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{{Short description|Loloish language spoken in China}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Muda
|name=Muda
Line 6: Line 7:
|speakers=2,000
|speakers=2,000
|date=2007
|date=2007
|ref=e17
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
|fam2=([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
|fam3=[[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]
|fam3=[[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]
|fam4=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
|fam4=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
|fam5=[[Hanoish languages|Hanoish]]
|fam5=[[Southern Loloish languages|Southern]]
|fam6=Phunoi–Bisu ?
|fam6=[[Akha language|Akha]]?
|iso3=ymd
|iso3=ymd
|glotto=muda1235
|glotto=muda1235
|glottorefname=Muda}}
|glottorefname=Muda
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Muda is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
}}


'''Muda''' (木达 or 母打) is a [[Loloish language]] of [[China]].
'''Muda''' (母打) is a [[Loloish language]] of [[China]]. There are just over 2,300 speakers, most in Gasa Township 嘎洒镇, [[Jinghong]] County.<ref>http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Muda.pdf</ref> It may be the same as the [[Sangkong language]].

There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会<ref>[http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=227591 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会]</ref> (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), [[Jinghong City]], Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).<ref>Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). [http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/MZYW199103004.htm 缅彝语几种音类的演变]. ''Minzu Yuwen''.</ref>

==Classification==
Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see ''[[Hani languages]]'').

Hsiu (2018)<ref name="Hsiu2018">Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. [https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/lolo-burmese Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages].</ref> classifies Muda as an [[Akha language|Akha]] language containing a [[Bisoid languages|Bisoid]] [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]], with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various [[Bisoid languages]], [[Siloid languages]], and [[Jinuo language|Jinuo]], while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

==Phonology==
Muda has the complex consonant onsets {{IPA|/pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/}} (Xu 1991:34).

