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Fiber or fibre (British English; from Latin: fibra^[1]) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.^[2] Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.

Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.

Natural fibers

Natural fibers develop or occur in the fiber shape, and include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes.^[2] They can be classified according to their origin:

Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose, often with lignin: examples include cotton, hemp, jute, flax, abaca, piña, ramie, sisal, bagasse, and banana. Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of paper and textile (cloth), and dietary fiber is an important component of human nutrition.
Wood fiber, distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources. Forms include groundwood, lacebark, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and bleached or unbleached kraft or sulfite pulps. Kraft and sulfite refer to the type of pulping process used to remove the lignin bonding the original wood structure, thus freeing the fibers for use in paper and engineered wood products such as fiberboard.
Animal fibers consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are silkworm silk, spider silk, sinew, catgut, wool, sea silk and hair such as cashmere wool, mohair and angora, fur such as sheepskin, rabbit, mink, fox, beaver, etc.
Mineral fibers include the asbestos group. Asbestos is the only naturally occurring long mineral fiber. Six minerals have been classified as "asbestos" including chrysotile of the serpentine class and those belonging to the amphibole class: amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite. Short, fiber-like minerals include wollastonite and palygorskite.
Biological fibers, also known as fibrous proteins or protein filaments, consist largely of biologically relevant and biologically very important proteins, in which mutations or other genetic defects can lead to severe diseases. Instances include the collagen^[3] family of proteins, tendons, muscle proteins like actin, cell proteins like microtubules^{[citation needed]} and many others, such as spider silk, sinew, and hair.

Artificial fibers

Artificial or chemical fibers are fibers whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. In fashion, a fiber is a long and thin strand or thread of material that can be knit or woven into a fabric.^[4] Artificial fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers.

Semi-synthetic fibers

Semi-synthetic fibers are made from raw materials with naturally long-chain polymer structure and are only modified and partially degraded by chemical processes, in contrast to completely synthetic fibers such as nylon (polyamide) or dacron (polyester), which the chemist synthesizes from low-molecular weight compounds by polymerization (chain-building) reactions. The earliest semi-synthetic fiber is the cellulose regenerated fiber, rayon.^[5] Most semi-synthetic fibers are cellulose regenerated fibers.

Cellulose regenerated fibers

Cellulose fibers are a subset of artificial fibers, regenerated from natural cellulose. The cellulose comes from various sources: rayon from tree wood fiber, bamboo fiber from bamboo, seacell from seaweed, etc. In the production of these fibers, the cellulose is reduced to a fairly pure form as a viscous mass and formed into fibers by extrusion through spinnerets. Therefore, the manufacturing process leaves few characteristics distinctive of the natural source material in the finished products.

Some examples of this fiber type are:

Historically, cellulose diacetate and -triacetate were classified under the term rayon, but are now considered distinct materials.

Synthetic fibers

Synthetic come entirely from synthetic materials such as petrochemicals, unlike those artificial fibers derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein.^[6]

Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls into two classes: (i) short fibers, also known as discontinuous fibers, with a general aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of fiber length to diameter) between 20 and 60, and (ii) long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, the general aspect ratio is between 200 and 500.^[7]

Metallic fibers

Metallic fibers can be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminum or iron.

Carbon fiber

Carbon fibers are often based on oxidized and via pyrolysis carbonized polymers like PAN, but the end product is almost pure carbon.

Silicon carbide fiber

Silicon carbide fibers, where the basic polymers are not hydrocarbons but polymers, where about 50% of the carbon atoms are replaced by silicon atoms, so-called poly-carbo-silanes. The pyrolysis yields an amorphous silicon carbide, including mostly other elements like oxygen, titanium, or aluminium, but with mechanical properties very similar to those of carbon fibers.

Fiberglass

Fiberglass, made from specific glass, and optical fiber, made from purified natural quartz, are also artificial fibers that come from natural raw materials, silica fiber, made from sodium silicate (water glass) and basalt fiber made from melted basalt.

