German Free-minded Party: Difference between revisions

German Free-minded Party

Deutsche Freisinnige Partei
German Free-minded Party Deutsche Freisinnige Partei
Chairman of the Central Committee	Franz von Stauffenberg; (1884–1893)
Chairman of the Executive Committee	Rudolf Virchow; (1884–1893)
Chairman of the Select Committee	Eugen Richter (1884–1890); Karl Schrader (1890); Eugen Richter (1890–1893)
Founded	5 March 1884; 140 years ago
Dissolved	7 May 1893; 131 years ago
Merger of	German Progress Party; Liberal Union
Succeeded by	Free-minded People's Party; Free-minded Union
Newspaper	Parlamentarische Korrespondenz
Ideology	Liberalism; Radicalism; Social progressivism; Parliamentarism; Laicism
Political position	Centre-left
Colours	Yellow
	Politics of Germany; Political parties; Elections;

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The German Free-minded Party (German: Deutsche Freisinnige Partei, DFP) or German Radical Party^[1]^[2]^[3] was a short-lived liberal party in the German Empire, founded on 5 March 1884 as a result of the merger of the German Progress Party and the Liberal Union, an 1880 split-off of the National Liberal Party.

Policies[edit]

The economists Ludwig Bamberger and Georg von Siemens as well as the liberal politician Eugen Richter were among the prime movers of the merger in the view of the forthcoming accession of the considered liberal Crown Prince Frederick William to the throne (which took place only in 1888). Richter aspired to build up a strong united liberal force in the Reichstag parliament, similar to the British Liberal Party under William Ewart Gladstone. The Free-minded Party supported the expansion of parliamentarism in the German constitutional monarchy, separation of church and state and Jewish emancipation.

Under party chairman Franz August Schenk von Stauffenberg along with his deputies Albert Hänel and Rudolf Virchow, the Free-minded Party received disappointing 17.6% of the votes in the 1884 federal election, representing a drop of 3.6% from the combined parties' results in the previous 1881 federal election. The main beneficiaries of this defection were the Conservative forces, supporting the protectionist, colonialist and anti-socialist policies of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. In the 1887 federal election, the party again lost half of their seats, dropping down to 32 Reichstag mandates. Though urged by his wife Princess Royal Victoria, Crown Prince Frederick William did not dare to meet trouble with Bismarck by openly taking the party's side. His early death in 1888 and the accession of his son William II terminated all liberal hopes.

During the decay, the differences between progressives and centre-right liberals became inconsolable. Upon Bismarck's demission in 1890, the party members lost their common adversary. In 1893, the Free-minded Party split in conflict over Chancellor Leo von Caprivi's policies into the Free-minded People's Party and the Free-minded Union. A re-union took place in 1910, when both further weakened liberal parties merged with the German People's Party to form the Progressive People's Party.

Notable members[edit]

References[edit]

Tillich, Paul; Translated by Franklin Sherman (1957). The Socialist Decision. Harper & Row. p. 57.

^ Bonham, Gary (1991). Ideology and Interests in the German State. Routledge. p. 72.
^ Retallack, James (1992). Antisocialism and Electoral Politics in Regional Perspective: The Kingdom of Saxony. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Lerman, Katharine Anne (2004). Bismarck. Pearson. p. 199.

Preceded by German Progress Party	liberal German parties 1884–1893	Succeeded by Free-minded People's Party
Preceded by Liberal Union	liberal German parties 1884–1893	Succeeded by Free-minded Union

[1] Bonham, Gary (1991). Ideology and Interests in the German State. Routledge. p. 72.

