Minorities in Romania: Difference between revisions
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{{Culture of Romania}} |
{{Culture of Romania}} |
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⚫ | About 9.3% of [[Romania]]'s population is represented by minorities (the rest of 77.7% being [[Romanians]]), and 13% unknown or undisclosed according to 2021 census.<ref>Institutul Naţional de Statistică: [https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125029/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/com_presa/com_pdf/cp-date-provizorii-rpl_2.pdf Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021]</ref> The principal '''minorities in Romania''' are Hungarians ([[Székelys|Szeklers]], [[Csangos]], and [[Hungarians|Magyars]]; especially in [[Harghita County|Harghita]], [[Covasna County|Covasna]], and [[Mureș County|Mureș]] counties) and [[Romani people]], with a declining [[Germans|German]] population (in [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], or [[Suceava County|Suceava]]) and smaller numbers of [[Polish people|Poles]] in Bukovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the [[Kraków|Kraków region]] in contemporary Poland during the 19th century), [[Serbs]], [[Croats]], [[Slovaks]] and [[Banat Bulgarians]] (in [[Banat]]), [[Ukrainians of Romania|Ukrainians]] (in [[Maramureș]] and [[Bukovina]]), [[Greeks]] ([[Brăila County|Brăila]], [[Constanța]]), [[Jews]] ([[Wallachia]], [[Bucharest]]), [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Tatars]] (in [[Constanța County|Constanța]]), [[Armenians]], [[Russians]] ([[Lipovans]], in [[Tulcea (county)|Tulcea]]), [[Afro-Romanians]], and others. |
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[[File:Ethnic-map-of-Romania-2011.png|250px|thumb|Ethnic map of the Romanian counties (2011 census)]] |
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[[Image:RO Minor.png|thumb|250px|right|Lesser minorities of Romania (under 100,000 members)]] |
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[[File:RoCensus2002Inhab.png|thumb|250px|right|Ethnicity in Romania by county (inhabitants) based on the 2002 census data]] |
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[[File:RoCensus2002Proc.png|thumb|250px|right|Ethnicity in Romania by county (%) based on 2002 census data]] |
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⚫ | About |
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To this day, minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the [[Banat]], historical regions situated in the north and west of the country which were former territorial possessions of either the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], the [[Habsburg |
To this day, minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the [[Banat]], historical regions situated in the north and west of the country which were former territorial possessions of either the [[Kingdom of Hungary]], the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburgs]], or the [[Austrian Empire]] (since 1867 the dual monarchy of [[Austria-Hungary]] until [[World War I]]). |
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Before [[World War II]], minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of [[Bessarabia]] and northern [[Bukovina]] (to the former [[Soviet Union]], now [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]] and |
Before [[World War II]], minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of [[Bessarabia]] and northern [[Bukovina]] (to the former [[Soviet Union]], now [[Moldova|Republic of Moldova]] and Ukraine), [[Black Sea]] islands (to the former [[Soviet Union]], now Ukraine), and southern [[Dobrudja]] (to Bulgaria), as well as by the postwar flight or [[Deportation of Germans from Romania after World War II|deportation of ethnic Germans]]. |
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In the Romanian election law, government-recognized ethnic minorities in Romania are subject to a significantly lower threshold and have consequently won seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies |
In the Romanian election law, government-recognized ethnic minorities in Romania are subject to a significantly lower threshold and have consequently won seats in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]] since the fall of the [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] regime. |
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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In the table below are enlisted all minority ethnic groups from Romania with more than 1,000 persons (based on the 2011 Romanian |
In the table below are enlisted all minority ethnic groups from Romania with more than 1,000 persons (based on the 2002, 2011, and 2021 Romanian censuses): |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Minority !! Population (2002) !! Percentage of the<br> total population (2002) !! Population (2011) !! Percentage of the<br> total population (2011) !! County |
! Minority !! Population (2002) !! Percentage of the<br /> total population (2002) !! Population (2011) !! Percentage of the<br /> total population (2011) !! Population (2021) !! Percentage of the<br /> total population (2021) !! County |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] <small>(incl. [[Székelys|Szeklers]] and [[Csangos]])</small> |
| [[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]] <small>(incl. [[Székelys|Szeklers]] and [[Csangos]])</small> |
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Line 27: | Line 22: | ||
| 1,227,623 {{decrease}} |
| 1,227,623 {{decrease}} |
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| 6.10% {{decrease}} |
| 6.10% {{decrease}} |
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| 1,002,151 {{decrease}} |
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| 5.25% {{decrease}} |