Mineral fibers

Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because they are formed with a low number of surface defects; asbestos is a common one.^[8]

Polymer fibers

Polymer fibers are a subset of artificial fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often from petrochemical sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. These fibers are made from:
- polyamide nylon
- PET or PBT polyester
- phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
- polyvinyl chloride fiber (PVC) vinyon
- polyolefins (PP and PE) olefin fiber
- acrylic polyesters, pure polyester PAN fibers are used to make carbon fiber by roasting them in a low oxygen environment. Traditional acrylic fiber is used more often as a synthetic replacement for wool. Carbon fibers and PF fibers are noted as two resin-based fibers that are not thermoplastic, most others can be melted.
- aromatic polyamids (aramids) such as Twaron, Kevlar and Nomex thermally degrade at high temperatures and do not melt. These fibers have strong bonding between polymer chains
- polyethylene (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / HMPE (e.g. Dyneema or Spectra).
- Elastomers can even be used, e.g. spandex although urethane fibers are starting to replace spandex technology.
- polyurethane fiber
- Elastolefin
Coextruded fibers have two distinct polymers forming the fiber, usually as a core-sheath or side by side. Coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated to provide static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated to provide RF deflection for radar chaff. Radar chaff is actually a spool of continuous glass tow that has been aluminum coated. An aircraft-mounted high speed cutter chops it up as it spews from a moving aircraft to confuse radar signals.

Microfibers

Invented in Japan in the early 1980s, microfibers are also known as microdenier fibers. Acrylic, nylon, polyester, lyocell and rayon can be produced as microfibers. In 1986, Hoechst A.G. of Germany produced microfiber in Europe. This fiber made it way into the United States in 1990 by DuPont.^[9]

Microfibers in textiles refer to sub-denier fiber (such as polyester drawn to 0.5 denier). Denier and Dtex are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If the fiber density is known, you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra-fine fibers (glass or meltblown thermoplastics) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped or trilobal. The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent.

Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Natural cellulose, such as cotton or bleached kraft, show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure.^[10]

Typical properties of selected fibers

Fibers can be divided into natural and artificial (synthetic) substance, their properties can affect their performance in many applications. Synthetic fiber materials are increasingly replacing other conventional materials like glass and wood in a number of applications.^[11] This is because artificial fibers can be engineered chemically, physically, and mechanically to suit particular technical engineering.^[12] In choosing a fiber type, a manufacturer would balance their properties with the technical requirements of the applications. Various fibers are available to select for manufacturing. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to the properties of artificial fibers.

Table 1. Typical Properties of Selected Natural Fibers^[13]^[14]
Fiber type	Fiber Diameter (in)	Specific Gravity	Tensile Strength (Ksi)	Elastic Modulus (Ksi)	Elongation at Break (%)	Water Absorption (%)
Wood Fiber (Kraft Pulp)	0.001-0.003	1.5	51-290	1500-5800	N/A	50-75
Musamba	N/A	N/A	12	130	9.7	N/A
Coconut	0.004-0.016	1.12-1.15	17.4-29	2750-3770	10-25	130-180
Sisal	0.008-0.016^[15]	1.45^[15]	40-82.4	1880-3770	3-5	60-70
Sugar Cane Bagasse	0.008-0.016	1.2-1.3	26.7-42	2175-2750	1.1^[16]	70-75
Bamboo	0.002-0.016	1.5	50.8-72.5	4780-5800	N/A	40-45
Jute	0.004-0.008	1.02-1.04	36.3-50.8	3770-4640	1.5-1.9	28.64^[17]
Elephant grass	0.003-0.016^[18]	0.818^[18]	25.8	710	3.6	N/Ab
a Adapted from ACI 544. IR-96 P58, reference [12] P240 and [13] b N/A means properties not readily available or not applicable