[2] Retallack, James (1992). Antisocialism and Electoral Politics in Regional Perspective: The Kingdom of Saxony. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

[3] Lerman, Katharine Anne (2004). Bismarck. Pearson. p. 199.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Political party in the German Empire}}
 {{Infobox political party
+| name = German Free-minded Party
-|country       = Germany
+| native_name = Deutsche Freisinnige Partei
-|colorcode     = yellow
-|name          = German Free-minded Party
+| colorcode = {{party color|German Free-minded Party}}
+| leader1_title = Chairman of the Central Committee
-|name_native   = Deutsche Freisinnige Partei
+| leader1_name = [[Franz August Schenk von Stauffenberg|Franz von Stauffenberg]]<br />(1884–1893)
-|leader1_title = Chairman of the Central Committee
+| leader2_title = Chairman of the Executive Committee
-|leader1_name  = [[Franz August Schenk von Stauffenberg|Franz von Stauffenberg]]<br>(1884–1893)
+| leader2_name = [[Rudolf Virchow]]<br />(1884–1893)
-|leader2_title = Chairman of the Executive Committee
+| leader3_title = Chairman of the Select Committee
-|leader2_name  = [[Rudolf Virchow]]<br>(1884–1893)
+| leader3_name = [[Eugen Richter]] (1884–1890)<br />[[Karl Schrader (jurist)|Karl Schrader]] (1890)<br />Eugen Richter (1890–1893)
-|leader3_title = Chairman of the Select Committee
+| founded = {{start date and age|1884|03|05|df=yes}}
-|leader3_name  = [[Eugen Richter]] (1884–1890)<br>[[Karl Schrader (jurist)|Karl Schrader]] (1890)<br>Eugen Richter (1890–1893)
-|founded       = {{Start date|1884|03|05}}
+| dissolved = {{end date and age|1893|05|07|df=yes}}
+| merger = [[German Progress Party]]<br />[[Liberal Union (Germany)|Liberal Union]]
-|dissolved     = {{End date|1893|05|07}}
-|merger        = [[German Progress Party]],<br>[[Liberal Union (Germany)|Liberal Union]]
+| successor = [[Free-minded People's Party (Germany)|Free-minded People's Party]]<br />[[Free-minded Union]]
+| newspaper = {{nowrap|''Parlamentarische Korrespondenz''}}
-|successor     = [[Free-minded People's Party (Germany)|Free-minded People's Party]],<br>[[Free-minded Union]]
+| ideology = [[Liberalism]]<br />[[Radicalism (historical)|Radicalism]]<br />[[Social progressivism]]<br />[[Parliamentarism]]<br />[[Secularism|Laicism]]
-|newspaper     = ''Parlamentarische Korrespondenz''
+| position = [[Centre-left politics|Centre-left]]
-|ideology      = [[Liberalism]], [[Classical liberalism]], [[National liberalism]], [[Economic liberalism]], [[Social progressivism]], [[Parliamentarism]], [[Laicism]]
+| colours = {{color box|{{party color|German Free-minded Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Yellow]]
-|position      = [[Centre-left]]
+| country = Germany
 }}
-The '''German Free-minded Party''' ({{lang-de|Deutsche Freisinnige Partei}}, DFP) was a short-lived [[liberalism|liberal]] party in the [[German Empire]], founded as a result of the merger of the [[German Progress Party]] and [[Liberal Union (Germany)|Liberal Union]], a 1880 split-off of the [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberal Party]], on 5 March 1884.
+The '''German Free-minded Party''' ({{lang-de|Deutsche Freisinnige Partei}}, '''DFP''') or '''German Radical Party'''<ref>{{cite book|first=Gary|last=Bonham|title=Ideology and Interests in the German State|publisher=Routledge|year=1991|page=72}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Retallack|title=Antisocialism and Electoral Politics in Regional Perspective: The Kingdom of Saxony|work=Elections, Mass Politics and Social Change in Modern Germany: New Perspectives|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Katharine Anne|last=Lerman|title=Bismarck|publisher=Pearson|year=2004|page=199}}</ref> was a short-lived [[Liberalism in Germany|liberal]] [[Political party|party]] in the [[German Empire]], founded on 5 March 1884 as a result of the merger of the [[German Progress Party]] and the [[Liberal Union (Germany)|Liberal Union]], an 1880 split-off of the [[National Liberal Party (Germany)|National Liberal Party]].
-==Policies==
+== Policies ==