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| Mainly [[Transylvania]], but also [[Bucharest]] |
| Mainly [[Transylvania]], but also [[Bucharest]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 34: | Line 31: | ||
| 621,573 {{increase}} |
| 621,573 {{increase}} |
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| 3.08% {{increase}} |
| 3.08% {{increase}} |
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| 569,477 {{decrease}} |
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| 2.99% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Mureș County|Mureș]], [[Călărași County|Călărași]] |
| [[Mureș County|Mureș]], [[Călărași County|Călărași]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 41: | Line 40: | ||
| 50,920 {{decrease}} |
| 50,920 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.25% {{decrease}} |
| 0.25% {{decrease}} |
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| 45,835 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.24% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Maramureș County|Maramureș]], [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
| [[Maramureș County|Maramureș]], [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 48: | Line 49: | ||
| 36,042 {{decrease}} |
| 36,042 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.17% {{decrease}} |
| 0.17% {{decrease}} |
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| 22,907 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.12% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]], [[Satu Mare County|Satu Mare]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], [[Mureș County|Mureș]], [[Maramureș County|Maramureș]], [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Alba County|Alba]], [[Bihor County|Bihor]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]], [[Bistrița-Năsăud County|Bistrița-Năsăud]], [[Transylvania]] |
| [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]], [[Satu Mare County|Satu Mare]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]], [[Mureș County|Mureș]], [[Maramureș County|Maramureș]], [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]], [[Alba County|Alba]], [[Bihor County|Bihor]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]], [[Bistrița-Năsăud County|Bistrița-Năsăud]], [[Transylvania]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 55: | Line 58: | ||
| 23,487 {{decrease}} |
| 23,487 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.11% {{decrease}} |
| 0.11% {{decrease}} |
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| 19,394 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.10% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Tulcea County|Tulcea]], [[Constanța County|Constanța]], [[Iași County|Iași]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
| [[Tulcea County|Tulcea]], [[Constanța County|Constanța]], [[Iași County|Iași]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 62: | Line 67: | ||
| 27,698 {{decrease}} |
| 27,698 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.13% {{decrease}} |
| 0.13% {{decrease}} |
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| 20,945 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.11% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Constanța County|Constanța]] |
| [[Constanța County|Constanța]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 69: | Line 76: | ||
| 20,282 {{decrease}} |
| 20,282 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.10% {{decrease}} |
| 0.10% {{decrease}} |
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| 18156 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.10% {{steady}} |
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| [[Constanța County|Constanța]] |
| [[Constanța County|Constanța]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 76: | Line 85: | ||
| 18,076 {{decrease}} |
| 18,076 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.08% {{decrease}} |
| 0.08% {{decrease}} |
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| 12,026 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.06% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Mehedinți County|Mehedinți]] |
| [[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Mehedinți County|Mehedinți]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 83: | Line 94: | ||
| 13,654 {{decrease}} |
| 13,654 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.06% {{decrease}} |
| 0.06% {{decrease}} |
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| 12,026 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.06% {{steady}} |
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| [[Sălaj County|Sălaj]], [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Bihor County|Bihor]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
| [[Sălaj County|Sălaj]], [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Bihor County|Bihor]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 90: | Line 103: | ||
| 7,336 {{decrease}} |
| 7,336 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.04% {{steady}} |
| 0.04% {{steady}} |
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| 5,975 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.03% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Timiș County|Timiș]] |
| [[Timiș County|Timiș]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 97: | Line 112: | ||
| 5,408 {{decrease}} |
| 5,408 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.03% {{steady}} |
| 0.03% {{steady}} |
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| 4,842 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.025% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]] |
| [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 104: | Line 121: | ||
| 3,668 {{decrease}} |
| 3,668 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.02% {{decrease}} |
| 0.02% {{decrease}} |
