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{{Short description|Loloish language of Vietnam and China}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Phukha
|name=Phukha
|nativename=Phula
|nativename=Phula
|states=[[China]], [[Vietnam]]
|states=[[China]], [[Vietnam]]
|ethnicity=18,000 [[Phula people]] (undated – 2009)<ref name="e18"/>
|speakers=13,200
|speakers=100,000
|date=2008–2011
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=([[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]])
|fam2=[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
|fam3=[[Lolo–Burmese languages|Lolo–Burmese]]
|fam3=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
|fam4=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
|fam4=[[Southeastern Loloish|Southeastern]]
|fam5=Highland Phula
|fam5=[[Southeastern Loloish|Southeastern]]
|fam6=Highland Phula
|fam6=[[Phowa languages|Phowa]]
|fam7=Hlepho–Phukha
|fam7=[[Phowa languages|Phowa]]
|fam8=Hlepho–Phukha
|iso3=phh
|iso3=phh
|glotto=phuk1235
|notice=IPA}}
|glottorefname=Phukha
|notice=IPA
}}


'''Phukha''' is one of the [[Loloish languages]] spoken by the [[Phula people]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[China]].<ref>Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>
'''Phukha''' is a [[Loloish language]] spoken by the [[Phula people]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[China]].<ref name=e18/>
==Distribution==
Phukha is spoken near [[Lao Cai]] town; [[Xin Mun District]] of [[Ha Giang Province]] and [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] and [[Son La Province]]s in Vietnam and villages in [[Maguan]], [[Malipo]] and [[Hekou County|Hekou Counties]] in China. Phula people in [[Yen Bai Province]] do not speak Phukha but speak [[Laghuu]].


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Phukha has the following consonants.<ref name="Pelkey 2005">Pelkey 2005.</ref>
Phukha has the following consonants.<ref name="Pelkey 2005">Pelkey 2005.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan="3"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
Line 29: Line 40:
! rowspan="2"| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
! {{small|Plain}}
!<small>[[Central consonant|Central]]</small>
!<small>[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]</small>
! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]}}
! {{small|[[Sibilant]]}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[Stop consonant|Stops]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
! <small>Aspirated</small>
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || || {{IPA|kʰ}} ||
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|tɬʰ}}
| {{IPA|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʂʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
|-
! <small>Voiceless</small>
! {{small|Voiceless}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || || || || {{IPA|k}} ||
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|tɬ}}
| {{IPAlink|ts}}
| {{IPAlink|tʂ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
|-
! <small>Voiced</small>
! {{small|Voiced}}
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || {{IPA|ɡ}} ||
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|dɮ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|[[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
! <small>Aspirated</small>
! {{small|Voiceless}}
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|tɬʰ}} || {{IPA|tʂʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || ||
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʂ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|χ}}
|-
|-
! <small>Voiceless</small>
! {{small|Voiced}}
| {{IPAlink|v}}
| || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|tɬ}} || {{IPA|tʂ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || ||
| {{IPAlink|z}}
| {{IPAlink|ɮ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʐ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʁ}}
|-
|-
! <small>Voiced</small>
! {{small|[[Laryngealized]]}}
| v̰
| || || {{IPA|dɮ}} || || || ||
| z̰
|
|
|
| ʒ̰
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
! <small>Voiceless</small>
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|χ}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
! <small>Voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ɮ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || {{IPA|ʁ}}
|-
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
! <small>Voiced laryngealized</small>
|
| {{IPA|v*}} || {{IPA|z*}} || || || {{IPA|ʒ*}} || ||
|-
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
|
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} ||
|-
|
! colspan="2"| [[Approximant consonant|Approximants]]
| {{IPA|w}} || || {{IPA|l}} || || {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}
|}


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Phukha has the following vowels.<ref name="Pelkey 2005"/>
Phukha has the following vowels.<ref name="Pelkey 2005"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan=2 |
! !! front !! central !! back<br>unrounded !! back<br>rounded
! rowspan=2 | [[Front vowel|front]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|central]]
! colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|back]]
|-
|-
! <small>unrounded</small>
! High
! <small>rounded</small>
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
! Hi-Mid
| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ə}} || || {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPAlink|ɨ}} || {{IPAlink|ɯ}} || {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
|-
! Lo-Mid
! [[High-mid]]
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || || {{IPA|ʌ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}
| {{IPAlink|e}} || {{IPAlink|ə}} || || {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|-
! Low
! [[Low-mid]]
| || {{IPA|a}} || ||
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} || || {{IPAlink|ʌ}} || {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| || {{IPAlink|a}} || ||
|}
|}


=== Tones ===
=== Tones ===
Phukha has five tones:<ref name="Pelkey 2005"/> high (55), mid (33), low (22), low-rising (24), and low-falling (21).
Phukha has five tones:<ref name="Pelkey 2005"/> high {{IPA|/˥/}} (/55/), mid {{IPA|/˧/}} (/33/), low {{IPA|/˨/}} (/22/), low-rising {{IPA|/˨˦/}} (/24/), and low-falling {{IPA|/˨˩/}} (/21/).


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 95: Line 160:
== References ==
== References ==
*Robert Wayne Fried. 2000. "A Preliminary Phonological Sketch of Phu-kha, a Tibeto-Burman Language Spoken in Northern Vietnam," University of Texas at Arlington MA thesis.
*Robert Wayne Fried. 2000. "A Preliminary Phonological Sketch of Phu-kha, a Tibeto-Burman Language Spoken in Northern Vietnam," University of Texas at Arlington MA thesis.
*Jamin R. Pelkey. 2005. "Puzzling over Phula: Toward the Synthesis and Statement of a Sub-Branch," ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 28/2:41-78.
*Jamin R. Pelkey. 2005. "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/pelkey2005puzzling.pdf Puzzling over Phula: Toward the Synthesis and Statement of a Sub-Branch]," ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 28/2:41-78.


{{Languages of China}}
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phukha Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Phukha Language}}
[[Category:Loloish languages]]
[[Category:Loloish languages]]

Latest revision as of 10:33, 11 April 2023

Phukha
Phula
Native toChina, Vietnam
Ethnicity18,000 Phula people (undated – 2009)[1]
Native speakers
100,000 (2008–2011)[1]
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3phh
Glottologphuk1235
ELPPhula
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phukha is a Loloish language spoken by the Phula people of Vietnam and China.[1]

Distribution[edit]

Phukha is spoken near Lao Cai town; Xin Mun District of Ha Giang Province and Lai Chau and Son La Provinces in Vietnam and villages in Maguan, Malipo and Hekou Counties in China. Phula people in Yen Bai Province do not speak Phukha but speak Laghuu.

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Phukha has the following consonants.[2]

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Plain Lateral Sibilant
Plosive/
Affricate 		Aspirated pʰ tʰ tɬʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tʃʰ kʰ
Voiceless p t tɬ ts tʂ tʃ k
Voiced b d dɮ ɡ
Fricative Voiceless f s ɬ ʂ ʃ χ
Voiced v z ɮ ʐ ʒ ʁ
Laryngealized v̰ z̰ ʒ̰
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant w l j

Vowels[edit]

Phukha has the following vowels.[2]

front central back
unrounded rounded
High i ɨ ɯ u
High-mid e ə o
Low-mid ɛ ʌ ɔ
Low a

Tones[edit]

Phukha has five tones:[2] high /˥/ (/55/), mid /˧/ (/33/), low /˨/ (/22/), low-rising /˨˦/ (/24/), and low-falling /˨˩/ (/21/).

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Phukha at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c Pelkey 2005.

References[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.chped.com/w/index.php?title=Phukha_language&oldid=1149297482"