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{{Short description|Historical passport}}
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'''Mandatory Palestine passports''' were [[travel document]]s issued by British authorities in [[Mandatory Palestine]] to residents between 1925 and 1948. The first brown-covered passport appeared around 1927, following the issue of the [[Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925]]. From 1926 to 1935 alone approximately 70,000 of such travel documents were issued.<ref name= Qafisheh1>{{cite book |last= Qafisheh |first= Mutaz M |title= The international law foundations of Mandatory Palestine's nationality: a legal examination of nationality in Palestine under Britain's rule |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KGuGDCc4elEC&pg=PA149 |series= Graduate Institute of International Studies |volume= 7 |year= 2008 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16984-5 |page= 149}}</ref>

⚫
'''Mandatory Palestine passports''' were [[travel document]]s issued by British authorities in [[Mandatory Palestine]] to residents between 1925 and 1948. The first brown-covered passport appeared around 1927, following the issue of the [[Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925]]. From 1926 to 1935 alone approximately 70,000 of such travel documents were issued.<ref name= Qafisheh1>{{cite book |last= Qafisheh |first= Mutaz M |title= The international law foundations of Mandatory Palestine's nationality: a legal examination of nationality in Palestine under Britain's rule |url= https://books.google.com/?id=KGuGDCc4elEC&pg=PA149 |series= Graduate Institute of International Studies |volume= 7 |year= 2008 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 978-90-04-16984-5 |page= 149}}</ref>


==Before 1925 citizenship law==
==Before 1925 citizenship law==
[[File:1924 Palestine travel document.jpg|thumb|Prior to official Mandatory issued passports, the British issued [[Travel_document#Laissez-passer_and_emergency_passports|Laissez Passer]] documents, as seen in this example from 1924. The issuing entity is given as "Palestine" in English, "فلسطين" (Palestine) in Arabic and "(פלשתינה (א״י" (Palestine plus the acronym for ''[[Eretz Yisrael]]'' (Land of Israel)) in Hebrew.]]
[[File:1924 Palestine travel document.jpg|thumb|Before the introduction of passports, the British issued emergency ''[[laissez-passer]]s'', as seen in this example from 1924. The issuing entity is given as "Palestine" in English, "{{lang|ar|rtl=yes|فلسطين}}" (Palestine) in Arabic, and "{{lang|he|rtl=yes|פלשתינה (א״י)}}" (Palestine plus the acronym for ''[[Eretz Yisrael]]'') in Hebrew.]]


Before the citizenship law of 1925, the Government of Palestine issued British passports to those with British nationality, and two types of travel document to others:
Before the citizenship law of 1925, the Government of Palestine issued British passports to those with British nationality, and two types of travel document to others:
# A Provisional Certificate of Palestinian Nationality was available to persons who had indicated their intention to become Mandatory Palestine's citizens and live in Palestine, provided they were born in Palestine, their father was born in Palestine, or they were an "ex-Russian subject who compulsorily acquired Ottoman nationality in Palestine during the recent war".<ref name=PG116>Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 116, 1 June 1924, pp. 690–692.</ref> The wives of such people were also eligible from late 1924.<ref name=PG127>Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 127, 15 November 1924, pp. 908–909.</ref>
# A Provisional Certificate of Palestinian Nationality was available to persons who had indicated their intention to become Mandatory Palestine's citizens and live in Palestine, provided they were born in Palestine, their father was born in Palestine, or they were an "ex-Russian subject who compulsorily acquired Ottoman nationality in Palestine during the recent war".<ref name=PG116>Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 116, 1 June 1924, pp. 690–692.</ref> The wives of such people were also eligible from late 1924.<ref name=PG127>Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 127, 15 November 1924, pp. 908–909.</ref>
# An emergency [[Travel document#Laissez-passer and emergency passports | Laissez-passer]].<ref name=PG116/> An ordinance allowing the High Commissioner to issue passports to Mandatory Palestine's citizens was promulgated soon afterwards.<ref>Text: Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 153, 16 November 1924, pp. 564–566. Promulgation: Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 151, 16 December 1924, p. 626.</ref>
# An emergency ''[[laissez-passer]]''.<ref name=PG116/> An ordinance allowing the High Commissioner to issue passports to Mandatory Palestine's citizens was promulgated soon afterwards.<ref>Text: Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 153, 16 November 1924, pp. 564–566. Promulgation: Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 151, 16 December 1924, p. 626.</ref>