==Vocabulary==
The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! English gloss !! Chinese gloss !! Muda !! Page
|-
| White || 白 || pʰlu⁵⁵ || 35
|-
| Full || 满 || blaŋ³³ || 35
|-
| Pus || 脓 || ()blaŋ⁵⁵ || 36
|-
| Arrow || 箭 || ()mla³¹ || 36
|-
| Broom || 扫帚 || ()pʰjɔ⁵⁵ || 36
|-
| Bee || 蜜蜂 || bja³¹ || 36
|-
| Lose, to || 遗失 || ()bjo̱³³ || 36
|-
| Fly, to || 飞 || jɔ³³ || 36
|-
| Monkey || 猴子 || ()mjo̱³¹ || 36
|-
| Many || 多 || mja³¹ || 36
|-
| Foot || 脚 || kʰɯ⁵⁵ || 37
|-
| Six || 六 || ko̱³¹ || 37
|-
| Gallbladder || 胆 || ()kʰɯ⁵⁵ || 37
|-
| Star || 星星 || ()gɯ⁵⁵ || 37
|-
| Copper || 铜 || gɯ³¹ || 37
|-
| Tendon || 筋 || ()gu³¹ || 37
|-
| Manure || 粪 || cçʰe³¹ || 38
|-
| Root (classifier) || 根（量词） || cçʰaŋ³¹ || 38
|-
| Wide || 宽 || ()ɟje⁵⁵ || 38
|-
| Drop, to || 掉 || ɟja³³ || 38
|-
| Day (time) || 天（日子） || naŋ³³ || 38
|-
| Soft || 软 || nø̱³¹ || 38
|-
| Cook, to || 煮 || tɕa̱³¹ || 38
|-
| Sour || 酸 || tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ || 38
|-
| Narrow || 窄 || tɕu̱³¹ || 38
|-
| Lick, to || 舔 || tɕʰy⁵⁵ || 38
|-
| Stick (classifier) || 条 || tɕa̱³³ || 38
|-
| Cry, weep || 哭 || ɴo⁵⁵ || 39
|-
| Steal, to || 偷 || qʰø³¹ || 39
|-
| Bitter || 苦 || qʰa³¹ || 39
|-
| Smoke (fog) || 烟（雾） || ()qʰø³¹ || 39
|-
| Nine || 九 || ɢø³¹ || 39
|-
| Curved || 弯 || ɢaŋ³¹ || 39
|-
| Play, to || 玩耍 || ()ɢa³³ || 39
|-
| Enter, to || 进 || aŋ⁵⁵ || 40
|-
| Horse || 马 || maŋ³¹ || 40
|-
| Open (door) || 开（门） || pʰaŋ³³ || 40
|-
| Sell, to || 卖 || aŋ³¹ || 40
|-
| Throat || 喉咙 || kʰaŋ³¹() || 40
|-
| Dark || 暗 || jaŋ⁵⁵ || 40
|-
| Pus || 脓 || ()blaŋ⁵⁵ || 40
|-
| Full || 满 || blaŋ³³ || 40
|-
| Money || 钱 || ()kʰaŋ⁵⁵ || 40
|-
| Bear || 狗熊 || ()xum⁵⁵ || 40
|-
| Otter || 水獭 || ()ɕum⁵⁵ || 40
|-
| Iron || 铁 || ɕʰum⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Pile (of soil) || 堆（土） || blum⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| House || 房屋 || ʑum⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Roast, to || 烤 || lum⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Round || 圆 || laŋ³³ || 41
|-
| Surround, to || 包围 || ()laŋ⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Pond || 池塘 || laŋ³³() || 41
|-
| Axe || 斧子 || ()dzɿ³³ || 41
|-
| Woman || 女人 || ()mi³¹ || 41
|-
| Louse || 虱子 || ɕɛ⁵⁵() || 41
|-
| Goose || 鹅 || gɛ̱³³() || 41
|-
| Push, to || 推 || dɛ³¹ || 41
|-
| Edge || 边上 || ()dzɛ⁵⁵() || 41
|-
| Eagle || 老鹰 || ()dzɛ⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Saddle || 鞍子 || ()qɔ̱³³ || 41
|-
| Shallow || 浅 || tɛ̱³³ || 41
|-
| Change, to || 改 || pʰa³³ || 41
|-
| Winnow (rice), to || 簸（米） || ja⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| See, to || 看见 || ()mɔ⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Mosquito || 蚊子 || ()gɔ³¹ || 41
|-
| Change, to || 变 || pʰa⁵⁵ || 41
|-
| Stick (classifier) || 条 || tɕa̱³³ || 41
|-
| Leg || 腿 || bɔ⁵⁵() || 41
|-
| Store, to || 铺 || qʰɔ³¹ || 41
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). "Several types of sound changes in Lolo-Burmese languages [缅彝语几种音类的演变]." In ''Minzu Yuwen'' 1991(3), 34-41.
*http://asiaharvest.org/wp-content/themes/asia/docs/people-groups/China/chinaPeoples/M/Muda.pdf


{{Languages of China}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}

[[Category:Loloish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Southern Loloish languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Yunnan]]

Latest revision as of 08:58, 30 August 2023

Muda
Native toChina
Native speakers
2,000 (2007)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ymd
Glottologmuda1235
ELPMuda
Muda is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Muda (木达 or 母打) is a Loloish language of China.

There are over 2,000 Muda speakers in Nanlianshan Village Community 南联山村委会[2] (formerly Nanlianshan District, 南联山乡, now part of Gasa Township 嘎洒镇), Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).[3]

Classification[edit]

Xu (1991) classifies Muda as a Ha-Ya language (see Hani languages).

Hsiu (2018)[4] classifies Muda as an Akha language containing a Bisoid substratum, with the substrate language being an early split from Bisoid. Muda has Cl- consonant clusters like various Bisoid languages, Siloid languages, and Jinuo, while words of Bisoid origin include 'leg', 'house', and 'smoke'.

Phonology[edit]

Muda has the complex consonant onsets /pl, pʰl, bl, ml, pj, pʰj, bj, mj/ (Xu 1991:34).

Vocabulary[edit]

The following vocabulary of Muda is from Xu (1991).

