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{{Short description|Loloish language of Vietnam and China}}
{{language
{{Infobox language
|name=Phula
|name=Phukha
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|nativename=Phula
|states=[[China]], [[Vietnam]]
|states=[[China]], [[Vietnam]]
|ethnicity=18,000 [[Phula people]] (undated – 2009)<ref name="e18"/>
|speakers=13,246
|speakers=100,000
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|date=2008–2011
|fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
|ref=e18
|fam3=[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=[[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese]]
|fam3=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
|fam3=[[Loloish languages|Loloish]]
|fam4=[[Southeastern Loloish|Southeastern]]
|iso3=phh}}
|fam5=Highland Phula
|fam6=[[Phowa languages|Phowa]]
|fam7=Hlepho–Phukha
|iso3=phh
|glotto=phuk1235
|glottorefname=Phukha
|notice=IPA
}}


'''Phukha''' is a [[Loloish language]] spoken by the [[Phula people]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[China]].<ref name=e18/>
Phula is a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language spoken in [[Vietnam]] and [[China]]. <ref>Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''. 15th edition. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>
==Distribution==
Phukha is spoken near [[Lao Cai]] town; [[Xin Mun District]] of [[Ha Giang Province]] and [[Lai Châu Province|Lai Chau]] and [[Son La Province]]s in Vietnam and villages in [[Maguan]], [[Malipo]] and [[Hekou County|Hekou Counties]] in China. Phula people in [[Yen Bai Province]] do not speak Phukha but speak [[Laghuu]].


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Phula has the following consonants. <ref>Pelkey 2005.</ref>
Phukha has the following consonants.<ref name="Pelkey 2005">Pelkey 2005.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! !! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] !! [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]] !! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! [[Stop consonant|Stop: voiceless]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|t}} || || || {{IPA|k}} ||
! colspan="3"| [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2"| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
|-
! {{small|Plain}}
! [[Stop consonant|Stop: voiceless, aspirated]]
! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|tʰ}} || || || {{IPA|kʰ}} ||
! {{small|[[Sibilant]]}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
! [[Stop consonant|Stop: voiced]]
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || {{IPA|g}} ||
| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|tɬʰ}}
| {{IPA|tsʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʂʰ}}
| {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
|-
! {{small|Voiceless}}
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative: voiceless]]
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || || {{IPA|χ}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|tɬ}}
| {{IPAlink|ts}}
| {{IPAlink|tʂ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
|
|-
|-
! {{small|Voiced}}
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative: voiceless, lateral]]
| || {{IPA|ɬ}} || || || ||
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|dɮ}}
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative: voiced]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|Voiceless}}
| {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || {{IPA|ʁ}}
| {{IPAlink|f}}
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʂ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|χ}}
|-
|-
! {{small|Voiced}}
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative: voiced, laryngealized]]
| {{IPAlink|v}}
| {{IPA|v*}} || {{IPA|z*}} || || {{IPA|ʒ*}} || ||
| {{IPAlink|z}}
| {{IPAlink|ɮ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʐ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ʁ}}
|-
|-
! {{small|[[Laryngealized]]}}
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative: voiced, lateral]]
| v̰
| || {{IPA|ɮ}} || || || ||
| z̰
|
|
|
| ʒ̰
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate: voiceless]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|ʈʂ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || ||
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate: voiceless, aspirated]]
| {{IPAlink|w}}
| || {{IPA|tsʰ}} || {{IPA|ʈʂʰ}} || {{IPA|tʃʰ}} || ||
|-
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate: voiceless, lateral release]]
|
| || {{IPA|tɬ}} || || || || ||
|-
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate: voiceless, lateral release, aspirated]]
|
| || {{IPA|tɬʰ}} || || || || ||
|-
|
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate: voiced, lateral release]]
| || {{IPA|dɮ}} || || || || ||
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || || || {{IPA|ŋ}} ||
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| || {{IPA|l}} || || || ||
|-
! [[Semivowel|Semivowel]]
| {{IPA|w}} || || || {{IPA|j}} || ||
|}
|}


