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A voivodeship (/ˈvɔɪvoʊdʃɪp/ VOY-vohd-ship) or voivodate is the area administered by a voivode (governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times and the area of extent of voivodeship resembles that of a duchy in western medieval states, much as the title of voivode was equivalent to that of a duke. Other roughly equivalent titles and areas in medieval Eastern Europe included ban (bojan, vojin or bayan) and banate.

In a modern context, the word normally refers to one of the provinces (województwa) of Poland. As of 2022^[update], Poland has 16 voivodeships.

Terminology[edit]

A voi(e)vod(e) (literally, "leader of warriors" or "war leader", equivalent to the Latin "Dux Exercituum") was originally a military commander who stood, in a state's structure, next to the ruler. Later the word came to denote an administrative official.

Words for "voivodeship" in various languages include the Ukrainian: воєводство; the Polish: województwo; the Romanian: voievodat; the Bulgarian: voivoda (войвода); the Serbian: vojvodina (војводина), vojvodstvo (војводство) or vojvodovina (војводовина); the Hungarian: vajdaság; the Belarusian: ваяводства (vajаvodstva); the Lithuanian: vaivadija. Some of these words, or variants of them, may also be used in English.

Named for the word for "voivodeship" is the autonomous Serbian province of Vojvodina.

Though the word "voivodeship" (other spellings are "voievodship" and "voivodship") appears in English dictionaries such as the OED and Webster's, it is not in common general usage, and voivodeships in Poland and elsewhere are frequently referred to as "provinces".^[1] Depending on context, historic voivodeships may also be referred to as "duchies", "palatinates" (the Latin word "palatinatus" was used for a voivodeship in Poland), "administrative districts" or "regions".

Historical voivodeships[edit]

in Southeastern Europe[edit]

In the territory of modern Romania and Moldova, the regions of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania were formerly voivodeships. The region of Maramureș, now split between Romania and Ukraine, also used to be its own voivodeship, the Voivodeship of Maramureș.

Historical voivodeships in the territory of modern Serbia include the Voivodeship of Salan (9th–10th centuries), Voivodeship of Sermon (11th century), and Voivodeship of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik (1527–1530). A voivodeship called Serbian Vojvodina was established in 1848–1849; this was transformed into the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat, a land within the Austro-Hungarian Empire from 1849 to 1860. This is the origin of the name of the present-day Serbian autonomous province of Vojvodina.

In Poland and Lithuania[edit]

For more information about the divisions of Polish lands in particular periods, see Administrative divisions of Poland ("Historical").

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[edit]

Voivodeships in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795):

In the Polish Crown Lands:

In the historical Grand Duchy of Lithuania:

In the historical Duchy of Livonia:
- Wenden Voivodeship (1598–1620)
- Dorpat Voivodeship (1598–1620)
- Parnawa Voivodeship (1598–1620)
- Inflanty Voivodeship (from the 1620s)

Congress Poland (1816–37)[edit]

Voivodeships in Congress Poland 1816–37.

Second Polish Republic[edit]

Voivodeships of Poland, 1921–1939:

Silesian Voivodeship (Województwo Śląskie)
Białystok Voivodeship (Województwo Białostockie)
Kielce Voivodeship (Województwo Kieleckie)
Kraków Voivodeship (Województwo Krakowskie)
Łódź Voivodeship (Województwo Łódzkie)
Lublin Voivodeship (Województwo Lubelskie)
Lwów Voivodeship (Województwo Lwowskie)
Nowogródek Voivodeship (Województwo Nowogrodzkie)
Polesie Voivodeship (Województwo Poleskie)
Pomeranian Voivodeship (Województwo Pomorskie)
Poznań Voivodeship (Województwo Poznańskie)
Stanisławów Voivodeship (Województwo Stanisławowskie)
Tarnopol Voivodeship (Województwo Tarnopolskie)
Warsaw Voivodeship (Województwo Warszawskie)
Wilno Voivodeship (Województwo Wileńskie)
Volhynian Voivodeship (Województwo Wołyńskie)