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| 2,086 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.01% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Constanța County|Constanța]], [[Brăila County|Brăila]], [[Transylvania]] |
| [[Constanța County|Constanța]], [[Brăila County|Brăila]], [[Transylvania]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 111: | Line 130: | ||
| 3,271 {{decrease}} |
| 3,271 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.02% {{decrease}} |
| 0.02% {{decrease}} |
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| 2,378 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.01% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Bucharest]] |
| [[Bucharest]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 118: | Line 139: | ||
| 2,477 {{decrease}} |
| 2,477 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.01% {{decrease}} |
| 0.01% {{decrease}} |
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| 1,576 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.008% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Mehedinți County|Mehedinți]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
| [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Mehedinți County|Mehedinți]], [[Suceava County|Suceava]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 125: | Line 148: | ||
| 2,543 {{decrease}} |
| 2,543 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.01% {{decrease}} |
| 0.01% {{decrease}} |
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| 2,137 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.01% {{steady}} |
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| [[Suceava County|Suceava]], [[Bucharest]] |
| [[Suceava County|Suceava]], [[Bucharest]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 131: | Line 156: | ||
| 0.02% {{steady}} |
| 0.02% {{steady}} |
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| 3,203 {{decrease}} |
| 3,203 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.02% {{steady}} |
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| 4039 {{increase}} |
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| 0.02% {{steady}} |
| 0.02% {{steady}} |
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| [[Bucharest]], [[Constanța County|Constanța]], [[Timiș County|Timiș]] |
| [[Bucharest]], [[Constanța County|Constanța]], [[Timiș County|Timiș]] |
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Line 139: | Line 166: | ||
| 2,017 {{decrease}} |
| 2,017 {{decrease}} |
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| 0.01% {{steady}} |
| 0.01% {{steady}} |
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| |
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| |
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| [[Bucharest]] |
| [[Bucharest]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 145: | Line 174: | ||
| 0.01% {{steady}} |
| 0.01% {{steady}} |
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| 1,361 {{decrease}} |
| 1,361 {{decrease}} |
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| >0.01% {{decrease}} |
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| 1,213 {{decrease}} |
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| >0.01% {{decrease}} |
| >0.01% {{decrease}} |
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| [[Cluj County|Cluj]] <small>(city of [[Gherla]])</small> |
| [[Cluj County|Cluj]] <small>(city of [[Gherla]])</small> |
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Line 153: | Line 184: | ||
| 1,536 {{increase}} |
| 1,536 {{increase}} |
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| >0.01% {{increase}} |
| >0.01% {{increase}} |
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| |
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| |
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| [[Bacău County|Bacău]] |
| [[Bacău County|Bacău]] |
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|- |
|- |
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Line 160: | Line 193: | ||
| 18,524 {{increase}} |
| 18,524 {{increase}} |
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| 0.10% {{increase}} |
| 0.10% {{increase}} |
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| 19510 {{increase}} |
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| 0.10% {{steady}} |
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| ''All counties of Romania'' |
| ''All counties of Romania'' |
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|- |
|- |
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| '''2,091,963'''{{decrease}} |
| '''2,091,963'''{{decrease}} |
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| '''10.39%''' {{decrease}} |
| '''10.39%''' {{decrease}} |
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| '''1,767,447'''{{decrease}} |
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| '''9.28%''' {{decrease}} |
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|- |
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|} |
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== Hungarian minority in Romania == |
== Hungarian minority in Romania == |
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[[Image:Hungarians in Romania.png|thumb|250px|Map of Romanian counties with the Hungarian population highlighted.]] |
[[Image:Hungarians in Romania.png|thumb|250px|Map of Romanian counties with the Hungarian population highlighted.]] |
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⚫ | |||
The [[Hungarian minority in Romania]] consists of 6.1% of the total population (1,227,623 citizens as per the 2011 census), being thus the largest ethnic minority of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Euromosaic study Hungarian in Romania - General information|url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/euromosaic/ro2_en.htm|publisher=European Commission| |