Table 2. Properties of Selected Artificial Fibers
Fiber type	Fiber Diameter (0.001 in)	Specific Gravity	Tensile Strength (Ksi)	Elasticity Modulus (Ksi)	Elongation at Break (%)	Water Absorption (%)	Melting Point (°C)	Maximum Working Temp (°C)
Steel	4-40	7.8	70-380	30,000	0.5-3.5	nil	1370^[19]	760^[19]
Glass	0.3-0.8	2.5	220-580	10,400-11,600	2-4	N/A	1300	1000
Carbon	0.3-0.35	0.90	260-380	33,400-55,100	0.5-1.5	nil	3652-3697^[20]	N/A
Nylon	0.9	1.14	140	750	20-30	2.8-5.0	220-265	199
Acrylics	0.2-0.7	1.14-1.18	39-145	2,500-2,800	20-40	1.0-2.5	Decomp	180
Aramid	0.4-0.5	1.38-1.45	300-450	9,000-17,000	2-12	1.2-4.3	Decomp	450
Polyester	0.4-3.0	1.38	40-170	2,500	8-30	0.4	260	170
Polypropylene	0.8-8.0	0.9	65-100	500-750	10-20	nil	165	100
Polyethylene Low High	1.0-40.0	0.92 0.95	11-17 50-71	725	25-50 20-30	nil nil	110 135	55 65
a Adapted from ACI 544. IR-96 P40, reference [12] P240, [11] P209 and [13] b N/A means properties not readily available or not applicable

The tables above just show typical properties of fibers, in fact there are more properties which could be referred as follows (from a to z):^[14]

Arc Resistance, Biodegradable, Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion, Continuous Service Temperature, Density of Plastics, Ductile / Brittle Transition Temperature, Elongation at Break, Elongation at Yield, Fire Resistance, Flexibility, Gamma Radiation Resistance, Gloss, Glass Transition Temperature, Hardness, Heat Deflection Temperature, Shrinkage, Stiffness, Ultimate tensile strength, Thermal Insulation, Toughness, Transparency, UV Light Resistance, Volume Resistivity, Water absorption, Young's Modulus

References

^ Harper, Douglas. "fiber". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ ^a ^b Kadolph, Sara (2002). Textiles. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-025443-6.
^ Saad, Mohamed (Oct 1994). Low resolution structure and packing investigations of collagen crystalline domains in tendon using Synchrotron Radiation X-rays, Structure factors determination, evaluation of Isomorphous Replacement methods and other modeling. PhD Thesis, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I. pp. 1–221. doi:10.13140/2.1.4776.7844.
^ "man-made fibre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013.
^ Kauffman, George B. (1993). "Rayon: the first semi-synthetic fiber product". Journal of Chemical Education. 70 (11): 887. Bibcode:1993JChEd..70..887K. doi:10.1021/ed070p887.
^ "synthetic fibre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013.
^ Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-13-017440-8.
^ James Edward Gordon; Philip Ball (2006). The new science of strong materials, or, Why you don't fall through the floor. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12548-0. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
^ Cohen, Allen (11 November 2011). J. J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science (10th ed.). Fairchild Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-60901-380-6.
^ Hans-J. Koslowski. "Man-Made Fibers Dictionary". Second edition. Deutscher Fachverlag. 2009 ISBN 3-86641-163-4
^ Shenoy, Aroon (1999). Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-412-83100-3.
^ Hollaway, C. (1990). Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction. Great Britain: Bulter and Tanner Ltd. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-7277-1521-0.
^ Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures". Sixteenth Edition. United States of America: Portland Cement Association. 2018. pp. 237–247. ISBN 978-0-89312-277-5.
^ ^a ^b "Polymer Properties – Omexus by Special Chem".
^ ^a ^b "Sisal Fiber – World of Sisal".
^ Sain, M. (2014). "The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites". In Faruk, Omar; Sain, Mohini (eds.). Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials. Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN 9781782421221.
^ Narayanan, Venkateshwaran (2012). "Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Woven Jute/Banana Hybrid Composites". Fibers and Polymers. 13 (7, 907–914). doi:10.1007/s12221-012-0907-0.
^ ^a ^b K. Murali Mohan, Rao (2007). "Tensile Properties of Elephant grass fiber reinforced polymer Composites". Journal of Materials Science. 42 (9, 3266–3272). doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0657-8.
^ ^a ^b "Metallic Materials – TEADIT" (PDF).
^ "Carbon Fiber – Americans Elements".

[1] Harper, Douglas. "fiber". Online Etymology Dictionary.