Poland 1945–75[edit]

Voivodeships of Poland, 1945–1975:

Poland 1975–98[edit]

Voivodeships of Poland, 1975–1998:

References[edit]

^ "Jednostki podziału administracyjnego Polski tłumaczymy tak: województwo—province..." ("Polish administrative units are translated as follows: województwo—province..."). Arkadiusz Belczyk,"Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ("Translation of Polish Geographical Names into English"), 2002-2006. For examples see New Provinces of Poland (1998); Map of Poland Archived 2011-04-26 at the Wayback Machine; English names of Polish provinces Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine.

[1] "Jednostki podziału administracyjnego Polski tłumaczymy tak: województwo—province..." ("Polish administrative units are translated as follows: województwo—province..."). Arkadiusz Belczyk,"Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ("Translation of Polish Geographical Names into English"), 2002-2006. For examples see New Provinces of Poland (1998); Map of Poland Archived 2011-04-26 at the Wayback Machine; English names of Polish provinces Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Administrative division in several countries of central and eastern Europe}}
 {{about|historical voivodeships in various countries|more on the divisions of modern and historical Poland|Voivodeships of Poland}}
+{{use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
+A '''voivodeship''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɔɪ|v|oʊ|d|ʃ|ɪ|p}} {{respell|VOY|vohd|ship}}) or '''voivodate''' is the area administered by a [[voivode]] (governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times and the area of extent of voivodeship resembles that of a [[duchy]] in western medieval states, much as the title of voivode was equivalent to that of a [[duke]]. Other roughly equivalent titles and areas in medieval [[Eastern Europe]] included [[Ban_(title)|ban]] (bojan, vojin or bayan) and [[Banate (disambiguation)|banate]].
+In a modern context, the word normally refers to one of the [[province]]s ({{lang|pl|[[Voivodeships of Poland|województwa]]}}) of Poland. {{As of|2022}}, Poland has 16 voivodeships.
-A '''voivodeship''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɔɪ|ˌ|v|oʊ|d|ˌ|ʃ|ɪ|p}} is the area administered by a [[voivode]] (Governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times and the area of extent of voivodeship resembles that of a [[duchy]] in western medieval states, much as the title of voivode was equivalent to that of a [[duke]]. Other roughly equivalent titles and areas in medieval [[Eastern Europe]] included [[Ban_(title)|ban (bojan, vojin or bayan)]] and [[Banate (disambiguation)|banate]].
-In a modern context, the word normally refers to one of the [[province]]s ''([[Voivodeships of Poland|województwa]])'' of Poland. {{As of | 2021 }}, Poland has 16 voivodeships.
 ==Terminology==
-A [[voivode|voi(e)vod(e)]] (literally, "leader of warriors" or "war leader", equivalent to the [[Latin]] "''Dux Exercituum''" and the [[German language|German]] "''[[Herzog]]''") was originally a military commander who stood, in a state's structure, next to the ruler. Later the word came to denote an administrative official.
+A [[voivode|voi(e)vod(e)]] (literally, "leader of warriors" or "war leader", equivalent to the [[Latin]] "''Dux Exercituum''") was originally a military commander who stood, in a state's structure, next to the ruler. Later the word came to denote an administrative official.
 Words for "voivodeship" in various languages include the {{lang-uk|воєводство}}; the {{lang-pl|województwo}}; the {{lang-ro|voievodat}}; the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: ''voivoda'' (войвода); the [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''vojvodina'' (војводина), ''vojvodstvo'' (војводство) or ''vojvodovina'' (војводовина); the {{lang-hu|vajdaság}}; the {{lang-be|ваяводства}} (''vajаvodstva''); the {{lang-lt|vaivadija}}. Some of these words, or variants of them, may also be used in English.
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 Named for the word for "voivodeship" is the autonomous [[Serbia]]n province of [[Vojvodina]].