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Phula has the following vowels. <ref>Pelkey 2005.</ref>
Phukha has the following vowels.<ref name="Pelkey 2005"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan=2 |
! !! front !! central !! back<br>unrounded !! back<br>rounded
! rowspan=2 | [[Front vowel|front]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|central]]
! colspan=2 | [[Back vowel|back]]
|-
|-
! <small>unrounded</small>
! High
! <small>rounded</small>
| {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|ɨ}} || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
! Hi-Mid
| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ə}} || || {{IPA|o}}
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPAlink|ɨ}} || {{IPAlink|ɯ}} || {{IPAlink|u}}
|-
|-
! Lo-Mid
! [[High-mid]]
| {{IPA|ε}} || || {{IPA|ʌ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}
| {{IPAlink|e}} || {{IPAlink|ə}} || || {{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|-
! Low
! [[Low-mid]]
| || {{IPA|a}} || ||
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} || || {{IPAlink|ʌ}} || {{IPAlink|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| || {{IPAlink|a}} || ||
|}
|}

=== Tones ===
Phukha has five tones:<ref name="Pelkey 2005"/> high {{IPA|/˥/}} (/55/), mid {{IPA|/˧/}} (/33/), low {{IPA|/˨/}} (/22/), low-rising {{IPA|/˨˦/}} (/24/), and low-falling {{IPA|/˨˩/}} (/21/).


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 89: Line 159:


== References ==
== References ==
Robert Wayne Fried. 2000. "A Preliminary Phonological Sketch of Phu-kha, a Tibeto-Burman Language Spoken in Northern Vietnam," University of Texas at Arlington MA thesis.
*Robert Wayne Fried. 2000. "A Preliminary Phonological Sketch of Phu-kha, a Tibeto-Burman Language Spoken in Northern Vietnam," University of Texas at Arlington MA thesis.
*Jamin R. Pelkey. 2005. "[http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/pelkey2005puzzling.pdf Puzzling over Phula: Toward the Synthesis and Statement of a Sub-Branch]," ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 28/2:41-78.


{{Languages of China}}
Jamin R. Pelkey. 2005. "Puzzling over Phula: Toward the Synthesis and Statement of a Sub-Branch," ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 28/2:41-78.
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Phukha Language}}
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]
[[Category:Loloish languages]]

Latest revision as of 10:33, 11 April 2023

Phukha
Phula
Native toChina, Vietnam
Ethnicity18,000 Phula people (undated – 2009)[1]
Native speakers
100,000 (2008–2011)[1]
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3phh
Glottologphuk1235
ELPPhula
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phukha is a Loloish language spoken by the Phula people of Vietnam and China.[1]

Distribution[edit]

Phukha is spoken near Lao Cai town; Xin Mun District of Ha Giang Province and Lai Chau and Son La Provinces in Vietnam and villages in Maguan, Malipo and Hekou Counties in China. Phula people in Yen Bai Province do not speak Phukha but speak Laghuu.

Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Phukha has the following consonants.[2]

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular
Plain Lateral Sibilant
Plosive/
Affricate 		Aspirated pʰ tʰ tɬʰ tsʰ tʂʰ tʃʰ kʰ
Voiceless p t tɬ ts tʂ tʃ k
Voiced b d dɮ ɡ
Fricative Voiceless f s ɬ ʂ ʃ χ
Voiced v z ɮ ʐ ʒ ʁ
Laryngealized v̰ z̰ ʒ̰
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant w l j

Vowels[edit]

Phukha has the following vowels.[2]

front central back
unrounded rounded
High i ɨ ɯ u
High-mid e ə o
Low-mid ɛ ʌ ɔ
Low a

Tones[edit]

Phukha has five tones:[2] high /˥/ (/55/), mid /˧/ (/33/), low /˨/ (/22/), low-rising /˨˦/ (/24/), and low-falling /˨˩/ (/21/).

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Phukha at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c Pelkey 2005.

References[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.chped.com/w/index.php?title=Phukha_language&oldid=1149297482"