[:0-2] Kadolph, Sara (2002). Textiles. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-025443-6.

[Saad_1994-3] Saad, Mohamed (Oct 1994). Low resolution structure and packing investigations of collagen crystalline domains in tendon using Synchrotron Radiation X-rays, Structure factors determination, evaluation of Isomorphous Replacement methods and other modeling. PhD Thesis, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I. pp. 1–221. doi:10.13140/2.1.4776.7844.

[4] "man-made fibre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013.

[5] Kauffman, George B. (1993). "Rayon: the first semi-synthetic fiber product". Journal of Chemical Education. 70 (11): 887. Bibcode:1993JChEd..70..887K. doi:10.1021/ed070p887.

[6] "synthetic fibre". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2013.

[7] Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0-13-017440-8.

[8] James Edward Gordon; Philip Ball (2006). The new science of strong materials, or, Why you don't fall through the floor. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12548-0. Retrieved 28 October 2011.

[Cohen-9] Cohen, Allen (11 November 2011). J. J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science (10th ed.). Fairchild Books. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-60901-380-6.

[b1-10] Hans-J. Koslowski. "Man-Made Fibers Dictionary". Second edition. Deutscher Fachverlag. 2009 ISBN 3-86641-163-4

[11] Shenoy, Aroon (1999). Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-0-412-83100-3.

[12] Hollaway, C. (1990). Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction. Great Britain: Bulter and Tanner Ltd. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-7277-1521-0.

[13] Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures". Sixteenth Edition. United States of America: Portland Cement Association. 2018. pp. 237–247. ISBN 978-0-89312-277-5.

[:1-14] "Polymer Properties – Omexus by Special Chem".

[:2-15] "Sisal Fiber – World of Sisal".

[16] Sain, M. (2014). "The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites". In Faruk, Omar; Sain, Mohini (eds.). Biofiber Reinforcements in Composite Materials. Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN 9781782421221.

[17] Narayanan, Venkateshwaran (2012). "Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Woven Jute/Banana Hybrid Composites". Fibers and Polymers. 13 (7, 907–914). doi:10.1007/s12221-012-0907-0.

[:3-18] K. Murali Mohan, Rao (2007). "Tensile Properties of Elephant grass fiber reinforced polymer Composites". Journal of Materials Science. 42 (9, 3266–3272). doi:10.1007/s10853-006-0657-8.

[:4-19] "Metallic Materials – TEADIT" (PDF).