The [[Hungarian minority in Romania]] consists of 6.1% of the total population (1,227,623 citizens as per the 2011 census), being thus the largest ethnic minority of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Euromosaic study Hungarian in Romania - General information|url=http://ec.europa.eu/languages/euromosaic/ro2_en.htm|publisher=European Commission|access-date=2012-07-12}}</ref> |
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Most ethnic Hungarians live in what is today known as [[Transylvania]] (where they make up about 16.79% of the population), an area that includes the historic regions of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and Maramureș. They form a large majority of the population only in [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]] counties and a large percentage in the [[Mureș County|Mureș |
Most ethnic Hungarians live in what is today known as [[Transylvania]] (where they make up about 16.79% of the population), an area that includes the historic regions of [[Banat]], [[Crișana]], and Maramureș. They form a large majority of the population only in [[Harghita County|Harghita]] and [[Covasna County|Covasna]] counties and a large percentage in the [[Mureș County|Mureș county]]. |
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== Greek community == |
== Greek community == |
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[[File:Constanta Griechische Kirche.JPG|thumb|200px|Eastern Orthodox Church ''Metamorphosis'' in [[Constanța]], with service occasionally held in [[Greek language|Greek]]]] |
[[File:Constanta Griechische Kirche.JPG|thumb|200px|Eastern Orthodox Church ''Metamorphosis'' in [[Constanța]], with service occasionally held in [[Greek language|Greek]]]] |
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Among the towns and communes in Romania with the highest proportions of Greeks as of 2011 are [[Izvoarele, Tulcea|Izvoarele]] ({{lang-gr|Ιζβοάρελε}}; 43.82%) and [[Sulina]] ({{lang-gr|Σουλινάς}}; 1.69%), both in [[Tulcea County]]. |
Among the towns and communes in Romania with the highest proportions of Greeks as of 2011 are [[Izvoarele, Tulcea|Izvoarele]] ({{lang-gr|Ιζβοάρελε}}; 43.82%) and [[Sulina]] ({{lang-gr|Σουλινάς}}; 1.69%), both in [[Tulcea County]]. |
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According to the Romanian census of 2002, the Greek community numbered 6,472 persons, most of whom live in [[Bucharest]] and its surrounding area. Next in line come the Dobruja counties of Tulcea and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], and the Danube-facing ones of [[Brăila County|Brăila]] and [[Galați County|Galați]]. The 1992 census however found 19,594 Greeks;<ref>[http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=ro-gree Greeks in Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104150139/http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=ro-gree |date=2006-01-04 }}, eurominority.org. Accessed 15 December 2006.</ref> this shows the tendency of assimilation. According to the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad (a dependency of the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]) the Greek community in Romania numbers 14,000.<ref>{{in lang|el}} [http://www.ggae.gr/gabroad/organosi.el.asp ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΔΙΑΣΠΟΡΑΣ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716045118/http://www.ggae.gr/gabroad/organosi.el.asp |date=2008-07-16 }}, ggae.gr. Accessed 15 December 2006.</ref> |
According to the Romanian census of 2002, the Greek community numbered 6,472 persons, most of whom live in [[Bucharest]] and its surrounding area. Next in line come the Dobruja counties of Tulcea and [[Constanța County|Constanța]], and the Danube-facing ones of [[Brăila County|Brăila]] and [[Galați County|Galați]]. The 1992 census however found 19,594 Greeks;<ref>[http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=ro-gree Greeks in Romania] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104150139/http://www.eurominority.org/version/eng/minority-detail.asp?id_minorites=ro-gree |date=2006-01-04 }}, eurominority.org. Accessed 15 December 2006.</ref> this shows the tendency of assimilation. According to the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad (a dependency of the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]) the Greek community in Romania numbers 14,000.<ref>{{in lang|el}} [http://www.ggae.gr/gabroad/organosi.el.asp ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΔΙΑΣΠΟΡΑΣ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716045118/http://www.ggae.gr/gabroad/organosi.el.asp |date=2008-07-16 }}, ggae.gr. Accessed 15 December 2006.</ref> |
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The [[Hellenic Union of Romania]], founded in 1990, represents the political and cultural preservation interests of the community, notably by providing its representatives in the [[Chamber of Deputies of |
The [[Hellenic Union of Romania]], founded in 1990, represents the political and cultural preservation interests of the community, notably by providing its representatives in the [[Chamber of Deputies (Romania)|Chamber of Deputies]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Div col|colwidth=18em}} |
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}} |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Albanians of Romania]] |
* [[Albanians of Romania]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Armenians in Romania]] |
* [[Armenians in Romania]] |
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* [[Aromanians]] |
* [[Aromanians in Romania]] |
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* [[Balkan Egyptians]] |
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* [[Banat Bulgarians]] |
* [[Banat Bulgarians]] |
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* [[Bulgarians in Romania]] |
