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{{Short description|Variety of Mandarin, spoken in Northeast China}}{{Infobox language
{{Short description|Variety of Mandarin, spoken in Northeast China}}{{Infobox language
|name = Northeastern Mandarin
|name = Northeastern Mandarin
|nativename = {{lang|zh|東北話}} / {{lang|zh|东北话}}<br>''Dōngběihuà''
|nativename = {{lang|zh|东北话}}<br>''Dōngběihuà''
|states = [[Jilin]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Liaoning]] and [[Inner Mongolia]] provinces of China; ([[Overseas Chinese|Overseas]], [[United States]]-[[New York City]], [[Russia]]-primarily in [[Primorsky Krai]])
|states = [[Jilin]], [[Heilongjiang]], [[Liaoning]] and [[Inner Mongolia]] provinces of China; ([[Overseas Chinese|Overseas]], [[United States]]-[[New York City]], [[Russia]]-primarily in [[Primorsky Krai]])
|region = [[Northeast China]], [[Russian Far East]] ([[Taz dialect|Taz]])
|region = [[Northeast China]], [[Russian Far East]] ([[Taz dialect|Taz]])
Line 9: Line 9:
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
|fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
|fam3 = [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|fam4 = [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
|dia1 = [[Taz dialect|Taz]]
|dia2 = [[Shenyang Mandarin|Shenyang]]
|dia3 = [[Harbin dialect|Harbin]]
|dia4 = [[Changchun dialect|Changchun]]
|map = Mandarín noreste.png
|map = Mandarín noreste.png
|mapcaption =
|mapcaption = {{imagefact|date=November 2022}}
|isoexception = dialect
|isoexception = dialect
|iso6 = dbiu
|iso6 = dbiu
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{{refimprove section|date=December 2014}}
{{refimprove section|date=December 2014}}


Northeastern Mandarin varieties are spoken in the northeastern part of China, in the provinces of [[Liaoning]] (except its southern part from [[Dalian]] to [[Dandong]] where [[Jiaoliao Mandarin]] is spoken), [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]], and in some northern parts of [[Inner Mongolia]].{{sfnp|Wurm|Li|Baumann|Lee|1987|loc=Map B1}} The number of speakers was estimated in 1987 as 82 million.{{sfnp|Yan|2006|p=62}} The ''[[Language Atlas of China]]'' divided Northeastern Mandarin into three subgroups, following a classification be Hè Wēi based on the occurrence of nasal initials in words having a zero initial in Beijing:{{sfnp|Wurm|Li|Baumann|Lee|1987|loc=Map B1}}{{sfnp|Kurpaska|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Simmons|2016|p=70}}
Northeastern Mandarin varieties are spoken in the northeastern part of China, in the provinces of [[Liaoning]] (except its southern part from [[Dalian]] to [[Dandong]] where [[Jiaoliao Mandarin]] is spoken), [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]], and in some northern parts of [[Inner Mongolia]].{{sfnp|Wurm|Li|Baumann|Lee|1987|loc=Map B1}} The number of speakers was estimated in 1987 as 82 million.{{sfnp|Yan|2006|p=62}}
==Dialects==
The ''[[Language Atlas of China]]'' divided Northeastern Mandarin into three subgroups, following a classification be Hè Wēi based on the occurrence of nasal initials in words having a zero initial in Beijing:{{sfnp|Wurm|Li|Baumann|Lee|1987|loc=Map B1}}{{sfnp|Kurpaska|2010|p=64}}{{sfnp|Simmons|2016|p=70}}
* ''Jí–Shěn'' (吉沈) in the east, including [[Jilin City|Jilin]] dialect and [[Shenyang dialect]], has a zero initial in these words, as in Beijing.
* ''Jí–Shěn'' (吉沈) in the east, including [[Jilin City|Jilin]] dialect and [[Shenyang dialect]], has a zero initial in these words, as in Beijing.
* ''Hā–Fù'' (哈阜) in the west, including [[Harbin dialect]] and [[Changchun dialect]], have nasal initials in these words.
* ''Hā–Fù'' (哈阜) in the west, including [[Harbin dialect]] and [[Changchun dialect]], have nasal initials in these words.
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Northeastern Mandarin shares similarities with the [[Beijing dialect]], such as a similar development of the [[entering tone]] and the preservation of initial {{IPA|[w]}}, where the dialects of [[Hebei]] province, which surrounds [[Beijing]], have {{IPA|[v]}}.{{sfnp|Li|2004|p=101}} However, in northeastern Chinese, final ''-ian'' or ''-üan'' is pronounced with an {{IPA|[æ]}} rather than with {{IPA|[ɛ]}} or {{IPA|[e]}} as in the standard.{{sfnp|Li|2004|p=115}} The {{IPA|[ʐ]}} initial of Beijing (spelled ''r-'' in [[pinyin]]) is generally omitted in northeastern varieties.{{sfnp|Wurm|Li|Baumann|Lee|1987|loc=B1}}{{sfnp|Kurpaska|2010|p=90}}
Northeastern Mandarin shares similarities with the [[Beijing dialect]], such as a similar development of the [[entering tone]] and the preservation of initial {{IPA|[w]}}, where the dialects of [[Hebei]] province, which surrounds [[Beijing]], have {{IPA|[v]}}.{{sfnp|Li|2004|p=101}} However, in northeastern Chinese, final ''-ian'' or ''-üan'' is pronounced with an {{IPA|[æ]}} rather than with {{IPA|[ɛ]}} or {{IPA|[e]}} as in the standard.{{sfnp|Li|2004|p=115}} The {{IPA|[ʐ]}} initial of Beijing (spelled ''r-'' in [[pinyin]]) is generally elided in northeastern varieties.{{sfnp|Wurm|Li|Baumann|Lee|1987|loc=B1}}{{sfnp|Kurpaska|2010|p=90}}