-Though the word "voivodeship" (other spellings are "voievodship" and "voivodship") appears in English dictionaries such as the [[OED]] and [[Webster's Third New International Dictionary|Webster's]], it is not in common general usage, and voivodeships in Poland and elsewhere are frequently referred to as "[[province]]s".<ref>"''Jednostki podziału administracyjnego Polski tłumaczymy tak: województwo''—province..." ("Polish administrative units are translated as follows:  ''województwo''—[[province]]...").  Arkadiusz Belczyk,[http://serwistlumacza.com/content/view/27/32/ "Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski"] ("[[Translation]] of Polish Geographical Names into English"), 2002-2006. For examples see [http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pro/plpro.html New Provinces of Poland (1998)]; [http://www.map-of-Poland.co.uk/ Map of Poland]; [http://serwistlumacza.com/content/view/78/ English names of Polish provinces].</ref> Depending on context, historic voivodeships may also be referred to as "duchies", "palatinates" (the [[Latin]] word "''palatinatus''" was used for a voivodeship in Poland), "administrative districts" or "regions".
+Though the word "voivodeship" (other spellings are "voievodship" and "voivodship") appears in English dictionaries such as the [[OED]] and [[Webster's Third New International Dictionary|Webster's]], it is not in common general usage, and voivodeships in Poland and elsewhere are frequently referred to as "[[province]]s".<ref>"''Jednostki podziału administracyjnego Polski tłumaczymy tak: województwo''—province..." ("Polish administrative units are translated as follows:  ''województwo''—[[province]]...").  Arkadiusz Belczyk,[http://serwistlumacza.com/content/view/27/32/ "Tłumaczenie polskich nazw geograficznych na język angielski"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203627/http://serwistlumacza.com/content/view/27/32/ |date=2016-03-03 }} ("[[Translation]] of Polish Geographical Names into English"), 2002-2006. For examples see [http://www.staff.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/pro/plpro.html New Provinces of Poland (1998)]; [http://www.map-of-Poland.co.uk/ Map of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426190140/http://www.map-of-poland.co.uk/ |date=2011-04-26 }}; [http://serwistlumacza.com/content/view/78/ English names of Polish provinces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716043017/http://serwistlumacza.com/content/view/78/ |date=2011-07-16 }}.</ref> Depending on context, historic voivodeships may also be referred to as "duchies", "palatinates" (the [[Latin]] word "''palatinatus''" was used for a voivodeship in Poland), "administrative districts" or "regions".
 ==Historical voivodeships==
 ===in Southeastern Europe===
-[[File:Romania 1600-mod.png|thumb|Principality of Transylvania and the voivodeships of Wallachia and Moldavia ruled by [[Mihai Viteazul]] in 1600]]
+[[File:Southeastern Europe in the 14th century.jpg|thumb|The voivodeships of Wallachia and Moldavia in the 14th century]]
 [[File:Vojvodina03.png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Serbian Vojvodina|Serbian Voivodina]] (1848–1849)]]
 [[File:Map of Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849-1860).png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat]] (1849-1860)]]
-In the territory of modern [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]], the regions of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and [[Voivodeship of Transylvania|Transylvania]] were formerly voivodeships.
+In the territory of modern [[Romania]] and [[Moldova]], the regions of [[Wallachia]], [[Moldavia]] and [[Voivodeship of Transylvania|Transylvania]] were formerly voivodeships. The region of [[Maramureș]], now split between Romania and [[Ukraine]], also used to be its own voivodeship, the [[Voivodeship of Maramureș]].
 Historical voivodeships in the territory of modern [[Serbia]] include the [[Salan|Voivodeship of Salan]] (9th–10th centuries), [[Sermon (ruler)|Voivodeship of Sermon]] (11th century), and [[Radoslav Čelnik|Voivodeship of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik]] (1527–1530). A voivodeship called [[Serbian Vojvodina]] was established in 1848–1849; this was transformed into the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat]], a land within the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] from 1849 to 1860. This is the origin of the name of the present-day Serbian autonomous province of [[Vojvodina]].
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 For more information about the divisions of Polish lands in particular periods, see [[Administrative divisions of Poland#Historical|Administrative divisions of Poland ("Historical")]].