[20] "Carbon Fiber – Americans Elements".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
 {{short description|Natural or synthetic substance made of long, thin filaments}}
 {{redirect|Fibre|other uses|Fiber (disambiguation)}}
@@ Line 7: / Line 8: @@
 [[File:fibreoptic.jpg|thumb|right|A bundle of [[optical fibers]]]]
-'''Fiber''' or '''fibre''' (from {{lang-la|fibra|links=no}}<ref>{{OEtymD|fiber}}</ref>) is a [[#Natural fibers|natural]] or [[#Man-made fibers|man-made]] substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.<ref name=":0" /> Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example [[Carbon fibers|carbon fiber]] and [[ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene]].
+'''Fiber''' or '''fibre''' ([[British English]]; from {{lang-la|fibra|links=no}}<ref>{{OEtymD|fiber}}</ref>) is a [[#Natural fibers|natural]] or [[Fiber#Artificial fibers|artificial]] substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.<ref name=":0" /> Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example [[Carbon fibers|carbon fiber]] and [[ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene]].
-Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers can give some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
+Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers have some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
 {{TOC limit|3}}
@@ Line 18: / Line 19: @@
 Natural fibers develop or occur in the fiber shape, and include those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Textiles|last = Kadolph|first = Sara|publisher = [[Prentice Hall]]|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0-13-025443-6}}</ref> They can be classified according to their origin:
 *[[fiber crop|Vegetable fiber]]s are generally based on arrangements of [[cellulose]], often with [[lignin]]: examples include [[cotton]], [[Cannabis sativa|hemp]], [[jute]], [[flax]], [[abaca]], [[piña]], [[ramie]], [[sisal]], [[bagasse]], and [[Banana#Fiber|banana]]. Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture of [[paper]] and [[textile]] (cloth), and [[dietary fiber]] is an important component of human nutrition.
-*[[Wood fibre|Wood fiber]], distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources. Forms include [[groundwood]], [[Lagetta lagetto|lacebark]], thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and bleached or unbleached [[Kraft process|kraft]] or sulfite pulps. Kraft and sulfite refer to the type of pulping process used to remove the lignin bonding the original wood structure, thus freeing the fibers for use in paper and [[engineered wood]] products such as [[fiberboard]].
+*[[Wood fibre|Wood fiber]], distinguished from vegetable fiber, is from tree sources. Forms include groundwood, [[Lagetta lagetto|lacebark]], thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and bleached or unbleached [[Kraft process|kraft]] or sulfite pulps. Kraft and sulfite refer to the type of pulping process used to remove the lignin bonding the original wood structure, thus freeing the fibers for use in paper and [[engineered wood]] products such as [[fiberboard]].
 *[[Animal fiber]]s consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are [[silkworm]] [[silk]], [[spider silk]], [[sinew]], [[catgut]], [[wool]], [[sea silk]] and hair such as [[cashmere wool]], [[mohair]] and [[Angora wool|angora]], fur such as sheepskin, rabbit, mink, fox, beaver, etc.
 *[[Mineral fiber]]s include the [[asbestos]] group. Asbestos is the only naturally occurring long [[mineral]] fiber. Six minerals have been classified as "asbestos" including [[chrysotile]] of the [[Serpentine group|serpentine]] class and those belonging to the [[amphibole]] class: [[amosite]], [[crocidolite]], [[tremolite]], [[anthophyllite]] and [[actinolite]]. Short, fiber-like minerals include [[wollastonite]] and [[palygorskite]].
 *Biological fibers, also known as [[fibrous proteins]] or [[protein filament]]s, consist largely of biologically relevant and biologically very important proteins, in which mutations or other genetic defects can lead to [[Collagen#Diseases|severe diseases]]. Instances include the [[collagen]]<ref name="Saad 1994">{{cite book|last1=Saad|first1=Mohamed|title=Low resolution structure and packing investigations of collagen crystalline domains in tendon using Synchrotron Radiation X-rays, Structure factors determination, evaluation of Isomorphous Replacement methods and other modeling.|date=Oct 1994|publisher=PhD Thesis, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I|pages=1–221|url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B3L_EN9hIuFTTkhuN2lrWEU4RDQ&authuser=0 |doi= 10.13140/2.1.4776.7844}}</ref> family of proteins, [[tendons]], [[muscle proteins]] like [[actin]], cell proteins like [[microtubule]]s{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} and many others, such as [[spider silk]], [[sinew]], and [[hair]].
-==Man-made fibers{{anchor|Chemical}}==
+==Artificial fibers{{anchor|Chemical}}==
-Man-made or chemical fibers are fibers whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. In fashion, a fiber is a long and thin strand or thread of material that can be [[Knitting|knit]] or [[Woven fabric|woven]] into a fabric.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361113/man-made-fibre |date=2013 |title=man-made fibre |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] }}</ref> Man-made fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers.