-The economists [[Ludwig Bamberger]] and [[Georg von Siemens]], as well as the [[Social liberalism|social liberal]] politician [[Eugen Richter]] were among the prime movers of the fusion, in the view of the coming accession of considered "liberal" Crown Prince [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick William]] to the throne (which took place only in 1888). Richter aspired to build up a strong united liberal force in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] parliament, similar to the British [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] under [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. The DFP supported the extension of [[Parliamentary system|parliamentarism]] in the German [[constitutional monarchy]], separation of church and state as well as [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish emancipation]].
+The economists [[Ludwig Bamberger]] and [[Georg von Siemens]] as well as the [[Liberalism|liberal]] politician [[Eugen Richter]] were among the prime movers of the merger in the view of the forthcoming accession of the considered liberal Crown Prince [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick William]] to the throne (which took place only in 1888). Richter aspired to build up a strong united liberal force in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]] parliament, similar to the British [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] under [[William Ewart Gladstone]]. The Free-minded Party supported the expansion of [[Parliamentary system|parliamentarism]] in the German [[constitutional monarchy]], [[separation of church and state]] and [[History of the Jews in Germany|Jewish emancipation]].
-Under party chairman Franz August Schenk von [[Stauffenberg]] with his deputies [[Albert Hänel]] and [[Rudolf Virchow]] however, the Free-minded Party received disappointing 17.6% of the votes in the [[German federal election, 1884|1884 election]], representing a drop of 3.6% from the combined parties' results in the previous [[German federal election, 1881|1881 election]]. The main beneficiaries of this defection were the [[German Conservative Party|conservative]] forces, supporting the [[Protectionism|protectionist]], [[German colonial empire|colonist]] and [[Anti-Socialist Laws|anti-socialist]] policies of Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]]. In the [[German federal election, 1887|1887 election]], the DFP again lost half of their seats, dropping down to 32 Reichstag mandates. Though urged by his wife Princess Royal [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Victoria]], Crown Prince Frederick William did not dare to meet trouble with Bismarck by openly taking the party's side. His early death in 1888 and the accession of his son [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|William II]] terminated all liberal hopes.
+Under party chairman Franz August Schenk von Stauffenberg along with his deputies [[Albert Hänel]] and [[Rudolf Virchow]], the Free-minded Party received disappointing 17.6% of the votes in the [[1884 German federal election|1884 federal election]], representing a drop of 3.6% from the combined parties' results in the previous [[1881 German federal election|1881 federal election]]. The main beneficiaries of this defection were the [[German Conservative Party|Conservative]] forces, supporting the [[Protectionism|protectionist]], [[German colonial empire|colonialist]] and [[Anti-Socialist Laws|anti-socialist]] policies of [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor]] [[Otto von Bismarck]]. In the [[1887 German federal election|1887 federal election]], the party again lost half of their seats, dropping down to 32 Reichstag mandates. Though urged by his wife [[Victoria, Princess Royal|Princess Royal Victoria]], Crown Prince Frederick William did not dare to meet trouble with Bismarck by openly taking the party's side. His early death in 1888 and the accession of his son [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|William II]] terminated all liberal hopes.
-During the decay, the differences between "Progressives" and cente-right liberals became inconsolable. Upon Bismarck's demission in 1890, the party members lost their common adversary. In 1893 the party split in conflict over Chancellor [[Leo von Caprivi|Caprivi]]'s policies into the [[Free-minded People's Party (Germany)|Free-minded People's Party]] and the [[Free-minded Union]]. A re-union took place in 1910, when both further weakened liberal parties merged with the [[German People's Party (1868)|German People's Party]] to form the [[Progressive People's Party (Germany)|Progressive People's Party]].