==Status of residents==
==Status of residents: 1925 law==
The status of Mandatory Palestine's citizenship was not legally defined until 1925.<ref name= Qafisheh2>{{cite journal |author= Mutaz Qafisheh |title= Genesis of Citizenship in Palestine and Israel |journal= Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem |number= 21 |year= 2010}}</ref> Mandatory Palestine's citizenship and the various means of obtaining it was defined in an [[Order in Council]] of 24 July 1925.<ref name= Qafisheh2/><ref name=PG147>Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 147, 16 September 1925, pp. 460–466.</ref>
The status of Mandatory Palestine's citizenship was not legally defined until 1925.<ref name= Qafisheh2>{{cite journal |author= Mutaz Qafisheh |title= Genesis of Citizenship in Palestine and Israel |journal= Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem |number= 21 |year= 2010}}</ref> Mandatory Palestine's citizenship and the various means of obtaining it was defined in an [[Order in Council]] of 24 July 1925.<ref name= Qafisheh2/><ref name=PG147>Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 147, 16 September 1925, pp. 460–466.</ref>


Turkish subjects habitually resident in Palestine (excluding Transjordan) on the first day of August 1925 automatically became citizens unless they opted to reject it.<ref name=PG147/><ref name= Qafisheh2/> Many other classes of people were able to apply for citizenship, which would be granted at the discretion of the [[High Commissioner for Palestine|High Commissioner]].<ref name=PG147/>
Turkish subjects habitually resident in Palestine (excluding Transjordan) on the first day of August 1925 automatically became citizens unless they opted to reject it.<ref name=PG147/><ref name= Qafisheh2/> Many other classes of people were able to apply for citizenship, which would be granted at the discretion of the [[High Commissioner for Palestine|High Commissioner]].<ref name=PG147/>

Palestinian natives living abroad were given two years to apply for Palestinian citizenship, but the High Commissioner soon reduced this to about one year, creating a class of stateless persons who had lost their Ottoman citizenship but were unable to obtain Palestinian citizenship.<ref name= Qafisheh2/>


Although the nature of Mandatory Palestine's citizenship had been debated within the British government since 1920, the main reason it was delayed was that Turkish citizens were officially enemy aliens until the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was ratified in 1923.<ref name=Banko>{{cite journal |author= Lauren E. Banko |title= The Legislative Creation of Palestinian Citizenship: Discourses in the Early Mandate Period |journal= International Journal for Arab Studies |volume= 2 |number= 2 |year= 2011 |pages= 1–32}}</ref>
Although the nature of Mandatory Palestine's citizenship had been debated within the British government since 1920, the main reason it was delayed was that Turkish citizens were officially enemy aliens until the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was ratified in 1923.<ref name=Banko>{{cite journal |author= Lauren E. Banko |title= The Legislative Creation of Palestinian Citizenship: Discourses in the Early Mandate Period |journal= International Journal for Arab Studies |volume= 2 |number= 2 |year= 2011 |pages= 1–32}}</ref>


===Rights===
===Rights===
Palestinian citizens had the right of abode in Palestine, but were not [[British subject]]s, and were instead considered [[British protected person]]s.<ref name=Bentwich>{{cite journal | author = Norman Bentwich | title = Palestine Nationality and the Mandate | journal = Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law | volume = 21 | year = 1939 | pages = 230–232}}</ref>
Palestinian citizens had the [[right of abode]] in Palestine, but were not [[British subject]]s, and were instead considered [[British protected person]]s.<ref name=Bentwich>{{cite journal|first=Norman|last=Bentwich|author-link=Norman Bentwich|year=1939|title=Palestine Nationality and the Mandate|journal=[[Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law]]|volume=21|number=4|pages=230–232|jstor=754593}}</ref>