==Cultural and regional identity==
==Cultural and regional identity==
[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] variants like Northeastern Mandarin often contribute to a strong regional identity. Because of its informal usage of words and tones, comedians often use Northeast dialects when performing. Comedian [[Zhao Benshan]] is recognized nationwide for his performances which make humorous use of Northeastern dialect and Northeastern ''[[Errenzhuan]]'' folk dance and song traditions.{{sfnp|Liu|2011|p=74}}
[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] variants like Northeastern Mandarin often contribute to a strong regional identity. Because of its informal usage of words and tones, comedians often use Northeast dialects when performing. Comedian [[Zhao Benshan]] is recognized nationwide for his performances which make humorous use of Northeastern dialect and Northeastern ''[[Errenzhuan]]'' folk dance and song traditions.{{sfnp|Liu|2011|p=74}}

=== Traditional Performances using Northeastern Mandarin ===

==== Dance Opera: Song-and-Dance Duet ====

* Dance Opera, which is also known as Song-and-Dance Duet, is a traditional performance using Northeastern Mandarin. It is a walking and singing folk art widely spread in Jilin, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang Province.
* "Song-and-Dance Duet" itself is usually performed by a male and a female actor. When performing a play with multiple roles, the two will not play a fixed role. Props will only have handkerchiefs and hand-made fans.
* When not performing dramas, the costumes of the actors and actresses are usually humorous and pretty. For example, they wear red trousers and flowery shoes, which are some typical clothing Northeastern people used to wear.
[[Https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dance opera.png]]

==== Northeastern Sketch ====

* The title of the sketch is derived from art schools and performing art groups. In the entertainment industry, through language and body performance of a performance, known as sketch.
* Most of the sketch are performed in Northeastern Mandarin, and the dialect and unique language style have attracted millions of people.
* In the earlier time, sketch was the examination for students of performing arts. However, the humorous style attract audiences, experts, and scholars, and it gradually moved to a larger stage and reached a higher level. Nowadays, Northeastern Sketch has become one of the essential performances on the Spring Festival Gala, which is broadcast annually on the eve of Chinese New Year on its flagship CCTV.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWNgxf59iW8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFM2CwEJvm4

===== Comedians =====
As Northeastern sketch becomes more popular among public, some experts who are specialized in performing sketches have emerged. Comedians such as Zhao Benshan, Song Dandan, and Xiao Shenyang are all well-recognized by all national people.