+Artificial or chemical fibers are fibers whose chemical composition, structure, and properties are significantly modified during the manufacturing process. In fashion, a fiber is a long and thin strand or thread of material that can be [[Knitting|knit]] or [[Woven fabric|woven]] into a fabric.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361113/man-made-fibre |date=2013 |title=man-made fibre |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] }}</ref> Artificial fibers consist of regenerated fibers and synthetic fibers.
 {{see also|fiber modification}}
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 ====Cellulose regenerated fibers{{anchor|Regenerated}}====
-[[Cellulose fiber]]s are a subset of man-made fibers, regenerated from natural [[cellulose]]. The cellulose comes from various sources: rayon from tree wood fiber, [[bamboo fiber]] from bamboo, seacell from [[seaweed]], etc. In the production of these fibers, the cellulose is reduced to a fairly pure form as a viscous mass and formed into fibers by extrusion through spinnerets. Therefore, the manufacturing process leaves few characteristics distinctive of the natural source material in the finished products.
+[[Cellulose fiber]]s are a subset of artificial fibers, regenerated from natural [[cellulose]]. The cellulose comes from various sources: rayon from tree wood fiber, [[bamboo fiber]] from bamboo, seacell from [[seaweed]], etc. In the production of these fibers, the cellulose is reduced to a fairly pure form as a viscous mass and formed into fibers by extrusion through spinnerets. Therefore, the manufacturing process leaves few characteristics distinctive of the natural source material in the finished products.
 Some examples of this fiber type are:
@@ Line 42: / Line 43: @@
 Historically, cellulose diacetate and -triacetate were classified under the term rayon, but are now considered distinct materials.
-[[[[File:Synthetic Fabric.png|thumb|This is a form of Synthetic that could be made into fabric.]]|thumb]]
 ===Synthetic fibers===
 {{Main|Synthetic fiber}}
-[[Synthetic fiber|Synthetic]] come entirely from synthetic materials such as [[petrochemical]]s, unlike those man-made fibers derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578682/synthetic-fibre |date=2013 |title=synthetic fibre |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. }}</ref>
+[[Synthetic fiber|Synthetic]] come entirely from synthetic materials such as [[petrochemical]]s, unlike those artificial fibers derived from such natural substances as cellulose or protein.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578682/synthetic-fibre |date=2013 |title=synthetic fibre |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. }}</ref>
 Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls into two classes: (i) short fibers, also known as discontinuous fibers, with a general aspect ratio (defined as the ratio of fiber length to diameter) between 20 and 60, and (ii) long fibers, also known as continuous fibers, the general aspect ratio is between 200 and 500.<ref>Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. "Manufacturing Engineering and Technology". International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001. {{ISBN|0-13-017440-8}}.</ref>
@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 ====Fiberglass====
-{{See also|Glass#Fiberglass}}
+{{See also|Glass#Fibreglass}}
-[[Fiberglass]], made from specific glass, and [[optical fiber]], made from purified natural [[quartz]], are also man-made fibers that come from natural raw materials, [[silica fiber]], made from [[sodium silicate]] (water glass) and [[basalt fiber]] made from melted basalt.
+[[Fiberglass]], made from specific glass, and [[optical fiber]], made from purified natural [[quartz]], are also artificial fibers that come from natural raw materials, [[silica fiber]], made from [[sodium silicate]] (water glass) and [[basalt fiber]] made from melted basalt.
 ====Mineral fibers====
-Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because they are formed with a low number of surface defects, [[asbestos]] is a common one.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Edward Gordon|author2=Philip Ball|title=The new science of strong materials, or, Why you don't fall through the floor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyCFQgAACAAJ|access-date=28 October 2011|date=2006|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12548-0}}</ref>
+Mineral fibers can be particularly strong because they are formed with a low number of surface defects; [[asbestos]] is a common one.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James Edward Gordon|author2=Philip Ball|title=The new science of strong materials, or, Why you don't fall through the floor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyCFQgAACAAJ|access-date=28 October 2011|date=2006|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-12548-0}}</ref>
 ====Polymer fibers====