+====Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth====
+{{main|Subdivisions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}}
 Voivodeships in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (1569–1795):
 *In the Polish Crown Lands:
 {{Div col|small=yes}}
-*[[Poznań Voivodeship]]
+*[[Poznań Voivodeship (14th century – 1793)|Poznań Voivodeship]]
 *[[Kalisz Voivodeship (1314–1793)|Kalisz Voivodeship]]
 *[[Gniezno Voivodeship]]
-*[[Sieradz Voivodeship]]
+*[[Sieradz Voivodeship (1339–1793)|Sieradz Voivodeship]]
 *[[Łęczyca Voivodeship]]
 *[[Brześć Kujawski Voivodeship]]
@@ Line 39: / Line 41: @@
 *[[Chełmno Voivodeship]]
 *[[Malbork Voivodeship]]
-*[[Pomeranian Voivodeship]]
+*[[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]]
-*[[Płock Voivodeship]]
+*[[Płock Voivodeship (1495–1793)|Płock Voivodeship]]
 *[[Rawa Voivodeship]]
 *[[Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)|Masovian Voivodeship]]
 *[[Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)|Kraków Voivodeship]]
 *[[Sandomierz Voivodeship]]
-*[[Lublin Voivodeship]]
+*[[Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)|Lublin Voivodeship]]
-*[[Podlasie Voivodeship]]
+*[[Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)|Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
-*[[Ruthenian Voivodeship]]
+*[[Ruthenian Voivodeship]] (until 1772; [[Chełm Land|Chełm Voivodeship]] thereafter)
 *[[Bełz Voivodeship]]
-*[[Wołyń Voivodeship (1569–1795)|Wolhynia Voivodeship]]
+*[[Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)|Wolhynia Voivodeship]]
-*[[Podole Voivodeship]]
+*[[Podolian Voivodeship]]
 *[[Bracław Voivodeship]]
 *[[Kijów Voivodeship]]
@@ Line 73: / Line 75: @@
 ** [[Inflanty Voivodeship]] (from the 1620s)
+==== Congress Poland (1816–37) ====
-[[Image:Poland administrative division 1922 literki.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Voivodeships of Poland, 1921–1939]]
+{{main|Subdivisions of Congress Poland}}
+Voivodeships in [[Congress Poland]] 1816–37.
+* [[Augustów Voivodeship]]
+* [[Kalisz Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Kalisz Voivodeship]]
+* [[Kraków Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Kraków Voivodeship]]
+* [[Lublin Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Lublin Voivodeship]]
+* [[Masovian Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Masovian Voivodeship]]
+* [[Płock Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Płock Voivodeship]]
+* [[Podlaskie Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
+* [[Sandomierz Voivodeship (1816–1837)|Sandomierz Voivodeship]]
+====Second Polish Republic====
+{{main|Subdivisions of the Second Polish Republic}}
+[[File:Poland administrative division 1922 literki.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Voivodeships of Poland, 1921–1938]]
 Voivodeships of Poland, 1921–1939:
-*[[Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)|Silesian Voivodeship]] (''Województwo Śląskie'')
+*[[Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)|Silesian Voivodeship]] ({{lang|pl|Województwo Śląskie}})
-*[[Białystok Voivodeship (1919-1939)|Białystok Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Białostockie'')
+*[[Białystok Voivodeship (1919-1939)|Białystok Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Białostockie}})
-*[[Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Kielce Voivodeship]] (''Województwo Kieleckie'')
+*[[Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Kielce Voivodeship]] ({{lang|pl|Województwo Kieleckie}})
-*[[Kraków Voivodeship (1919-1939)|Kraków Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Krakowskie'')
+*[[Kraków Voivodeship (1919-1939)|Kraków Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Krakowskie}})
-*[[Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Łódź Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Łódzkie'')
+*[[Łódź Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Łódź Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Łódzkie}})
-*[[Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Lublin Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Lubelskie'')
+*[[Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Lublin Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Lubelskie}})
-*[[Lwów Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Lwowskie'')