+During the decay, the differences between [[Progressivism|progressives]] and [[Conservative liberalism|centre-right liberals]] became inconsolable. Upon Bismarck's demission in 1890, the party members lost their common adversary. In 1893, the Free-minded Party split in conflict over Chancellor [[Leo von Caprivi]]'s policies into the [[Free-minded People's Party (Germany)|Free-minded People's Party]] and the [[Free-minded Union]]. A re-union took place in 1910, when both further weakened liberal parties merged with the [[German People's Party (1868)|German People's Party]] to form the [[Progressive People's Party (Germany)|Progressive People's Party]].
-==Notable members==
+== Notable members ==
-[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 147-0936, Reichstag, Deutsche Freisinnige Gruppe.jpg|thumb|Members of the Free-minded Party at the Reichstag foyer, 1889]]
+[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 147-0936, Reichstag, Deutsche Freisinnige Gruppe.jpg|thumb|Members of the Free-minded Party at the Reichstag foyer, 1889, [[Heinrich Berling]], [[Erwin Lüders]], [[Philipp Schmieder]], [[Moritz Klotz]], [[Adolph Hoffmann (judge)|Adolph Hoffmann]],  [[Max von Forckenbeck]],  [[Paul Kohli]],  [[Alexander Meyer (politician)|Alexander Meyer]],  [[Paul Langerhans (politician)|Paul Langerhans]], [[Albert Traeger]], [[Julius Lerche]],  [[Friedrich Witte]],  [[Georg von Siemens]], [[August Munckel]], [[Eugen Richter]], [[August Maager]], [[Asmus Lorenzen]], [[Friedrich Schenck]], [[Johann Heinrich Nickel]], [[Reinhart Schmidt]], [[Max Broemel]].]]
-*[[Ludwig Bamberger]]
-*[[Theodor Barth]]
-*[[Max von Forckenbeck]]
-*[[Albert Hänel]]
-*[[Max Hirsch (labor economist)|Max Hirsch]]
-*[[Albert Kalthoff]]
-*[[Ludwig Loewe]]
-*[[Theodor Mommsen]]
-*[[Eugen Richter]]
-*[[Georg von Siemens]]
-*[[Rudolf Virchow]]
+* [[Ludwig Bamberger]]
-==See also==
-*[[Liberalism in Germany]]
+* [[Theodor Barth]]
+* [[Max von Forckenbeck]]
-*[[Liberalism]]
-*[[Liberalism by country]]
+* [[Albert Hänel]]
+* [[Max Hirsch (labor economist)|Max Hirsch]]
-*[[List of liberal theorists]]
-*[[Liberal democracy]]
+* [[Albert Kalthoff]]
+* [[Ludwig Loewe]]
+* [[Theodor Mommsen]]
+* [[Eugen Richter]]
+* [[Heinrich Edwin Rickert]]
+* [[Georg von Siemens]]
+* [[Rudolf Virchow]]
-==References==
+== See also==
+* [[Contributions to liberal theory]]
-{{cite book
+* [[Liberal democracy]]
-  | last = Tillich
+* [[Liberalism]]
-  | first = Paul
+* [[Liberalism in Germany]]
-  | authorlink =
+* [[Liberalism worldwide]]
-  | coauthors = Translated by Franklin Sherman
+* [[List of liberal parties]]
-  | title = The Socialist Decision
-  | publisher = Harper & Row
-  | date = 1957
-  | location =
-  | page = 57
-  | url =
-  | doi =
-  | id =  }}
+== References ==
-{{Commons|Category:Deutsche Freisinnige Partei}}
+{{cite book|last=Tillich|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Tillich|author2=Translated by Franklin Sherman|title=The Socialist Decision|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1957|page=57}}
-{{Start box}}
+{{reflist}}
+{{Commons category|Deutsche Freisinnige Partei}}
+{{S-start}}
 {{S-bef|before=[[German Progress Party]]}}
 {{S-ttl|rows=2|title=liberal German parties|years=1884&ndash;1893}}
@@ Line 72: / Line 64: @@
 {{S-bef|before=[[Liberal Union (Germany)|Liberal Union]]}}
 {{S-aft|after=[[Free-minded Union]]}}
-{{End box}}
+{{S-end}}
 {{German Empire political parties}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Defunct liberal political parties|Germany 1884]]
@@ Line 82: / Line 74: @@
 [[Category:Radical parties]]
 [[Category:Political parties of the German Empire]]
-[[Category:1893 disestablishments]]
+[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1893]]
+[[Category:1884 establishments in Germany]]
-[[bg:Германска свободомислеща партия]]
-[[de:Deutsche Freisinnige Partei]]
-[[fr:Deutsche Freisinnige Partei]]
-[[no:Deutsche Freisinnige Partei]]
-[[pt:Partido Livre-Pensador Alemão]]
-[[sv:Tysk-frisinnade partiet]]

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany

Latest revision as of 03:17, 9 January 2023

Policies[edit]

Notable members[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]