-*Polymer fibers are a subset of man-made fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often from [[petrochemical]] sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. These fibers are made from:
+* Polymer fibers are a subset of artificial fibers, which are based on synthetic chemicals (often from [[petrochemical]] sources) rather than arising from natural materials by a purely physical process. These fibers are made from:
 ** polyamide [[nylon]]
 ** PET or PBT [[polyester]]
@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 ** [[Acrylic fiber|acrylic]] polyesters, pure [[polyester]] PAN fibers are used to make [[carbon fiber]] by roasting them in a low oxygen environment. Traditional acrylic fiber is used more often as a synthetic replacement for wool. Carbon fibers and PF fibers are noted as two resin-based fibers that are not [[thermoplastic]], most others can be melted.
 ** [[aramid|aromatic polyamids]] (aramids) such as [[Twaron]], [[Kevlar]] and [[Nomex]] thermally degrade at high temperatures and do not melt. These fibers have strong bonding between polymer chains
-** [[polyethylene]] (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / [[Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene|HMPE]] (e.g. Dyneema or Spectra).
+** [[polyethylene]] (PE), eventually with extremely long chains / [[Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene|HMPE]] (e.g. Dyneema or Spectra).
 ** [[Elastomer]]s can even be used, e.g. [[spandex]] although urethane fibers are starting to replace spandex technology.
 ** [[polyurethane]] fiber
 ** [[Elastolefin]]
-*Coextruded fibers have two distinct polymers forming the fiber, usually as a core-sheath or side by side. Coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated to provide static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated to provide RF deflection for [[Chaff (radar countermeasure)|radar chaff]]. Radar chaff is actually a spool of continuous glass tow that has been aluminum coated. An aircraft-mounted high speed cutter chops it up as it spews from a moving aircraft to confuse radar signals.
+* Coextruded fibers have two distinct polymers forming the fiber, usually as a core-sheath or side by side. Coated fibers exist such as nickel-coated to provide static elimination, silver-coated to provide anti-bacterial properties and aluminum-coated to provide RF deflection for [[Chaff (radar countermeasure)|radar chaff]]. Radar chaff is actually a spool of continuous glass tow that has been aluminum coated. An aircraft-mounted high speed cutter chops it up as it spews from a moving aircraft to confuse radar signals.
 ====Microfibers====
+Invented in Japan in the early 1980s, microfibers are also known as microdenier fibers. Acrylic, nylon, polyester, lyocell and rayon can be produced as microfibers. In 1986, Hoechst A.G. of Germany produced microfiber in Europe. This fiber made it way into the United States in 1990 by DuPont.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Allen |title=J. J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science |date=11 November 2011 |publisher=Fairchild Books |isbn=978-1-60901-380-6 |page=51 |edition=10th}}</ref>
+[[Microfiber]]s in [[textiles]] refer to sub-denier fiber (such as polyester drawn to 0.5 denier). [[Units of textile measurement#Denier|Denier]] and [[Units of textile measurement#Tex|Dtex]] are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If the fiber density is known, you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra-fine fibers (glass or meltblown [[thermoplastics]]) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped or [[trilobal]]. The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent.
-Invented in Japan in the early 1980s, microfibers are also known as microdenier fibers. Acrylic, nylon, polyester, lyocell and rayon can be produced as microfibers. In 1986, Hoechst A.G. of Germany produced microfiber in Europe. This fiber made it way into the United States in 1990 by DuPont.<ref name="Cohen">{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Allen |title=J. J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science |publisher=Fairchild Books |isbn=978-1-60901-380-6 |page=51 |edition=10th}}</ref>
+Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Natural [[cellulose]], such as [[cotton]] or bleached [[Kraft paper|kraft]], show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure.<ref name=b1>Hans-J. Koslowski. "Man-Made Fibers Dictionary". Second edition. Deutscher Fachverlag. 2009 {{ISBN|3-86641-163-4}}</ref>
-[[Microfiber]]s in [[textiles]] refer to sub-denier fiber (such as [[polyester]] drawn to 0.5 denier). [[Units of textile measurement#Denier|Denier]] and [[Units of textile measurement#Tex|Dtex]] are two measurements of fiber yield based on weight and length. If the fiber density is known, you also have a fiber diameter, otherwise it is simpler to measure diameters in micrometers. Microfibers in technical fibers refer to ultra fine fibers (glass or meltblown [[thermoplastics]]) often used in filtration. Newer fiber designs include extruding fiber that splits into multiple finer fibers. Most synthetic fibers are round in cross-section, but special designs can be hollow, oval, star-shaped or [[trilobal]]. The latter design provides more optically reflective properties. Synthetic textile fibers are often crimped to provide bulk in a woven, non woven or knitted structure. Fiber surfaces can also be dull or bright. Dull surfaces reflect more light while bright tends to transmit light and make the fiber more transparent.