===After 1948===
==After 1948==
Mandatory Palestine passports ceased to be valid on the termination of the Mandate on 15 May 1948.<ref name=Artzp77>{{cite book |author= Donna Artz |year= 1997 |title= Refugees into Citizens |url= https://books.google.com/?id=fGDPWvyPcDMC&pg=PA77 |page= 77 |isbn= 9780876091944 }}</ref> Even so, in the early 1950s, [[United Nations]] officials described the "worn dog-eared Palestine passport issued in Mandate days by a government that no longer legally exists" as "mementos of identity that were treasured by refugees".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Hana|year=2008|title=Refusing Invisibility: Documentation and Memorialization in Palestinian Refugee Claims|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=21|issue=4|pages=498–516|issn=1471-6925|url=http://jrs.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/4/498.full|accessdate=2011-01-23|doi=10.1093/jrs/fen044}}</ref> [[Israeli passport|Israeli]], [[All-Palestine Government]] passports and [[Jordanian passport]]s were offered to former British Mandate subjects according to the citizenship they acquired in the aftermath of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. A significant number of [[Palestinian people|Arab Palestinians]], especially in the [[Gaza Strip]] and those who found refuge in [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], remained [[stateless person|stateless]].{{cn|date=February 2017}}
Mandatory Palestine passports ceased to be valid on the termination of the Mandate on 15 May 1948.<ref name=Artzp77>{{cite book |author= Donna Artz |year= 1997 |title= Refugees into Citizens |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fGDPWvyPcDMC&pg=PA77 |page= 77 |publisher= Council on Foreign Relations Press |isbn= 9780876091944 }}</ref> Even so, in the early 1950s, [[United Nations]] officials described the "worn dog-eared Palestine passport issued in Mandate days by a government that no longer legally exists" as "mementos of identity that were treasured by refugees".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Hana|year=2008|title=Refusing Invisibility: Documentation and Memorialization in Palestinian Refugee Claims|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=21|issue=4|pages=498–516|issn=1471-6925|doi=10.1093/jrs/fen044}}</ref> [[Israeli passport|Israeli]], [[All-Palestine Government]] passports and [[Jordanian passport]]s were offered to former British Mandate subjects according to the citizenship they acquired in the aftermath of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]]. A significant number of [[Palestinian people|Arab Palestinians]], especially in the [[Gaza Strip]] and those who found refuge in [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], remained [[stateless person|stateless]].{{cn|date=February 2017}}


==See also==
==See also==
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* [[Egyptian passport]]
* [[Egyptian passport]]
* [[Palestinian Authority passport]]
* [[Palestinian Authority passport]]

==Sources==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/754593 ''Palestine Nationality and the Mandate''] (1939)


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Mandatory Palestine|Passport]]
[[Category:Mandatory Palestine|Passport]]
[[Category:British passports|Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:British passports|Mandatory Palestine]]



{{Mandate-Palestine-stub}}
{{Mandate-Palestine-stub}}

Latest revision as of 18:49, 21 December 2023

Mandatory Palestine passport
The front cover of a Mandatory Palestine passport.
TypePassport
Issued by British Mandate for Palestine
PurposeIdentification

Mandatory Palestine passports were travel documents issued by British authorities in Mandatory Palestine to residents between 1925 and 1948. The first brown-covered passport appeared around 1927, following the issue of the Palestinian Citizenship Order, 1925. From 1926 to 1935 alone approximately 70,000 of such travel documents were issued.[1]

Before 1925 citizenship law[edit]

Before the introduction of passports, the British issued emergency laissez-passers, as seen in this example from 1924. The issuing entity is given as "Palestine" in English, "فلسطين" (Palestine) in Arabic, and "פלשתינה (א״י)" (Palestine plus the acronym for Eretz Yisrael) in Hebrew.