+*[[Lwów Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Lwowskie}})
-*[[Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919-1939)|Nowogródek Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Nowogrodzkie'')
+*[[Nowogródek Voivodeship (1919-1939)|Nowogródek Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Nowogrodzkie}})
-*[[Polesie Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Poleskie'')
+*[[Polesie Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Poleskie}})
-*[[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Pomorskie'')
+*[[Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Pomeranian Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Pomorskie}})
-*[[Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Poznań Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Poznańskie'')
+*[[Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Poznań Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Poznańskie}})
-*[[Stanisławów Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Stanisławowskie'')
+*[[Stanisławów Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Stanisławowskie}})
-*[[Tarnopol Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Tarnopolskie'')
+*[[Tarnopol Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Tarnopolskie}})
-*[[Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Warsaw Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Warszawskie'')
+*[[Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)|Warsaw Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Warszawskie}})
-*[[Wilno Voivodeship (1923–1939)|Wilno Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Wileńskie'')
+*[[Wilno Voivodeship (1923–1939)|Wilno Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Wileńskie}})
-*[[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Volhynian Voivodeship]]  (''Województwo Wołyńskie'')
+*[[Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–1939)|Volhynian Voivodeship]]  ({{lang|pl|Województwo Wołyńskie}})
+====Poland 1945–75====
 Voivodeships of Poland, 1945–1975:
 {{Div col|small=yes}}
@@ Line 99: / Line 117: @@
 *[[Katowice Voivodeship]]
 *[[Kielce Voivodeship]]
-*[[Koszalin Voivodeship]]
+*[[Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)|Koszalin Voivodeship]]
 *[[Kraków Voivodeship (1945–1975)|Kraków Voivodeship]]
 *[[Łódź Voivodeship]]
@@ Line 112: / Line 130: @@
 *[[Zielona Góra Voivodeship]]
 {{Div col end}}
+====Poland 1975–98====
 Voivodeships of Poland, 1975–1998:
 {{Div col|small=yes}}
@@ Line 129: / Line 149: @@
 *[[Kielce Voivodeship]]
 *[[Konin Voivodeship]]
-*[[Koszalin Voivodeship]]
+*[[Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)|Koszalin Voivodeship]]
 *[[Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998)|Kraków Voivodeship]]
 *[[Krosno Voivodeship]]
@@ Line 167: / Line 187: @@
 ==References==
 <references />
-{{Commons category|Flags of voivodeships of Poland}}
 {{Polish terms for country subdivisions}}

v t e Polish terms for administrative divisions
Current	Regional: voivodeship Subregional powiat Local gmina Auxiliary: dzielnica osiedle sołectwo
Historical	cyrkuł departament dystrykt gromada gubernia kasztelania jurydyka księstwo księstwo biskupie namiestnictwo obwód okręg opole prowincja rejencja rejon starostwo ziemia żupa
See also	Crown of the Kingdom of Poland

v t e Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions
Current	dzielnica gmina hromada krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys mjesna zajednica obec oblast / oblast' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblasts' okręg okres okrug okruha opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo starosta okruh voivodeship / vojvodina županija
Historical	darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost povit prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uezd volost ziemia / zemlja župa uchastok

v t e Turkish terms for administrative divisions
Modern	il (province) ilçe (district) şehir (city) kasaba (town) belediye (municipality) belde (community) köy (village) mahalle (neighbourhood/quarter)
Historical	ağalık (feudal district) bucak (subdistrict) beylerbeylik (province) kadılık (subprovince) kaza (sub-province) hidivlik (viceroyalty) mutasarrıflık (subprovince) nahiye (nahiyah) paşalık (province) reya (Romanian principalities) sancak (prefecture) vilayet (province) voyvodalık (Romanian provinces)