-Very short and/or irregular fibers have been called fibrils. Natural [[cellulose]], such as [[cotton]] or bleached [[kraft]], show smaller fibrils jutting out and away from the main fiber structure.<ref name=b1>Hans-J. Koslowski. "Man-Made Fibers Dictionary". Second edition. Deutscher Fachverlag. 2009 {{ISBN|3-86641-163-4}}</ref>
 == Typical properties of selected fibers ==
-Fibers can be divided into natural and man-made (synthetic) substance, their properties can affect their performance in many applications. Synthetic fiber materials are increasingly replacing other conventional materials like glass and wood in a number of applications.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems|last=Shenoy|first=Aroon|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=1999|isbn=978-0-412-83100-3}}</ref> This is because man-made fibers can be engineered chemically, physically, and mechanically to suit particular technical engineering.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction|last=Hollaway|first=C.|publisher=Bulter and Tanner Ltd|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7277-1521-0|location=Great Britain|pages=209}}</ref> In choosing a fiber type, a manufacturer would balance their properties with the technical requirements of the applications. Various fibers are available to select for manufacturing. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to the properties of man-made fibers.
+Fibers can be divided into natural and artificial (synthetic) substance, their properties can affect their performance in many applications. Synthetic fiber materials are increasingly replacing other conventional materials like glass and wood in a number of applications.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rheology of Filled Polymer Systems|last=Shenoy|first=Aroon|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|year=1999|isbn=978-0-412-83100-3}}</ref> This is because artificial fibers can be engineered chemically, physically, and mechanically to suit particular technical engineering.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction|last=Hollaway|first=C.|publisher=Bulter and Tanner Ltd|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7277-1521-0|location=Great Britain|pages=209}}</ref> In choosing a fiber type, a manufacturer would balance their properties with the technical requirements of the applications. Various fibers are available to select for manufacturing. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to the properties of artificial fibers.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Table 1. Typical Properties of Selected Natural Fibers<ref>{{Cite book|title=Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures". Sixteenth Edition|publisher=Portland Cement Association|year=2018|isbn=978-0-89312-277-5|location=United States of America|pages=237–247}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-properties|title=Polymer Properties – Omexus by Special Chem}}</ref>
@@ Line 169: / Line 168: @@
 |3770-4640
 |1.5-1.9
-|28.64<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Narayanan|first=Venkateshwaran|date=2012|title=Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Woven Jute/Banana Hybrid Composites|journal=Fibers and Polymers|volume=13| issue = 7,907–914}}</ref>
+|28.64<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Narayanan |first=Venkateshwaran |date=2012 |title=Mechanical and Water Absorption Properties of Woven Jute/Banana Hybrid Composites |journal=Fibers and Polymers |volume=13 |issue=7,907–914 |doi=10.1007/s12221-012-0907-0}}</ref>
 |-
 |[[Elephant grass]]
-|0.003-0.016<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=K. Murali Mohan|first=Rao|date=2007|title=Tensile Properties of Elephant grass fiber reinforced polymer Composites|journal=Journal of Materials Science|volume=42| issue = 9,3266–3272}}</ref>
+|0.003-0.016<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=K. Murali Mohan |first=Rao |date=2007 |title=Tensile Properties of Elephant grass fiber reinforced polymer Composites |journal=Journal of Materials Science |volume=42 |issue=9,3266–3272 |doi=10.1007/s10853-006-0657-8}}</ref>
 |0.818<ref name=":3" />
 |25.8
@@ Line 185: / Line 184: @@
 <br />
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Table 2. Properties of Selected Man-made Fibers
+|+Table 2. Properties of Selected Artificial Fibers
 |'''Fiber type'''
 |'''Fiber Diameter'''
@@ Line 203: / Line 202: @@
 |'''Melting Point'''
-'''(℃)'''
+'''(°C)'''
 |'''Maximum Working'''
-'''Temp (℃)'''
+'''Temp (°C)'''
 |-
 |[[Steel]]
@@ Line 215: / Line 214: @@
 |0.5-3.5
 |nil
-|1370<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allsealsinc.com/teadit/TypicalMetalProperties.pdf|title=Metallic Materials –TEADIT}}</ref>
+|1370<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allsealsinc.com/teadit/TypicalMetalProperties.pdf|title=Metallic Materials – TEADIT}}</ref>
 |760<ref name=":4" />
 |-

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