* [[Bulgarians in Romania]] |
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Line 200: | Line 240: | ||
* [[Danube Swabians]] |
* [[Danube Swabians]] |
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* [[Germans of Romania]] |
* [[Germans of Romania]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[Islam in Romania]] |
* [[Islam in Romania]] |
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* [[Italians of Romania]] |
* [[Italians of Romania]] |
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Line 207: | Line 246: | ||
* [[Lipovans]] |
* [[Lipovans]] |
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* [[Macedonians in Romania]] |
* [[Macedonians in Romania]] |
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* [[Megleno-Romanians]] |
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⚫ | |||
* [[ |
* [[Poles in Romania]] |
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* [[Romani people in Romania]] |
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* [[Romanian ethnic minorities parties]] |
* [[Romanian ethnic minorities parties]] |
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* [[Serbs of Romania]] |
* [[Serbs of Romania]] |
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Line 215: | Line 255: | ||
* [[Ukrainians of Romania]] |
* [[Ukrainians of Romania]] |
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* [[Walser]]s – [[French people|Banat French]] |
* [[Walser]]s – [[French people|Banat French]] |
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* [[Jassic people]] a.k.a. Yassics |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060620021024/http://www.dri.gov.ro/index.html?lng=2 Romanian Government – Department for Interethnic Relations] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060620021024/http://www.dri.gov.ro/index.html?lng=2 Romanian Government – Department for Interethnic Relations] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008074116/http://www.edu.ro/index.php/articles/c23 Ministry of Education - Department for Education in the Languages of Ethnic Minorities – site in Romanian |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008074116/http://www.edu.ro/index.php/articles/c23 Ministry of Education - Department for Education in the Languages of Ethnic Minorities – site in Romanian] |
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*[http://www.edrc.ro Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center] |
*[http://www.edrc.ro Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181231064408/http://romawomen.ro/ Roma Women Association Romania] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181231064408/http://romawomen.ro/ Roma Women Association Romania] |
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*[http://www.ibiblio.org/yiddish/art/thea-bib.htm Yiddish Theater. Bibliography and Discography] |
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/yiddish/art/thea-bib.htm Yiddish Theater. Bibliography and Discography] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081226080223/http://www.divers.ro/home_en Diversity, another way of speaking about ethnic minorities] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081226080223/http://www.divers.ro/home_en Diversity, another way of speaking about ethnic minorities] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181737/http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-ro/001pro.htm The Rastko Project – The Internet Library of the Serbs from Romania – in Romanian |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181737/http://www.rastko.org.rs/rastko-ro/001pro.htm The Rastko Project – The Internet Library of the Serbs from Romania – in Romanian] |
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*[http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Romania-Europe-in-miniature.pdf Romania, a Europe in miniature. Brief presentation of national minorities.] report by the Romanian Government |
*[http://www.dri.gov.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Romania-Europe-in-miniature.pdf Romania, a Europe in miniature. Brief presentation of national minorities.] report by the Romanian Government |
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*[https://archiving-family-memories-and-dreams.net/ Gerlinde Schuller: Archiving family memories and dreams – stories about the German minorities in Romania] (with many archive images; English/German) |
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*[https://archiving-family-memories-and-dreams.net/preserving-cultural-heritage/ Gerlinde Schuller: Preserving cultural heritage of Romanians minorities] (with many images; English/German) |
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{{Romanian topics}} |
{{Romanian topics}} |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Romania| ]] |
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Romania| ]] |
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[[Category:Demographics of Romania]] |
Latest revision as of 05:21, 9 March 2024
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About 9.3% of Romania's population is represented by minorities (the rest of 77.7% being Romanians), and 13% unknown or undisclosed according to 2021 census.[1] The principal minorities in Romania are Hungarians (Szeklers, Csangos, and Magyars; especially in Harghita, Covasna, and Mureș counties) and Romani people, with a declining German population (in Timiș, Sibiu, Brașov, or Suceava) and smaller numbers of Poles in Bukovina (Austria-Hungary attracted Polish miners, who settled there from the Kraków region in contemporary Poland during the 19th century), Serbs, Croats, Slovaks and Banat Bulgarians (in Banat), Ukrainians (in Maramureș and Bukovina), Greeks (Brăila, Constanța), Jews (Wallachia, Bucharest), Turks and Tatars (in Constanța), Armenians, Russians (Lipovans, in Tulcea), Afro-Romanians, and others.