==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Mandarin Chinese]]
[[Category:Mandarin Chinese]]

[[File:Dance opera.png|thumb|Northeastern Song-and-Dance Duet]]

{{SinoTibetan-lang-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:24, 15 March 2024

Northeastern Mandarin
东北话
Dōngběihuà
Native toJilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces of China; (Overseas, United States-New York City, Russia-primarily in Primorsky Krai)
RegionNortheast China, Russian Far East (Taz)
Native speakers
(82 million cited 1987)[1]
Dialects
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
ISO 639-6dbiu
cmn-nem
Glottolognort3283
Linguasphere79-AAA-bc

Northeastern Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 东北话; traditional Chinese: 東北話; pinyin: Dōngběihuà; lit. 'Northeast Speech' or 东北官话/東北官話 Dōngběiguānhuà "Northeast Mandarin") is the subgroup of Mandarin varieties spoken in Northeast China with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula and few enclaves along Amur and Ussuri rivers. The classification of Northeastern Mandarin as a separate dialect group from Beijing Mandarin was first proposed by Li Rong, author of the Language Atlas of China, in 1989. However, many researchers do not accept the distinction.[2]

Geographical distribution[edit]

Northeastern Mandarin varieties are spoken in the northeastern part of China, in the provinces of Liaoning (except its southern part from Dalian to Dandong where Jiaoliao Mandarin is spoken), Jilin and Heilongjiang, and in some northern parts of Inner Mongolia.[3] The number of speakers was estimated in 1987 as 82 million.[1]

Dialects[edit]

The Language Atlas of China divided Northeastern Mandarin into three subgroups, following a classification be Hè Wēi based on the occurrence of nasal initials in words having a zero initial in Beijing:[3][4][5]

  • Jí–Shěn (吉沈) in the east, including Jilin dialect and Shenyang dialect, has a zero initial in these words, as in Beijing.
  • Hā–Fù (哈阜) in the west, including Harbin dialect and Changchun dialect, have nasal initials in these words.
  • Hēi–Sōng (黑松) in the north, including Qiqihar dialect, have zero or nasal initials in random variation.

More distant varieties tend to be more similar to the Beijing dialect than closer ones, so that the speech of Harbin is closer to that of Beijing than that of Jilin and Changchun, which in turn are closer than that of Shenyang.[6]

A form of Northeastern Mandarin (with some words from Udege and Nanai) has been spoken since approximately 1800 by the Taz people nearby in the Russian Far East, primarily in Primorsky Krai.[7]

Overseas, Northeastern Mandarin is spoken in increasingly larger communities in New York City Chinatowns/Flushing in the United States.

Phonology[edit]

Northeastern Mandarin shares similarities with the Beijing dialect, such as a similar development of the entering tone and the preservation of initial [w], where the dialects of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing, have [v].[6] However, in northeastern Chinese, final -ian or -üan is pronounced with an [æ] rather than with [ɛ] or [e] as in the standard.[8] The [ʐ] initial of Beijing (spelled r- in pinyin) is generally elided in northeastern varieties.[9][10]

Cultural and regional identity[edit]

Mandarin variants like Northeastern Mandarin often contribute to a strong regional identity. Because of its informal usage of words and tones, comedians often use Northeast dialects when performing. Comedian Zhao Benshan is recognized nationwide for his performances which make humorous use of Northeastern dialect and Northeastern Errenzhuan folk dance and song traditions.[11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Yan (2006), p. 62.
  2. ^ Zhang, Shifang 张世方 (2010). Běijīng Guānhuà yǔyīn yánjiū 北京官话语音研究 (in Chinese). Beijing yuyan daxue chubanshe. p. 45. ISBN 9787561927755.
  3. ^ a b Wurm et al. (1987), Map B1.
  4. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 64.
  5. ^ Simmons (2016), p. 70.
  6. ^ a b Li (2004), p. 101.
  7. ^ "Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity". Gosudarstvennyi komitet po statistike. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  8. ^ Li (2004), p. 115.
  9. ^ Wurm et al. (1987), B1.
  10. ^ Kurpaska (2010), p. 90.
  11. ^ Liu (2011), p. 74.

Works cited

  • Kurpaska, Maria (2010), Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects", Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  • Li, Chris Wen-Chao (2004), "Conflicting Notions of Language Purity: The Interplay of Archaising, Ethnographic, Reformist, Elitist and Xenophobic Purism in the Perception of Standard Chinese", Language & Communication, 24 (2): 97–133, doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2003.09.002.
  • Liu, Jin (2011), "Deviant Writing and Youth Identity: Representation of Dialects with Chinese Characters on the Internet", Chinese Language and Discourse, 2 (1): 58–79, doi:10.1075/cld.2.1.03liu.
  • Simmons, Richard VanNess (2016), "The Dōngbĕi Varieties of Mandarin", Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 26 (1): 56–80, doi:10.1075/japc.26.1.03van.
  • Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Li, Rong; Baumann, Theo; Lee, Mei W. (1987), Language Atlas of China, Hong Kong: Longman, ISBN 978-962-359-085-3.
  • Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, Munich: LINCOM Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-629-6.


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