English gloss Chinese gloss Muda Page
White 白 pʰlu⁵⁵ 35
Full 满 blaŋ³³ 35
Pus 脓 ()blaŋ⁵⁵ 36
Arrow 箭 ()mla³¹ 36
Broom 扫帚 ()pʰjɔ⁵⁵ 36
Bee 蜜蜂 bja³¹ 36
Lose, to 遗失 ()bjo̱³³ 36
Fly, to 飞 jɔ³³ 36
Monkey 猴子 ()mjo̱³¹ 36
Many 多 mja³¹ 36
Foot 脚 kʰɯ⁵⁵ 37
Six 六 ko̱³¹ 37
Gallbladder 胆 ()kʰɯ⁵⁵ 37
Star 星星 ()gɯ⁵⁵ 37
Copper 铜 gɯ³¹ 37
Tendon 筋 ()gu³¹ 37
Manure 粪 cçʰe³¹ 38
Root (classifier) 根（量词） cçʰaŋ³¹ 38
Wide 宽 ()ɟje⁵⁵ 38
Drop, to 掉 ɟja³³ 38
Day (time) 天（日子） naŋ³³ 38
Soft 软 nø̱³¹ 38
Cook, to 煮 tɕa̱³¹ 38
Sour 酸 tɕʰɛ⁵⁵ 38
Narrow 窄 tɕu̱³¹ 38
Lick, to 舔 tɕʰy⁵⁵ 38
Stick (classifier) 条 tɕa̱³³ 38
Cry, weep 哭 ɴo⁵⁵ 39
Steal, to 偷 qʰø³¹ 39
Bitter 苦 qʰa³¹ 39
Smoke (fog) 烟（雾） ()qʰø³¹ 39
Nine 九 ɢø³¹ 39
Curved 弯 ɢaŋ³¹ 39
Play, to 玩耍 ()ɢa³³ 39
Enter, to 进 aŋ⁵⁵ 40
Horse 马 maŋ³¹ 40
Open (door) 开（门） pʰaŋ³³ 40
Sell, to 卖 aŋ³¹ 40
Throat 喉咙 kʰaŋ³¹() 40
Dark 暗 jaŋ⁵⁵ 40
Pus 脓 ()blaŋ⁵⁵ 40
Full 满 blaŋ³³ 40
Money 钱 ()kʰaŋ⁵⁵ 40
Bear 狗熊 ()xum⁵⁵ 40
Otter 水獭 ()ɕum⁵⁵ 40
Iron 铁 ɕʰum⁵⁵ 41
Pile (of soil) 堆（土） blum⁵⁵ 41
House 房屋 ʑum⁵⁵ 41
Roast, to 烤 lum⁵⁵ 41
Round 圆 laŋ³³ 41
Surround, to 包围 ()laŋ⁵⁵ 41
Pond 池塘 laŋ³³() 41
Axe 斧子 ()dzɿ³³ 41
Woman 女人 ()mi³¹ 41
Louse 虱子 ɕɛ⁵⁵() 41
Goose 鹅 gɛ̱³³() 41
Push, to 推 dɛ³¹ 41
Edge 边上 ()dzɛ⁵⁵() 41
Eagle 老鹰 ()dzɛ⁵⁵ 41
Saddle 鞍子 ()qɔ̱³³ 41
Shallow 浅 tɛ̱³³ 41
Change, to 改 pʰa³³ 41
Winnow (rice), to 簸（米） ja⁵⁵ 41
See, to 看见 ()mɔ⁵⁵ 41
Mosquito 蚊子 ()gɔ³¹ 41
Change, to 变 pʰa⁵⁵ 41
Stick (classifier) 条 tɕa̱³³ 41
Leg 腿 bɔ⁵⁵() 41
Store, to 铺 qʰɔ³¹ 41

References[edit]

  1. ^ Muda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ 景洪市嘎洒镇南联山村委会
  3. ^ Xu Shixuan [徐世璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演变. Minzu Yuwen.
  4. ^ Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. Classifications of some lesser-known Lolo-Burmese languages.
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