To this day, minority populations are greatest in Transylvania and the Banat, historical regions situated in the north and west of the country which were former territorial possessions of either the Kingdom of Hungary, the Habsburgs, or the Austrian Empire (since 1867 the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary until World War I).
Before World War II, minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina (to the former Soviet Union, now Republic of Moldova and Ukraine), Black Sea islands (to the former Soviet Union, now Ukraine), and southern Dobrudja (to Bulgaria), as well as by the postwar flight or deportation of ethnic Germans.
In the Romanian election law, government-recognized ethnic minorities in Romania are subject to a significantly lower threshold and have consequently won seats in the Chamber of Deputies since the fall of the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime.
Overview[edit]
In the table below are enlisted all minority ethnic groups from Romania with more than 1,000 persons (based on the 2002, 2011, and 2021 Romanian censuses):
Minority | Population (2002) | Percentage of the total population (2002) |
Population (2011) | Percentage of the total population (2011) |
Population (2021) | Percentage of the total population (2021) |
County |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hungarians (incl. Szeklers and Csangos) | 1,431,807 ![]() |
6.60% ![]() |
1,227,623 ![]() |
6.10% ![]() |
1,002,151 ![]() |
5.25% ![]() |
Mainly Transylvania, but also Bucharest |
Roma | 535,140 ![]() |
2.46% ![]() |
621,573 ![]() |
3.08% ![]() |
569,477 ![]() |
2.99% ![]() |
Mureș, Călărași |
Ukrainians (incl. Hutsuls and Rusyns) | 61,091 ![]() |
0.28% ![]() |
50,920 ![]() |
0.25% ![]() |
45,835 ![]() |
0.24% ![]() |
Maramureș, Timiș, Suceava |
Germans[2] | 59,764 ![]() |
0.28% ![]() |
36,042 ![]() |
0.17% ![]() |
22,907 ![]() |
0.12% ![]() |
Timiș, Sibiu, Satu Mare, Caraș-Severin, Brașov, Mureș, Maramureș, Hunedoara, Alba, Bihor, Suceava, Bistrița-Năsăud, Transylvania |
Russians (incl. Lipovans) | 35,791 ![]() |
0.17% ![]() |
23,487 ![]() |
0.11% ![]() |
19,394 ![]() |
0.10% ![]() |
Tulcea, Constanța, Iași, Suceava |
Turks | 32,098 ![]() |
0.15% ![]() |
27,698 ![]() |
0.13% ![]() |
20,945 ![]() |
0.11% ![]() |
Constanța |
Crimean Tatars | 23,935 ![]() |
0.11% ![]() |
20,282 ![]() |
0.10% ![]() |
18156 ![]() |
0.10% ![]() |
Constanța |
Serbs | 22,518 ![]() |
0.10% ![]() |
18,076 ![]() |
0.08% ![]() |
12,026 ![]() |
0.06% ![]() |
Timiș, Arad, Caraș-Severin, Mehedinți |
Slovaks | 17,199 ![]() |
0.08% ![]() |
13,654 ![]() |
0.06% ![]() |
12,026 ![]() |
0.06% ![]() |
Sălaj, Arad, Bihor, Suceava |
Bulgarians | 8,025 ![]() |
0.04% ![]() |
7,336 ![]() |
0.04% ![]() |
5,975 ![]() |
0.03% ![]() |
Timiș |
Croats (incl. Krašovani) | 6,786 ![]() |
0.03% ![]() |
5,408 ![]() |
0.03% ![]() |
4,842 ![]() |
0.025% ![]() |
Caraș-Severin |
Greeks | 6,472 ![]() |
0.03% ![]() |
3,668 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
2,086 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
Constanța, Brăila, Transylvania |
Jews | 5,785 ![]() |
0.03% ![]() |
3,271 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
2,378 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
Bucharest |
Czechs | 3,938 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
2,477 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
1,576 ![]() |
0.008% ![]() |
Caraș-Severin, Mehedinți, Suceava |
Poles | 3,559 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
2,543 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
2,137 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
Suceava, Bucharest |
Italians | 3,288 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
3,203 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
4039 ![]() |
0.02% ![]() |
Bucharest, Constanța, Timiș |
Chinese | 2,243 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
2,017 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
Bucharest | ||
Armenians | 1,780 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
1,361 ![]() |
>0.01% ![]() |
1,213 ![]() |
>0.01% ![]() |
Cluj (city of Gherla) |