Before the citizenship law of 1925, the Government of Palestine issued British passports to those with British nationality, and two types of travel document to others:

  1. A Provisional Certificate of Palestinian Nationality was available to persons who had indicated their intention to become Mandatory Palestine's citizens and live in Palestine, provided they were born in Palestine, their father was born in Palestine, or they were an "ex-Russian subject who compulsorily acquired Ottoman nationality in Palestine during the recent war".[2] The wives of such people were also eligible from late 1924.[3]
  2. An emergency laissez-passer.[2] An ordinance allowing the High Commissioner to issue passports to Mandatory Palestine's citizens was promulgated soon afterwards.[4]

Status of residents: 1925 law[edit]

The status of Mandatory Palestine's citizenship was not legally defined until 1925.[5] Mandatory Palestine's citizenship and the various means of obtaining it was defined in an Order in Council of 24 July 1925.[5][6]

Turkish subjects habitually resident in Palestine (excluding Transjordan) on the first day of August 1925 automatically became citizens unless they opted to reject it.[6][5] Many other classes of people were able to apply for citizenship, which would be granted at the discretion of the High Commissioner.[6]

Palestinian natives living abroad were given two years to apply for Palestinian citizenship, but the High Commissioner soon reduced this to about one year, creating a class of stateless persons who had lost their Ottoman citizenship but were unable to obtain Palestinian citizenship.[5]

Although the nature of Mandatory Palestine's citizenship had been debated within the British government since 1920, the main reason it was delayed was that Turkish citizens were officially enemy aliens until the Treaty of Lausanne was ratified in 1923.[7]

Rights[edit]

Palestinian citizens had the right of abode in Palestine, but were not British subjects, and were instead considered British protected persons.[8]

After 1948[edit]

Mandatory Palestine passports ceased to be valid on the termination of the Mandate on 15 May 1948.[9] Even so, in the early 1950s, United Nations officials described the "worn dog-eared Palestine passport issued in Mandate days by a government that no longer legally exists" as "mementos of identity that were treasured by refugees".[10] Israeli, All-Palestine Government passports and Jordanian passports were offered to former British Mandate subjects according to the citizenship they acquired in the aftermath of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. A significant number of Arab Palestinians, especially in the Gaza Strip and those who found refuge in Syria and Lebanon, remained stateless.[citation needed]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Qafisheh, Mutaz M (2008). The international law foundations of Mandatory Palestine's nationality: a legal examination of nationality in Palestine under Britain's rule. Graduate Institute of International Studies. Vol. 7. BRILL. p. 149. ISBN 978-90-04-16984-5.
  2. ^ a b Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 116, 1 June 1924, pp. 690–692.
  3. ^ Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 127, 15 November 1924, pp. 908–909.
  4. ^ Text: Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 153, 16 November 1924, pp. 564–566. Promulgation: Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 151, 16 December 1924, p. 626.
  5. ^ a b c d Mutaz Qafisheh (2010). "Genesis of Citizenship in Palestine and Israel". Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem (21).
  6. ^ a b c Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, No. 147, 16 September 1925, pp. 460–466.
  7. ^ Lauren E. Banko (2011). "The Legislative Creation of Palestinian Citizenship: Discourses in the Early Mandate Period". International Journal for Arab Studies. 2 (2): 1–32.
  8. ^ Bentwich, Norman (1939). "Palestine Nationality and the Mandate". Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law. 21 (4): 230–232. JSTOR 754593.
  9. ^ Donna Artz (1997). Refugees into Citizens. Council on Foreign Relations Press. p. 77. ISBN 9780876091944.
  10. ^ Feldman, Hana (2008). "Refusing Invisibility: Documentation and Memorialization in Palestinian Refugee Claims". Journal of Refugee Studies. 21 (4). Oxford University Press: 498–516. doi:10.1093/jrs/fen044. ISSN 1471-6925.


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