that Ersuic and Naish languages share some forms that are not found in Lolo-Burmese or "core" Qiangic (Qiang, Prinmi, and Minyak). As a result, "Southern Qiangic" (Ersuic, Namuyi, and Shixing) may be closer to Naish than it is to "core" Qiangic. Together, Southern Qiangic and Naish could form a wider "Naic" group that has links to both Lolo-Burmese to the south and other Qiangic languages to the north.

Obsolete names[edit]

Shafer (1955) and other accounts of the Dzorgaic/Ch'iang branch[20] preserve the names Dzorgai, Kortsè, Thochu, Outer/Outside Man-tze, Pingfang from the turn of the century. The first three were Northern Qiang, and Outside Mantse was Southern Qiang.[21]

When Jiarongic is included as a branch of Qiangic, but distinct from the non-Jiarongic languages, the label "Dzorgaic" may be used for Qiang proper.

Hsi-fan (Xifan) is an ethnic name, meaning essentially 'Tibetan'; the people speak Qiangic or Jiarongic languages such as Qiang, Ergong/Horpa, Ersu, Guiqiong, Shixing, Zhaba, Namuyi, Muya/Minyak, and Jiarong, but not Naxi/Moso, Pumi, or Tangut. The term has not been much used since language surveys of the 1980s resulted in sufficient data for classification.

Distribution[edit]

Qiangic languages are spoken mainly in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan provinces of China. Sun Hongkai (2013) lists the following watersheds (riverine systems) and the respective Qiangic languages spoken there.[12]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Tournadre, Nicolas; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2023). The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan. Paris: LACITO. p. 694. ISBN 978-2-490768-08-0.
  2. ^ a b Matisoff, James. 2004. "Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman
  3. ^ Suzuki, Hiroyuki and Tashi Nyima. 2018. Historical relationship among three non-Tibetic languages in Chamdo, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
  4. ^ Zhao, Haoliang. 2018. A brief introduction to Zlarong, a newly recognized language in Mdzo sgang, TAR. Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018). Kyoto: Kyoto University.
  5. ^ Jacques, Guillaumes. 2016. Les journées d'études sur les langues du Sichuan.
  6. ^ Sun, Hongkai. (1983). The nationality languages in the six valleys and their language branches. Yunnan Minzuxuebao, 3, 99–273. (Written in Chinese).
  7. ^ a b Yu, Dominic. 2012. Proto-Ersuic. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Department of Linguistics.
  8. ^ James Matisoff, 2004. "Brightening" and the place of Xixia (Tangut) in the Qiangic subgroup of Tibeto-Burman (Archived 2015-07-12 at the Wayback Machine)
  9. ^ Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al (eds), Evidence and Counter-Evidence, vol. 2.
  10. ^ "China". asiaharvest.org.
  11. ^ "Bolozi" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 Nov 2021. Retrieved 1 Nov 2021.
  12. ^ a b Sun Hongkai. 2013. Tibeto-Burman languages of eight watersheds [八江流域的藏缅语]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press.
  13. ^ "Ming" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  14. ^ "Xiangcheng" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Xiangcheng" (PDF). Asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  16. ^ Sūn Hóngkāi 孙宏开. 2001. 論藏緬語族中的羌語支語言 Lùn Zàng-Miǎn yǔzú zhōng de Qiāngyǔzhī yǔyán [On language of the Qiangic branch in Tibeto-Burman]. Language and linguistics 2:157–181.
  17. ^ Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011. "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages[permanent dead link]." Diachronica 28:468–498.
  18. ^ Bradley, David. 2008. The Position of Namuyi in Tibeto-Burman.
  19. ^ Chirkova, Katia (2012). "The Qiangic subgroup from an areal perspective: a case study of languages of Muli" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 133–170. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  20. ^ Such as Barley (1997) (Archived 2015-06-12 at the Wayback Machine)
  21. ^ UC Berkeley, 1992, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 15, pp. 76–77.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.chped.com/w/index.php?title=Qiangic_languages&oldid=1216279870"