Csángós | 1,266 ![]() |
0.01% ![]() |
1,536 ![]() |
>0.01% ![]() |
Bacău | ||
Other lesser minorities and/or recent immigrants: | 13,653 ![]() |
0.06% ![]() |
18,524 ![]() |
0.10% ![]() |
19510 ![]() |
0.10% ![]() |
All counties of Romania |
Total: | 2,276,138 ![]() |
10.49% ![]() |
2,091,963![]() |
10.39% ![]() |
1,767,447![]() |
9.28% ![]() |
Romania |
Hungarian minority in Romania[edit]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hungarians_in_Romania.png/250px-Hungarians_in_Romania.png)
The Hungarian minority in Romania consists of 6.1% of the total population (1,227,623 citizens as per the 2011 census), being thus the largest ethnic minority of the country.[3]
Most ethnic Hungarians live in what is today known as Transylvania (where they make up about 16.79% of the population), an area that includes the historic regions of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș. They form a large majority of the population only in Harghita and Covasna counties and a large percentage in the Mureș county.
Greek community[edit]
Among the towns and communes in Romania with the highest proportions of Greeks as of 2011 are Izvoarele (Greek: Ιζβοάρελε; 43.82%) and Sulina (Greek: Σουλινάς; 1.69%), both in Tulcea County.
According to the Romanian census of 2002, the Greek community numbered 6,472 persons, most of whom live in Bucharest and its surrounding area. Next in line come the Dobruja counties of Tulcea and Constanța, and the Danube-facing ones of Brăila and Galați. The 1992 census however found 19,594 Greeks;[4] this shows the tendency of assimilation. According to the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad (a dependency of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs) the Greek community in Romania numbers 14,000.[5]
The Hellenic Union of Romania, founded in 1990, represents the political and cultural preservation interests of the community, notably by providing its representatives in the Chamber of Deputies.
See also[edit]
- Afro-Romanians
- Albanians of Romania
- Arabs in Romania
- Armenians in Romania
- Aromanians in Romania
- Banat Bulgarians
- Bulgarians in Romania
- Chinese in Romania
- Crimean Tatars in Romania
- Croats of Romania
- Danube Swabians
- Germans of Romania
- Islam in Romania
- Italians of Romania
- Jews in Romania
- Krashovani (Croats)
- Lipovans
- Macedonians in Romania
- Megleno-Romanians
- Poles in Romania
- Romani people in Romania
- Romanian ethnic minorities parties
- Serbs of Romania
- Tatars in Romania
- Turks in Romania
- Ukrainians of Romania
- Walsers – Banat French
References[edit]
- ^ Institutul Naţional de Statistică: Primele date provizorii pentru Recensământul Populației și Locuințelor, runda 2021
- ^ Including Transylvanian Saxons, Transylvanian Landlers, Banat Swabians, Bukovina Germans, Sathmar Swabians, Regat Germans, Zipser Germans, and Dobrujan Germans.
- ^ "The Euromosaic study Hungarian in Romania - General information". European Commission. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Greeks in Romania Archived 2006-01-04 at the Wayback Machine, eurominority.org. Accessed 15 December 2006.
- ^ (in Greek) ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΔΙΑΣΠΟΡΑΣ Archived 2008-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, ggae.gr. Accessed 15 December 2006.
External links[edit]
- Romanian Government – Department for Interethnic Relations
- Ministry of Education - Department for Education in the Languages of Ethnic Minorities – site in Romanian
- Ethnocultural Diversity Resource Center
- Roma Women Association Romania
- The Jews of Romania
- Yiddish Theater. Bibliography and Discography
- Diversity, another way of speaking about ethnic minorities
- The Rastko Project – The Internet Library of the Serbs from Romania – in Romanian
- Romania, a Europe in miniature. Brief presentation of national minorities. report by the Romanian Government
- Gerlinde Schuller: Archiving family memories and dreams – stories about the German minorities in Romania (with many archive images; English/German)
- Gerlinde Schuller: Preserving cultural heritage of Romanians minorities (with many images; English/German)